Q2 Lesson 6 Roman Empire and Decline PDF

Good morning! Smile! God is good all the time. 😊 Social Studies 8 Civil war between the Senate and popular leaders Julius Caesar’s military prowess and political ambition Formation of the First Triumvirate with Pompey and Crassus Conquest of Gaul (58-51 BCE) and expansion of Roman territory Def...

Good morning! Smile! God is good all the time. 😊 Social Studies 8 Civil war between the Senate and popular leaders Julius Caesar’s military prowess and political ambition Formation of the First Triumvirate with Pompey and Crassus Conquest of Gaul (58-51 BCE) and expansion of Roman territory Defiance of the Senate: Crossing the Rubicon in 49 BCE Battle of Pharsalus (48 BCE): Defeat of Pompey Suppression of rebellions across the Mediterranean Caesar’s famous declaration: "Veni, Vedi, Vici" ("I came, I saw, I conquered") Declaration as dictator and subsequent reforms Revisions in government systems, including taxation and laws Opening the Senate to the public and allowing ordinary people to hold public positions Debt relief for Roman citizens Extension of Roman citizenship to non- Italians Introduction of the Julian calendar Increased pay for soldiers and other social reforms Fear of Caesar’s growing power and potential kingship Conspiracy led by Brutus and Cassius Assassination on the "Ides of March" (March 15, 44 BCE) Aftermath: Further civ wars and power struggles Rise of Mark Antony and Octavian (later Augustus) after Caesar’s death Battle of Actium (31 BCE): Octavian’s decisive victory over Antony Octavian declared "imperator" and later given the title Augustus in 27 BCE Establishment of the Roman Empire and end of the Republic Augustus’ reign (27 BCE - 14 CE) and his reforms Creation of a stable government with efficient civil servants Economic reforms: fair tax system, population census, postal service Infrastructure projects: roads, temples, and public buildings Introduction of the Julian calendar Pax Romana: 200 years of peace and prosperity, flourishing trade with India and China Nerva (96-98 CE): Trajan (98-117 CE): Hadrian (117-138 CE): Released political Expanded the Codified Roman law prisoners and empire to its Strengthened prohibited greatest extent frontiers, built slavery Conquests in Dacia Hadrian’s Wall in Land distribution and the Middle East Britain to the poor Antoninus Pius (138-161 CE): Completed and Marcus Aurelius (161- restored public 180 CE): works Philosopher-king, Maintained author of stability and "Meditations" prosperity Reformed criminal laws, supported the poor and slaves Gradual decline before the fall Pax Romana ended after Marcus Aurelius' death Civil wars and political instability 26 emperors ruled between 234-284 CE Decline in law, order, and commerce Inflation due to devalued coinage Heavy taxes on business people and small farmers Divided the empire into East and West Strengthened civil service, enlarged the army Reinforced frontier defenses Price and wage control Forced people to stay in their jobs Temporary peace restored Diocletian’s retirement led to a power struggle Reunited the Eastern and Western Territories. Established Byzantium the Capital in Turkey and called it Constantinople. Expanded Diocletian’s Reforms. Legalized Christianity. Enforced harsh laws to keep artisans and farmers in their trades and lands. Corruption resurfaced after his death.  Pressure from Visigoths Germanic Tribes Granted refuge but Population pressure in defeated Roman Germany pushed tribes forces at the Battle of into Roman territory Adrianople (378 CE) Huns attacked the Sacked Rome in 410 Ostrogoths, leading to CE under Alaric further Germanic migration  Other Invaders Vandals moved through Gaul and Spain to North Africa Raided Italy and sacked Rome in 455 CE Other tribes such as Burgundians, Franks, and Lombards entered Roman territory Germanic chief Odoacer captured Rome End of the Western Roman Empire Germanic tribes controlled the west, but Roman customs and laws persisted in Gaul  Political Economic Social Problems Problems Problems Weak leadership and civil wars Trade disruptions Decline in loyalty Corruption and due to invasions and civic inefficiency in Inflation, high responsibility government taxes, and Military Empire's division unemployment recruitment issues deprived Rome of and lack of needed resources discipline  SY. 2024-20 25 World History G8 Proverbs l Studies cia So