Developmental Psychology PDF

Lesson 1: Developmental Psychology - sought to reduce parent-child relations and all socialization Book 1 Life-Span Human Development - experiences of childhood by Sigelman-Rider page 34 refere...

Lesson 1: Developmental Psychology - sought to reduce parent-child relations and all socialization Book 1 Life-Span Human Development - experiences of childhood by Sigelman-Rider page 34 reference to genetic inheritance, as - From Womb to Death represented by estimates of heritability - Rowe (row) - hindi masyado nag Developmental Psychology mamatter, its genetics inheritance, - The study of human development how you inherit. Rather than learning across the lifespan in the areas of through experiences physical, social, cognitive, emotional, and moral development. The attempts by such developmental - Aims to explain the phenomena of psychologists to portray the phenomena of one level of organization by one level of organization as primary, or reductive reference to terms “real,” and others as derivative, or associated with another level epiphenomenal, were representative of a - We will be able to explain more general tendency among develop phenomena na we will be able to mentalists to split apart the components of explain the different ages and the ecology of human life and to treat the experiences based from the past. bases of development as residing in one or What happened in your childhood, another component, for example, nature or will come up. It’s up to us to nurture understand the association and how can we navigate it. How they will Split between nature or nurture. Matter of develop in the most healthy way. reference or practice. - Biases. We have to understand certain concepts or theory will Reducive Referencing explain the concepts. Bijou and Baer (1961) - attempted to explain all phenomena associated with psychological and behavioral development during infancy and childhood by reduction to the principles of classical and operant conditioning - Bijou and Baer (bijew and bear)- Main question always - which of the two can Classical (learning through explain the development of human association) and operant (through rewards and punishment) Nature or Nurture conditioning. - Pag laging binubuhat ang bata Key issue between split - different periods of masospoil. - reducive referencing life - iba ibang tao ung integral sa pag sheshape ng learnings ng bata or individual Rowe (1994) - bata is guardian School age - peers and teachers But during those times, kahit nag iiba yung - Stress of our development, can be individual around us, malaki pa din ung role goood or bad. We cannot focus on ng genetics. one, we have to take the approach where we see both and how will it Mechanistic and Organismic Model work when they mix up. Mechanistic - view point that we look - The current approach consider people as machine, we just react like nature different factors interact. They stop - react based on input and updates. separating and opposing other - Passive and reactive - external factors for growth stimulant and individual just react. - Development is driven by external factors, cause and effect GILBERT GOTTLIEB Organismic - people are seen as active - His comparative work has been a and growing, tayo we initiate events and not central influence on contemporary just reactive. developmental psychology. - Active participants in their - It provided a rigourous, compeling development. Through action and theoretical and empirical basis for decisions. viewing human development as - Actively seeking growth. Individual involving changes in the has active participants in their person-contact developmental development, they initiate their system across the life span. growth, personal agency and - Documented the probabilistic growth, how individual affect their epigenetic character of environment. developmental changes alterations These are just different view points but that result from variation in the nothing is better. timing of integrated or fused relations among levels of organization ranging from biology Early years of the 21st Century through the macroecological - Through the cumulative impact of influences of culture and history research, we are now able to - Not just genetics and conditioning eschew the reductionist and split but biological, psychological and conceptions of early developmental social. Yung mga changes we see in psychology individual, it happens dahil sa timing - The few contemporary remnants of during that developmental stage. these split conceptions (e.g., Plomin, Biological, social, psychological. 2000; Rushton, 2000; Spelke & - Gilbert Gotlib Newport, 1998) are regarded as - Not just one factor, its about how theoretically atavistic and as changes a person and conceptually and methodologically developmental system in their life. flawed (e.g., see Hirsch, 1997; - Genes and environment - Lerner, 2002). development is influence by various - Research has been continuous. factor and not predictable - Levels of organization  - Biological - most basic, explain, and optimize the changing genetics and physioological interlevel relations that constitute the - Psychological - cognitive and basic process of development within emotional a developmental systems - Social - culture and family perspective (Lerner, 1998a, 1998b, - Understanding humans shows how 2002). these interact over time - Cole and Wersh Vygotsky - To understand it better, we should - collaborative model look in different levels or all these - Cognitive development occurs perspectives. through social interaction. Social - Phylogenetic - through evolution context. perspective. It looks at how - Children learn by engaging with development has evolved over more knowledgable others, parents, species history. By evolution. teachers, peers. - How human walk on 2 legs, - Collaboration and communication children. Adaptation. How - ZPD - (zone of proximal we develop physical development)range of task a child coordination and motor skills can perform but not yet from infancy. independently. Highlights social - Sociohistorical - Historical and support and collaboration. Other Cultural changes over time affect learn by the help of others not by individuals and societies. genetics - How children now growing up - People working together and during the digital age are influence each others development exposed to technology like rather than focusing on conditioning smartphones and tablets. and genetics. Children then and now. - Ontogentic - Infancy to Adulthood, COLE (1996) & WERSTCH (1991) unique personal history and - Explicated Vygotsky’s description of experiences. the genetic method for the study of - A persons life milestone. human development. They stated Baby from babbling to that a complete theory of human speaking full sentence development for the study of human hanggang sumasagot na. development must be able to explain - Microgenetic - development over development at the phylogenetic, very short periods. Evolves in real sociohistorical, ontogenetic, and time, focusing on immediate, microgenetic levels. moment to moment changes in - In summary, to understand human behavior or thought. development, developmental - Observe a person who is psychologists must become learning how to bike, through developmental scientists. We must time you will notice the become mutlidisciplinary change. collaborators seeking to describe, John Locke and educators in understanding how - Tabula Rasa: "Blank Slate," in his children's cognitive and emotional work An Essay Concerning Human abilities evolve over time. Understanding (1690). He argued - Natural Development that the human mind at birth is a - Role of Experience and blank slate and that all knowledge Environment comes from experience. - Moral and Emotional - This idea influenced later Development developmental psychologists by - Critique of Institutional Education emphasizing the role of environment - John Jack Rusow and experience in shaping the - Natural development, he believed individual, rather than innate that children should grow on their qualities or pre-existing knowledge. own pace, following their natural - While Locke's work was more instincts and interests because philosophical and less empirical than development unfolds naturally. Child contemporary developmental centered approach in education. psychology, his theories provided a Nakadepende sa interest, abilities foundation for understanding the role kasi mas lasting impact yun. of experience in development and - Role of Experiences and influenced later scholars in the field Environment, he acknowledged - John Lock the role of experiences and - Tabula Rasa, Blank slate, every child environment. He believed that is 0 at wala talagang alam, we just education should be tailored to the give info and they will absorb. How children’s developmental stage, environment shape people and not allowing them to learn through biological lang.Good foundation in experience rather than just the role of experiences instruction. - For him, human are shaped by - Moral and Emotional experiences and environment. Development, He argued that education should not only focus on intellectual growth but also on moral Jean Jacques Roussaeu and emotional development. He - Emphasis on Stages of believed in nurturing a child’s Development: Most notable feelings and moral sense as they contribution is his work Emile, or On grow, helping them become Education (1762), in which he compassionate and ethical presents a detailed account of child individuals. development and education. He - Critique of Institutional Education, proposed that children go through he was critical of traditional distinct stages of development, each institutional education, which he saw with its own characteristics and as rigid and stifling. He argued that it needs. often ignored the neutral - This concept of developmental development of children and stages influenced later psychologists imposed adult values and structures  on them, which he felt was development. Its important to detrimental to their growth. understand that while there - He was able to lay down important may be decreases in certain groundwork to understand the abilities, it doesn’t mean developmental, natural , childcenter overall development is educ, highlight. failing. (page 67 - nature x nurture) Life-span Perspective Development : The pattern of change that - The perspective that development is begins at conception and continues through lifelong, multidimensional, the life span. Most development involves multidirectional, plastic, growth, although it also includes decline multidisciplinary, and contextual; brought on by aging and dying. involves growth, maintenance, and - Pattern of change from conception regulation; and is constructed and continuous to life span. through biological, sociocultural, and - Development can also be decline, individual factors working together. hindi porket pababa or pataas, bad - Multidimensional - Development na agad. It can be a normal part of involves multiple aspects, such as development. physical, cognitive, and emotional - Several key aspects dimensions, all interacting with each 1. Growth - physical, cognitive other. and emotional advancement. - Multidirectional - growth and change 2. Change throughout life - can occur in different directions. For development involves example, cognitive abilities may various stage, each with its improve in certain areas while own set of changes. declining in others as people age. Adolescents, adults and - Plastic - Development is flexible. older adults. People can adapt and change their 3. Decline - natural part of vehaviors and skills throughout life in aging process, gradual response to experiences and decline in physical strength challenges. and cognitive speed of adult. - Multidisciplinary - Understanding 4. Normal Part of Development development requires input from - The decline that comes with various field, such as psychology, aging is often just a natural biology, sociology, and education. part of the lifespan - Contextual - cultural, historical and environmental factor. - Growth, Maintenance, and Regulation - Development involves not just growth but also the maintenance of skills and the regulation of change to adapt to life’s challenges. Each part has a role to play in each developmental stage. Development is Contextual - Normative Age-graded - BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES Influences that are similar for - Produce changes in an individual’s individuals in a particular age group. physical nature. - depende sa age group yung - Genes inherited from parents, brain nakakaapekto sayo - experience ng development, height and weight tuli for the boys, dapat ganito tuli na gains, changes in motor skills, lahat. nutrition, exercise, the hormonal - Normative history-graded - changes of puberty, and Influences that are common to cardiovascular decline - biological people of a particular generation processes that affect development. because of historical circumstances. - Changes dipending on physical - common because of history. 9/11. nature, genetics, namana natin, Experience of edsa, alam ng lahat height, weight gain, motor skills, kung nasan sila. Pandemic, what nutrition, hormonal change, cardio happened and iba ibang tinamaang vascular decline. experience. Pag putok ng taal. Age - First period, tumutubong buhok, doesnt matter but that specific changes in voice history changed you. - Biological changes that contribute to - Normative life event - Unusual human development. Focuses on occurrences that have a major things we inherit from our parents impact on an individual’s life. - impact sayo lang, heart break, COGNITIVE PROCESSES sumikat ka, death of a love one. Not - Refer to changes in the individual’s common for your peers but sayo thought, intelligence, and language. lang. - Cognitive - thought process, intelligence and language, frontal lobe, minsan mag mamake sense na lang. A persons thinking evolve over time, solve problem, understanding complex ideas, and learn to communicate SOCIOEMOTIONAL PROCESSES  - Involve changes in the individual’s Social Construct - a concept or practice relationships with other people, that is an invention of a particular culture or changes in emotions, and changes society in personality. - Socioemotional - changes in Invention by a culture or society relationship, interaction with people, emotions and how we manage our personality. How a person interact Developmental Issues with others, interpersonal Nature - Nurture relationship, developing - Debate about whether development relationships. is primarily influenced by nature or nurture. Nature refers to an Connection between all factors organism’s biological inheritance, Inextricably Intertwined nurture to its environmental experiences. - Baby smiling, response depends on - genetics or environment biological, physical sensation of touch, ability of the baby na safe Stability - Change yung hawak, socioemotional na if - Debate about whether we become smiling because they experience older renditions of our early emotional connection pag smile ng experience (stability) or whether we parents. develop into someone different from - Links of these different factors and who we were at an earlier point in processed. Hoiw much they impact development (change). each other. Challenging in our field - stable behavior or change. Behavior kasi we are very contextual, iba ang tayo ba ay nakadipende sa kung ano atin kesa sa i bang lahi because of ung unang tayo, seed yun ang the culture. bunga or nag develop ba tayo into someone different. Periods of Development Continuity - Discontinuity When we go through each stage, all of - Debate about the extent to which those plays a role, may iba na mas development involves gradual, matimbang but all play a role. cumulative change (continuity) or 1. Prenatal Period (conception to distinct stages (discontinuity). birth) - lahat ng experience may impact or 2. Infancy (birth to 18-24 months) distinct stages, everything have 3. Early Childhood (3-5 years old) separate representation. Gradual 4. Middle and late childhood (6-10/11 and Continuous development or if it years) happens in distinct stage. 5. Adolescence (10-12 to 18-21 years) 6. Early adulthood (20s and 30s) 7. Middle adulthood (40s and 50s) Important Terms 8. Late adulthood (60s-70s to death) Maturation - The unfolding of natural Contributions of psychoanalytic theories sequence of physical change and behavior include an emphasis on a developmental patterns. framework, family relationships, and - Not only psychological but also unconscious aspects of the mind. physical maturation. Criticisms include a lack of scientific Behavioral Genetics - Scientific study of support, too much emphasis on sexual the extend to which genetic and underpinnings, and an image of people environmental differences among people that is too negative. and animals are responsible for differences in their traits. - Development is based on - genetics and environment affect an unconscious mind - freud theories. individuals behavior. - 5 Psychosexual Stages of Heritability - Proportion of all the variability Development of Freud in the trait within a large sample of people OAPHLAGE that can be linked to genetic differences 1. Oral - 0-2 among those individuals. 2. Anal 2-3 - traits that we acquire from our 3. Phallic 3-7 parents. 4. Latency 7-11 Selective Breeding - Involves attempting 5. Genital 11-Adults to breed animals for a particular trait to - Erikson 8 psychosocial stages of determine whether the trait is heritable development. - determining a trait by using punnett - Trust vs Mistrust (hope) square - Autonomy vs Shame and Gregory Mendel - plants breeding. Doubt (will) - Initiative vs Guilt (purpose) - Industry vs Inferiority Theories of Development (competency) Psychoanalytic Theories - Identity vs Role Confusion - According to psychoanalytic (fidelity) theories, development primarily - Intimacy vs Isolation (love) depends on the unconscious mind - Generativity vs Stagnation and is heavily couched in emotion. (care) - Freud argued that individuals go - Integrity vs Despair through five psychosexual stages. (wisdom) - Erikson’s theory emphasizes eight psychosocial stages of development: trust versus mistrust, autonomy Cognitive Theories versus shame and doubt, initiative - Three main cognitive theories are versus guilt, industry versus Piaget’s, Vygotsky’s, and inferiority, identity versus role information-processing. confusion, intimacy versus isolation, - Cognitive theories emphasize generativity versus stagnation, and thinking, reasoning, language, and integrity versus despair. other cognitive processes.  - Piaget proposed a cognitive Criticisms include inadequate attention developmental theory in which to developmental changes and, in children use their cognition to adapt Skinner’s theory, too little attention to to their world. In Piaget’s theory, cognition. children go through four cognitive stages: sensorimotor, Ethological Theories preoperational, concrete operational, - Ethology stresses that behavior is and formal operational. strongly influenced by biology, is tied - Vygotsky’s sociocultural cognitive to evolution, and is characterized by theory emphasizes how culture and critical or sensitive periods. social interaction guide cognitive - Contributions of ethological theory development. include a focus on the biological - The information-processing and evolutionary basis of approach emphasizes that development. Criticisms include individuals manipulate information, rigidity of the concepts of critical monitor it, and strategize about it. and sensitive periods. Contributions of cognitive theories Ecological Theories include an emphasis on the active - Ecological theory emphasizes construction of understanding and a environmental contexts. positive view of development. Criticisms Bronfenbrenner’s environmental include giving too little attention to systems view of development individual variations and skepticism proposes five environmental about the pureness of Piaget’s stages. systems: microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and Behavior & Social Cognitive Theories chronosystem. - Two main behavioral and social - Contributions of the theory include a cognitive theories are Skinner’s systematic examination of macro operant conditioning and and micro dimensions of Bandura’s social cognitive theory environmental systems and attention - In Skinner’s operant conditioning, to connections between them. the consequences of a behavior Criticisms include inadequate produce changes in the probability of attention to biological factors, as well the behavior’s occurrence. as a lack of emphasis on cognitive - In Bandura’s social cognitive factors. theory, observational learning is a key aspect of life-span development. Bandura emphasizes reciprocal An Eclectic Theoretical Orientation interactions among person/cognition, - An eclectic theoretical orientation behavior, and environment. does not follow any one theoretical Contributions of the behavioral and approach but rather selects from social cognitive theories include an each theory whatever is emphasis on scientific research and a considered the best in it. focus on environmental factors. Evolutionary Psychology - Genetically they are the - Emphasized the importance of same but we check the effect adaptation, reproduction, and of nature and nurture. We “Survival of the Fittest” in check the trajectory of their shaping behavior life. Ex. aggressive, temperament, emotional Main Theories intelligence, put them in 1. Psychoanalytic different scenarios and check 2. Cognitive their response if its the same. 3. Behavioral / Social Cognitive To check how much genetic 4. Ethological/Evolutionary - This plays a role. theory looks at how behavior is - Adoption Studies - Kids that are influenced by biology and being adopted and checking if they evolution. It emphasizes the will acquire heredity, mga importance of critical periods namamanang tendency and (specific times when certain nakukuha sa nature or environment. developments must happen) and Family na mataas ang exposure sa how behaviors like attachment are pagiging violent, One child from that key to survival and reproduction. family will go to a chill family. 5. Ecological - Proposed by Urie Titignan if ung temparament is Bronfenbrenner, this theory pattern sa adoptive family or real examines how different layers of a family. person’s environment (like family, - Family Studies - More that school, and society) influence their genetics, relationship, how a mother development. It’s like seeing a child and child relationship, father and as part of a larger system, where child, siblings, buong system. each part affects how they grow and Genetics plus how the system develop. works. Attachment styles and how it 6. Eclectic - Instead of sticking to just affects their behavior and one approach, the eclectic view personalities. combines elements from various theories to understand development. Few important term It recognizes that no single theory - Concordance Rate - the explains everything, so it's useful to percentage of pairs of people take the best parts from multiple studied in which if one member of a theories depending on the situation. pair displays the trait, the other does Kinukuha lang good strengths ng too. ibang theories - Gene-Environment - the effects of - Twin Studies - Twins na pinag genes depend on what kind of lalayo then aaralin yung magiging environment we experience, and result sa behavior. Unethical so it is how we respond to the environment not being used anymore. Nature and depends on what genes we have. Nurture exist.  - effects ng genes sa people from her environment environment. How it affects sa interactions niya is how we interact with people. considerate sa pagiging introvert niya. Di sila nang 3 kinds of gene-environment correlations ooverwhelm sa mga nasa Passive Gene-Environment or stagnant paligid nila. - INTERRELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE ENVIRONMENT PROVIDED Active Gene Environment BY THE PARENTS AND GENES - OCCURS WHEN AN INDIVIDUAL THEY TRANSMIT TO THEIR SELECTS ENVIRONMENTS CHILDREN BASED ON GENETICALLY - andyan lang - relationship between INFLUENCED TRAITS environment na meron tayo, and the - dipende sa genetic tendency. ung genes na tinatransmit sa children. students with high iq will select Children na walang ginagawa ung subjects na mas mahirap and magulang, normal lang, natural challenging because they already conception, no genetic test. Parents have skills. Kath na nag hahanap ng with high sociability and dami comi. Kath na mapag bigay parents, friends, they provide environment na nag giging mapag bigay. Challenge maraming chance to interact sa because she can do more. bata. Without the children having to do anything. Natural consequence. Passive - natural / smart and How our parents environment and napapaligiran ng smart na tao. nature makes us think its normal. Evocative - how environment react to you because you are you / smart sya and yung Evocative Gene Environment teachers niya will ask questions more - ASSOCIATION BETWEEN AN sakanya INDIVIDUAL'S GENETICALLY Active - what you do with those beliefs / INFLUENCED BEHAVIOR AND ikaw mismo sumasali sa mga org or quiz OTHERS' REACTIONS TO THAT bee ganern. BEHAVIOR. - reaction ng environment sa genetic 1. Passive Correlation: This pre disposition. ano yung happens when a child’s environment is relationship ngayon, meron na influenced by their parents’ genes. For tayong kinukuhang behavior. This example, if parents are naturally good at genotype would evoke a reaction. sports and encourage their child to play Ex. ano yung genetic marker for sports, the child might develop skills in happiness or bubbly, dipende kung sports due to both the genetic inclination nasan yung bata, dun naka dipende and the supportive environment. kung san siya papansinin and how 2. Evocative Correlation: This people will interact. We get a occurs when a child’s genetic traits provoke reaction certain responses from others. For example, ○ Child came from a family na a child with a naturally cheerful personality mahiyain - get introverted - might get more positive attention and support from others, which encourages their para solid yung cheerful behavior. findings mo. 3. Active Correlation: This 2. Socioeconomic Status happens when individuals seek out a. combination of economic and environments that match their genetic social factors describing an tendencies. For example, a child who is individual or family, including naturally good at drawing might choose to income, education, and spend more time in art-related activities and occupation environments. b. Combination ng financial capabilities and social Other Important Concepts factors. Kasama ung Heredity natapos, occupation, aside - consists of inborn traits and from financial. To see how characteristics provided by the much they value education, child’s parents (nature) working ganon 3. Culture Environment a. society’s or group‘s total way - influence stems from the outside of life body, starting from conception b. Ethnic Gloss: over throughout life (nature) generalization that obscures or blurs variations. Individual Differences stereotype - people differ in gender, height, c. Race: identifiable biological weight, and body build; in health and category, is more accurately energy level, etc defined social construct d. Biggest role to play Context of Development e. Same bloodtype, kung saan 1. Family yung way of life ng individual. a. Nuclear family - parents and Kahit nasa ph ka, culture is sisters very difference. Rizal from b. Extended - with tito and tita mindanao to visayas, and at iba pa even taytay, cainta, angono, i. May pag kakaiba ung binangonan pag papalaki nila. f. Ethnic Gloss - stereotypes. Like sa condo sa city Ang mga pinoy mababait and sa rural nasa pero pag pumunta foreigners compound. dito tapos malalaman na ii. Ex. 7 years old na yung tric driver may sariling bata and iq nila, pagkatao and mang dapat even gagatcho. Porket nasa background aaralin culture na to ka, ganito ka mo yung variables, na. Biases. Individual dat lahat supportive, differences dapat iaccount for mo  g. Race - biological category. graduate on stage. First batch ng Kahit sabihin mong black shs. (can be) american sila, they are not - Age Cohort - group of people born the same black american. about the same time. Asian ganon, they have - Mga pinanganak ng 2024, di sila certain differences.Human included. Pandemic babies, variables and has impact on 2019-2022 babies. human life. h. Gender - has taken a really Concepts big change, di lang male and 1. Nonnormative - unusual events female tapos tapos na. We that have major impact on individual are able to acknowledge the lives because they disturb the differences. expected sequence of the life cycle i. History - studying variables a. hindi nangyayare sa iba. that have big place in history. Ikaw lang nakaexperience Slavery. Kahit matagal nang nito. Approach is case study. walang ganon and nakatapos SIBIL - the movie is worth na sila, malaki impact to how watching. Someone with they are mold and shape multiple personalities. them. Like i will do good kasi Physical Abuse. More on ayoko na maexperience to negative na nangyare kesa ulit. sa normative life events 2. Imprinting - instinctively following Normative Influences the first moving object seen, - Biological or environmental a. sino una nakita, yun events that affect many or most susundan, di kelangan people in a society in similar ways gawin, un naranasan agad and events that touch only certain from birth individuals. 3. Critical Period - specific time when a given event, or its absence, has a NORMATIVE AGE-GRADED specific impact on development. INFLUENCES a. moments na may nangyare NORMATIVE HISTORY-GRADED or hindi nangyare na INFLUENCE nakaimpact sa development ng bata. As a baby hindi siya - Historical Generation - group of nag breast feed. As an people who experience that events adolescence hindi siya at a formative time in their lives. pinayagan makipag socialize. - Its important to see participants na 4. Sensitive Period - when a malaman asan sila during that time. developing person is especially Pandemic. Senior High na responsive to certain kinds of pagraduate during that time. experiences. Pareparehong shs na di naka a. mas responsive sila to certain kinds of experiences.  May certain times na mas nakakapag focus tayo or susceptible tayo. Peer pressure during adolescence. Pag adult hood, dedma na kasi mas align na ung priorities mo, possible na maaffect but unlike before, hindi na gaano 5. Plasticity - modifiability of performance a. flexibility or adaptation. Openess to change. 6. Theory - set of logically related concepts or statements that seek to describe and explain development and to predict the kinds of behavior that might occur under certain conditions a. made up of different hypothesis. 7. Hypothesis - explanations or predictions that can be tested by further research. a. predictions that we can use to test the theory. Biology is destify for freud but for erickson it is based on each stage of life, kung how people handle you. But same na theory that everything is may connection ng genetics and environment.  Lesson 2 : Psychological Research - The collecting of information about a particular subject Psychometrician (RPm) - To gather information or have - Give Assessments/ Testing/ Scoring/ deeper understanding on a specific Administration topic. - 4 year course - Process of figuring out things we are - Take the BLEPP interested using a specific process - Gov Work - 20k - Formalized curiosity. It is poking and - Psych clinics / ofw clinics prying with a purpose - Zora Neale - Education setting / guidance Hurston associates - As a chismosa in an ethical way. - ABA therapy - 20k - As questions and answer questions - HR - 15k-17k - Ung mga tanong is hypothesis, to - Subj (Dev, Indus, Ab Psych, Psych know if tama ung hula mo. Ass) - To discover something new or to reach an understanding. Psychologist (RPsy) - Therapy Based Why do we research? - Masters (2 years if full load is 12 1. Expand the knowledge base of the units) in clinical/ developmental/ discipline and to explain industrial (You just have to take psychological phenomenon board courses) Counseling 2. To apply this new-found knowledge Psychology and use it to help individuals and - Phd to be called DOC society. - Subj (Counseling, TOP, Psych Ass, - To expand knowledge base Ab Psych) - Psych = soft science. 1. Research is our panglaban. Psychiatrist (Med) - Hindi siya based on feelings, it is - Can give prescription based on research - Med School 2. Sometime research in states doesnt - General practitioner apply here because of different - Residency kinemerut environment and all, so we need to have our own research. What is research? - “Research is formalized curiosity. It 4 Method of Acquiring Knowledge is poking and prying with a purpose”. 1. Tenacity - Information is accepted —ZORA NEALE HURSTON as true because it has always been - A systematic way of collecting believed or because superstition information (or data) to test a supports it. Based on habit or hypothesis. superstition. - A detailed study of a subject, - we accept info as true dahil laging especially in order to discover (new) napapatunayan na totoo. Based on information or reach a (new) superstition. “Mag red na underwear, understanding. papasa ka” habit leave us na laging  maniwala kasi laging nag kakatotoo research. Ask higher ops or expert when we do it. Belief para mas malaman kung totoo sila. perseverance. Believing something Mas malapit to sa katotohanan, kesa to be true, just because. No sa pitfall, intuition and tenacity. Also explanation needed, no logical know and understand their biases. answer or thinking, basta - Sometimes nagiging cloudy and info pinapaniwalaan lang. dahil masyado ka na naniniwala. Pitfalls - Information acquired might not be When you are consulting, make sure accurate. There is no method for correcting applicable yung expertise niya sa erroneous ideas. Even in the face of hinahanap mo. Bakit tinatanong mo evidence of the contrary, a belief that is is hindi dun ang focus. Its on you, widely accepted can be very difficult to you have the final say kung accurate change ba mga nakuha mo - hindi accurate lahat ng info. There is Pitfalls - Authorities can be biased and not no method for correcting erroneous provide accurate information. Answers ideas. Dahil mas maraming naka red obtained from experts could represent ang pumasa, maniniwala siya. Malay subjective, personal opinion rather than true mo lahat sila nag suot ng red na expert knowledge. It is often assumed that panty. expertise in one area can be generalized to 2. Intuition - Information is accepted other topics, it can’t. People often accept an on the basis of a hunch or a “gut expert’s statement without question. feeling”. Based on instincts and info “feeling right” 4. Faith - A variant of the method of - based on insticts of feeling right. authority in which people have Hunches or gut feeling, quickest way unquestioning trust in the authority to answer things. Pag no evidence, figure and, therefore, accept sometimes, this is the last resort. information from the authority Kung tutuloy ka ba umalis. To know without doubt or challenge. a person, gut feeling lang. Based sa - variant of the method of authority. cues na binibigay nung tao or Quiboloy, itataya mo buhay mo na environment sayo. lahat ng sasabihin niya totoo at - We cant explain, we just know. Alam tama. mo na badtrip friend mo, alam mo Pitfalls - Allows no mechanism to test the lang. Wee cant explain the concept accuracy of the information. Involves fully. accepting another’s point of view of the truth Pitfalls - No mechanism for separating without verification. As a final pitfall, realize accurate from inaccurate knowledge. We that not all “experts” are experts. can’t exactly explain the concept. - no method to test the accuracy. Accepting lnag, walnag research at 3. Authority - A person relies on hindi inaalam ung totoo. We realize information or answers from an na not all experts are real experts. expert in the subject matter. - di ka sure kung totoo sa sinasabi ng isang tao, you have to do your Ways to increase confidence in research 1. Evaluate the source of the information. blindspots, thats what makes you 2. Evaluate the information itself human. - Reliable resources - Research, wala ka dapat 5. Empirical method - Also known as expectation or bias. Just go blindly empiricism. This attempts to answer with expectations. Hindi porket no questions by direct observation or personal significance is panget na. experience. - we answer questions relying on direct observation and personal In conclusion, The methods of tenacity, experiences. It came from intuition, and authority are satisfactory for philosophy because we acquire answering some questions, especially if you knowledge through our senses. How need an answer quickly and there are no naturally things would occur. serious consequences for accepting a Pitfalls - It is fairly common for people to wrong answer. The 4 methods they are misperceive or misinterpret the world satisfactory to answer questions but they around them. It is also possible to make are not enough to ask a right or wrong or tru accurate observations but then misinterpret or false esp. Kung may consequence. what you see. Time consuming, sometimes dangerous. 4. Rational Method - Also known as - Its common to miss perceive or rationalism. This involves seeking answers misinterpret kasi may sarisarili by logical reasoning tayong understanding on things. - no matter how you feel, if based on - Time consuming kasi not all cases facts. Yun ang susundin. have enough time to observe. Pitfalls - Conclusion is not necessarily true unless both of the premise statements are The Scientific Method (page 46) true, even in a valid logical argument. - An approach to acquiring knowledge People are not really good at logical that involves formulating specific reasoning. Unless the logic is sound, the questions and then systematically conclusion might not be correct. finding answers - Conclusion is not necessarily true. kung premises is not true. Amy may Steps in The Scientific Method not have a personal experience so 1. Observe behavior or other hindi totoo is si conclusion kasi di phenomena totoo is statement 1. 2. Form a hypothesis - People are not really good at logical reasoning because we have our  3. Use your hypothesis to generate a testable prediction The Process of Scientific Inquiry 4. Evaluate the prediction - The scientific method can be viewed 5. Use the observation to support, as a circular process or a spiral of refute, or refine the original steps. Initial observation leads to a hypothesis. hypothesis and a prediction, which leads to more observations and then Hypothesis to a new hypothesis. This - In the context of science, this is a never-ending process of using statement that describes or explains empirical tests (observations) to a relationship between or among build and refine our current variables. This is not the final knowledge (hypothesis) is the basis answer, but rather a proposal to be of the scientific method. tested or evaluated. - Ways how to gather info Inductive Reasoning - Uses a few limited observations to generate a general hypothesis or premise to generate a prediction about specific observation. - Generalize from a small set of specific examples to the complete set of all possible examples - “I ate three green apples, and all were sour. Therefore, all green apples are sour” - Specific to General (nag sisimula yung premise or sentence one sa specific) Deductive Reasoning - Predict a small set of specific examples from a general statement about the complete set of all possible examples. - All green apples are sour. Therefore, if I eat a green apple it will be sour. - General to Specific (nag sisimula yung premise or sentence one sa general) Science is empirical, public and Quantitative VS Qualitative Research objective. Quantitative = Numerical What to use? - Based on measuring variables for Quantitative individual participants to obtain - Usually produces numerical data. scores, usually numerical values, - Prepare to use statistical methods which are submitted to statistical and standardized tests. analysis for summer and interpretation. Qualitative - Measuring variables, scores in - Data collected is in words not numerical values. numbers. - Quantitative changes - Focuses in gaining info about - Change in number of amounts, such experiences, often at the expense of as height, weight, or vocabulary representativeness and external size. validity - difference in amount, weight, size. - Easier to map up dahil numbers, we 1. Ano gusto aralin? predict na tataas ung improvement 2. Existing literature and san ka - Produce numerical data and papasok? prepared for standardize test, 3. Pag wala pa gaanong study? Go to measurable variables. (scales, iq, quali but if marami, use quantitative achievement test, self esteem) (pinaka ambag mo might be the sample (filipino/antipolo emerut) Qualitative = Words Things to consider - Based on making observations that 1. Personally Interesting are summarized and interpreted in a - It should be PERSONALLY narrative report INTERESTING- kasi it would be - Make meaning. We make really draining kapag hindi mo bet observation and gather info, make it yung topic, pero pag bet mo, it would into narrative report. be faster - Qualitative change 2. Interesting to the Community - Emergence of new phenomena that - It should be interesting for the could not be easily predicted on the community as well, hindi lang ikaw o basis of past basic functioning. kayo ng group mo - new phenomenon, may nangyare na 3. Addresses a real problem di natin mapredict from what - It should address a real problem, happened before. kelangan may problem na kailangan - Maraming variables in play so we tugunin. If we have unli time, why cannot make easy judgement. not - (data that we can collect through 4. Focus and Feasible words not numbers, new info kahit di - minsan masyadong maraming malaki ung respresentativeness or tugunin, it should be achievable and sample, it is quali) Pag new ung info, tone it down kapag masyadong we can use quali malawak and consider the timeline and makatotohanan.  - Debunks the logic of western Basic Research Design developed theories and can be 1. Descriptive universally applied - Aims to observe and record - Indigenous people. Specific group or behavior. culture - case study a. No scoring as in tingin lang a. Open to observer bias pag a specific scenario na b. Horn effect - nakikita lang is nilatag mo yung negative o lahat ng 2. Case Study masasama, kabaliktaran ni - Study of a certain individual or Halo effect o lahat lang ng group. positive. Dahil masyado ka - Useful in rare cases. namemesmarize - Can explore sources of behavior, c. It helped in overcoming test treatments, and suggest biases in research. directions for further research. 4. Correlational Study - Cannot be easily generalized to - Determine whether a correlation other population. exists between variables, - Cannot make strong causal phenomena that change or vary statements among people or can be varied for - may variable na natinitignan o purposes of research. qualification na need ma hit. - Study of the relationship between a. Rare cases and not well one variable and another without researched manipulation, b. Check if sa specific lang ba o - No random assignment. magegeneralize un treatment - Lack of control over extraneous mo, if gumana sa isa and variables. hindi sa iba. CHeck bakit sa - Cannot establish causation. isa oo sa isa hindi, ano ung - Used to study many important nag play ng role. issues that cannot be studied c. Cannot make causal experimentally for ethical reasons. statements or sagot sa bakit. - Can study multiple influences Focus on preseent o kung operating in natura; settings anong nanyayare ngayon, - Relationship between something or another research to know difference ung bakit na queestion. a. To check if something will 3. Ethnographic Studies change, change or interact’ - Seek to describe the pattern of b. No random assignment. relationships, customs, beliefs, c. We use for experimental technology, arts, and traditions that studies kasi ethical. We can make up a society’s way of life. look at lots of - Case study of the culture. 5. Experiment - Open to observer bias. - Controlled procedure which the - Help overcome cultural biases in experiment manipulated variables to theory and research. learn how one affects the other.  - Establish cause-and-effect. - Children of different ages are Permit replication. assessed at ONE point of time, - Manipulated and controlled. - More economical. - Could encounter ethical issues. - No cases of attrition or practice - Can be artificial effect. a. True Experiment- Random - Individual differences and sample. Hatian ng groups is trajectories may be obscured. male and female, tall and - Results can be affected by differing short experience of people born at 6. Quasi Experiment different times. - Natural experiment. - different ages in one point in time. - Compares people who have been More economical. No attrition or lost accidentally assigned to separate of participants or dropping of groups by circumstances of life. participants. - In actuality, can be considered a - Difference ng parents at children - correlational study age is malaking factor - control mo kung sa controlled or placebo group sila. Pwedeng Longitudinal maconsider as correlational study, - Study the SAME GROUP or natural experiment. PERSON more than once, or even a. We can establish cause and years apart. effect kasi we manipulate it. - Can track individual patterns of We have higher permission continuity and change. for replication. Step by step - Time-consuming and expensive.- naka latag lahat unlike sa Repeated testing could result to case study na you cant practice effect replicate kasi observe lang - Attrition could be a problem talaga lahat. - mandalas attrition(natatanggal sa b. Unethical issues minsan, research) here. Namatay, nag drop little albert. It can be artificial. out, biglang hindi na qualified We are just doing it inside - More than once, years apart. the lab, so di natin sure kung Marami kang makukuhang info but in real life ganon pa din time consuming and mataas attrition, ba.Other factors are not minsan hindi feasible, mga big being considered. research firms lang ang may resources to do it. Like marsh Differentiating Cross-Sectional and mallow test, ung sa anak, testing na Longitudinal Studies Page 53 ung bata na kumain is impulsive and not patient, found out na children na nakapag wait is successful in life, Descriptive Research Design - can be malaki ung plinay na bata pa lang longitudinal, sequential or cross sectional. patience and can think forward. Practice effect - nag iq test today Cross-sectional tas next week ulit, can be tumaas kasi alam mo na yung mga tanong. Minimum of 6 standards of conduct, months and IQ testing kasi maaalala niya cooperate with other yun. professionals if needed to serve the best interests of Sequential the client, and strive to - Data are collected on successive contribute to their cross-sectional or longitudinal professional time, whether samples. compensated or not - Track people of different age-related - down side ng nasa med, we change from cohort effects and should be open into looking provides more complete picture of for another profession. Wag dev’t. ikaw pinaka magaling, the - Drawbacks: time, effort, and more people na can help, its complexity- better - equires a large number of c. Intergrity participants and collection and - Promote accuracy, honesty, analysis of huge amounts of data and and truthfulness. over a period of time. - Doing the good kahit no one - It is a successive process, kahit cs is looking. Accuracy. or l basta sunod sunod, time effort d. Justice and complex. The time na nag - Fairness and justice to all chechange pwedeng may person to access and benefit nangyayare in between na hindi mo from the contributions of natets. Maraming data na titignan psychology over a period of time. - Fair and Justice to all. Lahat e. Respect for People’s Ethics (2 main) Rights and Dignity 1. APA General Principles (American - Respect the dignity and Psych Association worth of all people by a. Beneficence and Non exercising their rights to Maleficence privacy, confidentiality, and - Take care to do no harm; self-determination minimize harm - no matter what background - In our field, we will not intend or group. to do harm. We will not put 2. PAP General Principles them in uneccesary harm. (Psychological association of the - Hukayin yung trauma and it Philippines) will cause distress, you a. I. Respect for Dignity of should do everything para Persons and Peoples tugunin, wag magbukas ng b. II. Competent Caring for the hindi dapat buksan. ‘ Well-being of Persons and b. Fidelity and Responsibility Peoples - Establish relationships of c. III. Integrity trusts, upholding professional d. IV. Professional and Scientific e. V. Responsibility to Society  Lesson 3: Psychoanalytic Theory of - Biological instincts - negative view of Sigmund Freud Page 65 human nature. COncepts of humanity, kay freud pessimistic pero Psychoanalytic Theories lang pag nag pa therapy ka sakanya - Aralin ung biography ng mga to pag nag aral ng TOP, to understand it. Biology is destiny Views on Development Translation ng original is levels of mental life - Humans were born with a series of innate, biologically based drives Levels of Mental Life and Provinces of such as hunger, sex, and the Mind Page 70 aggression. Early experiences shape later functioning 1. ID / Es - Impulses (low) - People are driven by motives and 2. Superego / Uber Ich - Guard (mid) emotional conflicts of which they are 3. Ego / Ich - King (high) largely unaware that they are shaped by their earliest experiences with the family Id / Es / Unconscious Level - Viewed newborns as “seething - Basic Impulses (sex and cauldrons”, an inherently selfish aggression); seeking immediate creature driven by instincts (inborn gratification; irrational and impulsive. biological forces that motivate Operates at unconscious level. behavior) - When we were born, Id lang meron - Strongly believed in unconscious tayo. It was our driving force. Freud motivation - the power of instincts said na selfish ang mga baby. They and other inner forces to influence are narcissistic because sex, our behavior without our awareness hunger, and sleep lang yung gusto - Biological instincts provide nila. Wala silang pake sa cultural unconscious motivation for actions norms o sa kung anong - Has a negative view of human nararamdaman mo as a parent. nature Basta gusto niya, gusto niya. Iiyak - malaki ang role ni hunger, sex and siya pag hindi niya nakuha = aggression. aggression. - Sa psychoanalytic is childhood, - Si id impulses lang, there is no proof dipende pano ka pinalaki at na nag eexist sya. Lahat ng di alam pinanganak nasa unconscious. Kaya when - Freud = unconscious - napaka laking Freud cannot explain something, this effect ni unconscious kung pano became the easiest resort para no tayo nag interact sa life. explanation needed. “Ahh kasi nasa - Seething culdrons - very egotristic unconscious” and mga bata - kain, pupu tulog, Superego / Uber Ich / Preconscious wala sila pake basta pag kakain na, Level kakain na. Dala ng drive again kain, - Ideals and morals; striving for sex, tulog. perfection; incorporated from  parents; becoming a persons’ From id/unconscious to ego/conscious - conscience. Operates mostly at kelangan ma-transform through preconscious level superego/preconscious. Kaya yung desire - Eto yung nag sasabi sayo ng right mo na makipag sex sa mom mo since alam and wrong, since siya yung guard, mo na mali, you tranform it by making your siya yung nagagalit sayo when you mom proud. do something wrong that causes you to have anxiety According to Freud if - Habang tumatanda ka, you will then 1. Small ID develop superego. It is the controller 2. Big EGO of Id. Kaya yung mga toddler they 3. Small SUPEREGO ask kung pwede bang kumain, kung = Natural and healthy pwede bang lumabas and mag play, it is controling Id using realistic 1. Big ID thoughts. As you continue, super 2. Small EGO ego will be developed, angel mo 3. Small SUPEREGO sya, kelangan mo mag aral ganon. = Impulsive - Components of Superego - The conscience: Includes 1. Small ID information about things 2. Small EGO viewed as bad by parents 3. Big SUPEREGO and society. It forbids = People Pleaser unacceptable behaviors and triggers feelings of guilt. Freudian Slip - The ego ideal: Represents - A Freudian slip, also known as the idealized self that an parapraxis, is an error in speech, individual aspires to.. memory, or physical action that - Masyado siyang strict, pag di mo occurs due to the interference of an ginawa ung sinabi ng parents mo, unconscious subdued wish or masama ka na. Pag di mo nareach, internal train of thought anxiety agad. - Minsan may dumudulas kay Pre conscious or Super ego, not just Ego / Ich / Conscious Level words but also actions, mga di mo - Executive mediating between id sinasadyan na di natransform impulses and superego inhibitions; testing reality; rational. Operates Freud’s Psychosexual Stages of mainly at conscious level but also at Development page 71 preconscious level. - Ego lang ang intouch with reality. OAPHLAGE - Aware ka / Senses / Memory (EGO) Does not cacause anxiety 1. Oral 0-2 - But since nasa reality siya, siya din - Infant Achieves gratification through yung taga kalma and balanse ng oral activities such as feeding, lahat. thumb sucking and babbling  - naka focus ung libidinal energy is - For baby boy - want to be with nasa mouth. Pag fixated sa oral, mother. Oedipus and smoker ka daw, thumb sucking or Electra/castration - chismosa. Di nag develop sa next - Sexual views but not intention, but stage. Alcoholic, nail biters hold on to the phallic. Wanting to have genitals other sexs genitals 2. Anal 2-3 - Normal stage ung mas close ung - The child learns to respond to some baby sa other gender. of the demands of society (such as bowel and bladder control) For baby Boys = Castration Anxiety; - anus, stage na nag totoilet training, Shattered Oedipus Complex - puputulin ni a child’s development can lead to father ung penis niya pag nagkagusto siya retentive or explosive kapag hindi kay mami. normal. - Retentive - nag pipigil or piit. Sila For baby Girls = Castration Complex- ung mga eventually nagiging Penis envy - bakit siya may lawit perfectionist, orderly and tidy (anal triad). Masyado kang focus sa (after resolving this stage, super ego will detalye, “you're so anal” kapag nag come in) panic yung parent, ung bata pipihitin at ayaw dumumi kasi ayaw 4. Latent 7 - 11 mapagalitan. The kid wants to take - The child continues his or her control of everything. development but sexual urges are - Explosive - no self control, messy relatively quiet. and selfless, pag sinabihan ng “bad - No erroneous zone. Sexual urges boy” or “bad girl” ganon pag nag sublimated into sports and hobbies poop. Pag no pake parent, mag stay - Nafofocus o sublimate, nag pupunta ung dumi, or even mag kakalat ng sa sports, hobbies, or nakikipag laro poop ganon pag dinendma na sa peers Bat nagkakaganiyang tendency, it depends 5. Genitals 11 - Adult kung pano nag react ung parents sa toilet - The growing adolescent shakes off training, bata presenting poop and how old dependencies and learns to deal parent react will determine kung ano ung maturely with the opposite sex. magiging explosive, retentive or healthy. - genitals stage, physical sexual urges nag reawakean na. Gusto mo na 3. Phallic 3-7 mag procreate, attraction sa - The child learns to realize the opposite gender na hindi parents. difference between male and - Struggle to accept the nw role, dati females and becomes aware of energy is towards parents lang, sexuality. ngayon hindi pabor mami mo sa - Focus on other peoples genitals. crush mo, struggles. - For baby girl - gusto with fathers Fixation fefetal position pag sobrang iyak. - Arrest in development that can show Genital bigla nag oral up in adult personality, libido 3. Displacement remains tied to an earlier stage of - Redirecting emotions or impulses development from the original source to a safer - pag di nag develop ng healthy or target. For instance, someone may nag stay ka lang dun, it will show up yell at their partner after a frustrating in adult personality. Yung libido mo day at work daw ay nag stay sa isang stage. - Redirect emotions or impulses from - Oral Fixation - Focuses on the oritginal to safer target. Natraffic, mouth. Nail- Biters, Smokers, samin magagalit. To a person na Thumb sucking. alam mong di babalik sayo, di ka - Anal Fixation - Obsessive papalagan. Galit ng iba, napunta cleanliness, rigidity with schedules sayo, binigay mo sa iba and routines, or definitely becoming 4. Rationalization messy. Sobrang clean tidy or what - Justifying one’s behaviors or feelings or sobrang gulo naman with logical reasons, avoiding the true underlying reasons. For example, a student may blame a Defense Mechanism of Freud page 72 poor exam score on unfair questions instead of lack of preparation. 1. Repression - Justifying behavior though logical - The unconscious blocking of thinking, ambaba ng exam kasi di unacceptable thoughts, feelings, and nagturo si miss. Sisi sa iba. memories from awareness. For 5. Denial example, someone may forget a - Refusing to accept reality or facts, traumatic event. thereby blocking external events - meron kang thoughts na di mo from awareness. For instance, a gusto, ung unconscious mo is person may deny they have a binoblock un sa awareness. Di sila drinking problem despite evidence. makalagpas sa guard. Traumatic - Refuse to accept info even in light of event, tinatago mo and hindi evidence. makakalabas. MOST BASIC DM 6. Projection 2. Regression - Attributing one’s own unacceptable - Reverting to behaviors characteristic thoughts or feelings to someone of an earlier stage of development else. For example, someone who is when faced with stress. An adult angry may accuse others of being may throw a temper tantrum when hostile. overwhelmed. - Madalas na nacoconfuse kay - as you go through stages bigla kang displacement kasi tinatransfer din bumabalik, bigla ka nag thumb suck but yung sariling fear and anxiety. after that stressing event. Bigla ka Takot sa sariling multo or conflicts, nag tantrum. Nag explosive ka, nag takot sa cheater kasi cheater sya 7. Reaction Formation - Converting unwanted or dangerous thoughts into their opposites. For example, a person may express excessive love for someone they actually dislike. - Convert unwanted thoughts to the opposite, papakita mong love na love mo siya pero ayaw mo talaga. Unconcious sya. Di mo siya choice. Its how your ego protects your personality. Child na strict ang mom to the point na may unconscious hated pero through reaction formation, siya pinka mabait na anak 8. Sublimation - Channeling unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable behaviors. For instance, someone with aggressive tendencies might take up a sport like boxing - positive ang result. Unacceptable impulses ginagawa mo socially acceptable behavior. Pag gusto mo manapak, pasok ka sa boxing. Impulse to be the best kahit wala kang pake sa iba kahit makaapak ka kasi anxiety or super ego provoking siya, you become the best business man. Impulses to something positive.  Lesson 4 : Infancy Page 127 sa uterine wall. Dito marami nag Infancy mimiscarry. Group of cell or blastocyst - nag dedevelop sa Object relations theory - development ng embryo. Trophoplast - dun baby prominent ang development sa kumukuha ng nutrients si baby. objects. Breast, connection with mother. Specialization of cells. Eto yung cells na mapupunta sa brain, sa lungs Prominent theories mga ganon. It will be a week after 1. Melanie Klein conception. Kaya laging “anong 2. Margaret Mahler ginagawa ni mommy during 1st 2 3. John Bowlby weeks ni mommy, stress ba siya or di siya nasa conducive na Thought process ng baby environment” Freud - wala, id lang For some - attachment, (pano reaction ni mother, yun din nakikita yung baby) Healthy ba si mother and father bago mag buntis. Prenatal development page 130 The Course of Prenatal Development 1. Germinal Period - from the time na nag connect ng egg at sperm 2. Embryonic Period 3. Fetal Period 2. The Embryonic Period 1. Germinal Period - The period of prenatal development - The period of prenatal development that occurs two to eight weeks after that takes place in the first two conception. During the embryonic weeks after conception. It includes period, the rate of cell differentiation the creation of the zygote, continued intensifies, support systems for the cell division, and the attachment of cells form, and organs appear. the zygote to the uterine wall. - 2-8 week mark pag kumapit na. - At this stage, the group of cells, now Once dumikit na si blastocyst sa called the blastocyst, consists of an uterine wall magiging embryo na and inner mass of cells that will mag dedevelop na ung digestive and eventually develop into the embryo, respiratory organs. Mesoderm - and the trophoblast, an outer layer middle layer of cells that later provides nutrition and support for the embryo. - first 2 weeks, madalas namimiss, creation ng zygote, and pag attach  First trimester (First 3 months (Endoderm and Mesoderm) embryo Second trimester (Middle 3 months 1st layer : endoderm - respiratory and (Beginning of Ectoderm) digestive (internal body parts) 2nd layer : Mesoderm - circulatory system, muscles, bones and excretory system and reproductive (nagsusurrond sa internal organs) 3rd layer : ectoderm - nervous system, brain, sensory receptor, skin (nagpoprotect ng internal organs) Life support Third trimester (Last 3 months Amnion or amniotic fluid - parang baloon na (Ectoderm) nasa loob si baby, help regulate temperature and environment. Shock absorber Umbirical cord - how baby get nutrients and how they survive Placenta - small vesseles kay mother naka connect kay offspring. Nag iintertwined siya Brain Development 1. At birth, infants’ brains weigh Organogenesis - process of organ approximately 25 percent of what formation. period occurs from the two to the they will weigh in adulthood. By the eighth week after conception. During this time babies are born, it has been short. estimated that they have as many as 20 to 100 billion neurons, or nerve 3. Fetal Period cells, which handle information - Lasting about seven months, the processing at the cellular level in the prenatal period between two months brain. after conception and birth in typical 2. In typical development, the third pregnancies. trimester of prenatal development - last 7 months, conception and birth.  and the first two years of postnatal life are characterized by gradual increases in connectivity and functioning of neurons 3. Four important phases of the brain’s development during the prenatal period involve: (1) the neural tube, (2) neurogenesis, (3) neuronal migration, and (4) neural connectivity. - Hypothesis na baby are sponges when they are born, tabula rasa - may basis naman. Kung ano yung iniinput ng environment, yun yung nalalaman niya. - If you want a bright baby, lahat ng - yung white na tube - sa pic - after 27 stimulus na healthy, bigay mo to. 3rd days, mag sasara yung neuroture - if trimester of prenatal development di mag close, magkaka and the first 2 years of postnatal. - anencephaly(pag sa ibabaw di nag Wag panuorin ng cocomelon kasi close, they die madalas or pag parang drug withdrawal pag pinangganak mamamatay din yung pinatanggal. Wag lagi I-tv baby.) - spina bifida(pag di nag close yung 4 important phases of brain development ilalim, different degrees of paralysis. during prenatal period Mga saklay, braces, wheel chairs - 1. Neural tube - maternal diabetes or obesity - most - As the human embryo develops reason or second hand smoke inside its mother’s womb, the exposure) - 2 abnormalities pag nervous system begins forming as a hindi nag close yung tube - 2nd long, hollow tube located on the hand smoke, diabetes, obesity, embryo’s back. stress - vitamins agad dapat. - This pear-shaped neural tube, which - Giving mother folic accid help forms at about 18 to 24 days after reduce neural tube disease conception, develops out of the ectoderm. The tube closes at the top 2. Neurogenesis and bottom ends at about 27 days - The generation of new neurons is after conception (Keunen, Counsell, the process that continues through & Bender, 2017). the remainder of the prenatal period but is largely complete by the end of the fifth month after conception. - At the peak of neurogenesis, it is estimated that as many as 200,000 neurons are generated every minute.  - creation naman ng neurons - kumpleto na sa 5 month mark. 3. Neuronal migration - Occurs at approximately 6 to 24 weeks after conception. This involves cells moving outward from their point of origin to their appropriate locations and creating the different levels, structures, and regions of the brain. Once a cell has migrated to its target destination, it - obesity , second hand smoke, must mature and develop a more diabetes - ung mga makakaaffect sa complex structure. mother - teratogen ung tawag don - pag nag migrate yung cell sa target and dito masasabi yung damage na location, dun na mag dedevelop. All malalagay nito sa embryo. Pwedeng from endoderm - meso - ecto. di makaaffect kahit nag inom ka or Kelangan lumabas para talagang nag drugs ka, kasi possible na wala mag continue yung develop. pa sa uterine wall si baby. Mas maraming inom mas maraming 4. Neural Connectivity chance na magkaron ng syndrome. - At about the 23rd prenatal week, Time of exposure is crucial. But its connections between neurons begin okey to get sick, but how you handle to occur, a process that continues it. What you intake during that time. postnatally. Teratogen is mostly external but - hanggang post natal, adolescence meron padin within the mom like meron pa ding ganito. Naiintindihan immunity problem. Also pag not mo na bagay sa mundo and meron same blood type. Tatamaan yung ka na comprehension quality once na nabuo na. Key Teratogens Teratogen 1. Prescription and Nonprescription - From the Greek word tera, meaning Drugs “monster.” Any agent that causes a 2. Psychoactive Drugs birth defect or negatively alters a. Caffeine cognitive and behavioral outcomes. b. Alcohol - The field of study that investigates c. Nicotine the causes of birth defects is called d. Cocaine teratology. e. Marijuana f. Heroine 3. Incompatible Blood Types 4. Environmental Hazards 5. Maternal Diseases 6. Other Parental Factors  - 6 weeks - medyo nakapag adjust na These can cause SIDS or Sudden Infant yung mom. But the full bounce back Death Syndrome is 2 years or longer - Right after birth ibang hormones nanaman after mag introduce ng The Birth Process ibang hormones ng pregnancy 1. Longest stage - 15-20 mins (physical and psychological) contraction. Each last for 1 min. - They are at risk sa Depression and (cinocompress yung gilid gilid) Psychosis binubuka yung birth canal - Postpartum Depression - Baby 2-5 minutes - length contraction, blues - normal part of postpartum na umiikli na yung time between di mo nacocontrol na sensitive ka its contraction - bago matapos tong because hormones is gulo gulo. stag ena to yung dilation pwede na - If di mamanage ni mom, it can maging 10 cm or 4 inches develop to….. - Braxton hicks / Labor. - Postpartum Psychosis - urge to kill - Can last for 48- hours or hurt the baby. TUmataas yung shaken baby syndrome - pag Contraction purpose is to expand the shinake masyado the babys brain birth canal from 0 to 10cm will be shaken. Nagkaka epilepsy, severe cognitive impairments to The three stages of labor. paralysis. Stage 1: (A) Contractions of the uterus cause dilation and eff acement of the cervix. - Plate size wound. It needs time to (B) Transition is reached when the heal - 5-5-5 method. DIfferent frequency and strength of the contractions cultures have different ways of are at their peak and the cervix opens caring but this is the bare minimum completely. - 5 - in bed Stage 2: (C) The mother pushes with each - 5 - around the bed contraction, forcing the baby down the birth - 5 - near the bed canal, and the head appears. (D) Near the - 15 days na walang heavy activities. end of stage 2, the shoulders emerge and - For normal or cs this is are followed quickly by the rest of the baby’s recommended. Bare minimum (it body.