Q1REV MAPEH Music History PDF

Reviewer in MAPEH Music Impressionism - is an art movement or style that originated in the late 19th century. It is a counter-effect of the Romantic style, which is expressive of emotionalism. - is characterized by the suggestion of images or themes through tones and harmo...

Reviewer in MAPEH Music Impressionism - is an art movement or style that originated in the late 19th century. It is a counter-effect of the Romantic style, which is expressive of emotionalism. - is characterized by the suggestion of images or themes through tones and harmony, which gives a feel of an “atmosphere” where one may find meaning in what a composer would like to impact. Impressionism in music is characterized by the following: ✓ Use of whole-tone, modal and exotic scales ✓ Use of complex chord such as the 9th chord ✓ Use of ambiguous chord progressions and unresolved passages ✓ Use of unusual forms and irregular phrases ✓ Use of instrument/orchestral timbre to create a color to express meaning Prominent composers Claude Debussy - one of the prominent composers of the impressionist style. He was born on 22 August 1862 at Saint- Germain-en-Layein France. - Clair de Lune –is one of his most popular pieces. In 1884 he won the Prix de Rome with his composition “L’enfantprodigue” a cantata. Cantata - is a big choral composition, which may be either sacred or secular. Claude’s significant and representative works: a.L’enfantprodigue–a composition for soprano, tenor, baritone and orchestra b.Petite suite –a composition for piano c.String Quartet in G minor d.Prelude a lapres–midi d’umfaune– a symphonic poem for the orchestra e.Pelleas et Melisande–an opera f.La mer–an orchestral work Maurice Ravel - was born in Ciboure, France on 7 March 1875. He is one of the prominent composer of the impressionistic style. - He entered the Conservatoire de Paris (Paris Conservatory) at age 14 in 1889 and stayed there for quite some time. - His works were considered advanced for its time, even the jury did not appreciate his work.  - He made his composition based on modal scale, and he added thirds to basic triads and used ambiguous chord progressions. Ravel’s significant and representative works: a. Jeux d’eau b. Miroirs c. Gaspard de la nuit d. Le Tombeau de Couperin e. Rapsodie Espagnole f. Bolero Expressionism - started in the early 1900s in German. The main character of the style is that it presents subjects with a rather distorted form to express a personal emotion. - For some painters, the use of loud and intense colors carries symbolism. It uses distorted form, facial expression and movements are used to evoke moods and ideas. Characteristics of Expressionism in Music a) Absence of tonal center (atonality) b) Angular melody c) Absence of traditional harmony d) Fragmented form and structure e) Episodic f) Variety of texture The 12 - tone technique - This new music is the new approach to use of pitches, which also referred to as serialism. It is also the ordering of the 12 tones, which you can visually see in the following keyboard illustration If you count all keys (black and white) from C to B, you have 12 notes. The creation of a row is based on rules creating an ambiguous melody if used horizontally. This row created by composers will then be the basis of the composition either horizontally or vertically. One strict rule of the theory is that the tones, which are arranged unconventionally, are played in order, and no note shall be repeated until the notes of the row has been used, thus limiting the palate of tones of the musical work to the sequence or row created. Prominent Composers Arnold Schoenberg - He was born on September 1874 in Vienna, Austria. - He is known for atonal music (music without tonal center), which includes serialism, thus creating a new method of musical composition. - He served as mentor to Alban Berg and Aton Webern who eventually espoused the style of their teacher. - He showed musical inclination at an early age when he began to composed short pieces for violin - The early works of Schoenberg were tonal in nature. - He died on 13 July 1951 as an American composer of Austrian descent. Schoenberg’s significant and representative works : a) Three Piano Pieces, Op.11 b) Five orchestral Pieces, Op. 16 c) Pierrot Lunaire, Op. 21 d) Die gluckliche Hand e) Kol Nidre, Op. 39 Electronic Music - is defined as music that involves electronic processing of the output (through speaker). - this includes musical instruments such as synthesizers and electronic instrument, as well as recording, tape and editing and processing done digitally using computer. Theremin - is a monophonic sound-producing instrument invented by Leon Theremin in 1920s. Musique Concrete - is a musical composition created with magnetic tape Prominent composers Karlheinz Stockhausen - one of the most prominent German composers of the 20th Century - His composition Gesang de Junglinge (Song of the Youth) is considered one of the masterpieces of electronic music - This composition integrates human voice with electronic sounds - The work is also known for its use of spatiality, which is the use of multiple channels (speakers) in the exposition of sounds. Edgar Varese - He is called as the Father of Electronic Music - His composition, which emphasized timbre and rhythm, were made of sound masses - His music is considered by the uninitiated as “amusical” but for him sound masses are to be considered music. John Cage - one of the innovative composers of 20th century Western music. - Was born on 5 September 1912 in New York City. - He uses an unorthodox style in composition - He created works for dance as he collaborated with Merce Cunningham - He was known for his composition 4’33 or four minutes and 33 seconds. In this composition the goal of Cage was to let his audience listen to the ambient sound and its spontaneity, instead of the sound created by the instrument, thus the silence of the instrument gave way to the sound that was heard around the audience. This sound made by the audience and the environment is then the music that the audience should pay attention. - Cage’s composition also includes “Imaginary Landscape No.4” for 12 radios tuned randomly, 24 performers, and a conductor. - He died at age of 80 on 12 August 1992 in New York City. Chance Music - It is also called as “aleatory music” in which chance is given to a performer in the realization and performance of the composition. - It does not pay much attention to form as it is improvisatory thus its musical score shows unique notation. Arts Modern Art - Involved numerous artistic movements. Essentially, art movements are the collective titles assigned to works of art that belong to a certain period and employ similar styles or techniques and guided by shared ideals. Realism - It is recognized as the first movement in Modern Art, which started in France in the 1840s. It aimed at the precise representation of human conditions, perspective and distance, and detailed effects of color. - Realist also used source lightning to recreate the natural lightning of a scene. - The realist art and life bringing everyday life into their work, they were after detailed and straightforward portrayal of the contemporary life. - Realist artist such as Gustave Courbet, Jean Francois Millet and Edouard Manet. Impressionism - It was developed in Paris, France in the late 1860’s and early 1870’s. The influence of the artistic movement spread all over Europe and eventually reaching the United States. - The term Impressionism was first used by the art critic Louis Leroy in 1874 - This movement was started by artists such as Edouard Manet, Claude Monet, Edgar Degas, and Pierre- Auguste Renoir. Impressionist painters prioritized the following: a) Using light and color to unify images b) Using pure, intense on the canvas, instead of mixing colors on the palette first c) Using small brushstrokes and dabs of paint d) Abandoning traditional linear perspectives e) Avoiding clarity of form, sometimes, Impressionist painting too undefined and a bit fuzzy f) Moving from the studio to the countryside or streets Post-Impressionism - The name Postimpressionism was coined by art critic Roger Fry referring to the works by painters such as Paul Cezanne, Georges Seurat, and Vincent van Gogh. - Both Impressionist and Postimpressionist painter depicted real-life subject, and they used vivid colors, distinctive brushstrokes, and thick layers of paint. - The major difference between these two movements is that Postimpressionism attempted to achieve more form and structure, they put more emotion and expression into their works. Impressionism focused on the objectives recording of the momentary effects of light and color, whereas Postimpressionism preferred a more ambitious expression. - They want to connect the viewers with the artwork on a deeper and more meaningful level. Fauvism - Is a highly fashionable artistic movement, succeeded the painting of Van Gogh, Gaugin and other Postimpressionist artist. Henri Matisse, Andre Derain, Georges Rouault, Albert Marquet, Raoul Dufy and Maurice de Vlaminck are some of the famous Fauves. - Artist used non-naturalistic and often brush colors. - The subject matter in Fauvism was varied but it often consisted of landscape, still life, portrait and figure painting, view from the window and others Art Noveau - Style was not only applied in the fine arts, but it also found its way in the interior design and the decorative arts such as textile, furniture, jewelry, lightning and household utensils. - The pioneering artists include the painter Gustav Klimt (Austria), the architect Antoni Gaudi (Spain), the illustrator Aubrey Beardsley (England), the jewelry designer Rene Lalique (France), and the glassware designer Louis Comfort Tiffany (United States). - they attempted to put an end to the traditional view that fine arts such as painting and sculpture were superior than decorative or functional arts (ceramics, textiles, furniture) that were craft-based. Expressionism - Originated in Germany before World War I as a response to the more passive styles and techniques of Impressionism - Artists during this time sought not to record their observations of the object reality, but to interpret the emotions and subjective responses within a person - They are exaggerated and distorted representations employing bold and intense colors and strong outlines and incorporating primitivism and fantasy Cubism - Describes the revolutionary style of painting pioneered by Georges Braque and Pablo Picasso in Paris, France. - Louis Vauxcelles first used the term - Cubism when he describes Braque’s painting House at l’Estaque (1908) as being composed cubes - It is usually classified into two stages: - (1) Analytic Cubism (1913-1920s) showed objects not how the eye perceived them, but how the mind perceived forms. - (2) Synthetic (1913- 1920) artist begun using foreign materials such as newspaper and chair caning as abstract signs. Futurism ✓ It was an avant-garde movement started in Italy with the publication of Filippo Tommaso Marinetti’s The Manifesto of Futurism )1909 ✓ This art movement emphasized machine and modernization ✓ It condemned the old and celebrated the machine age, focusing the vitality of the urban world, especially its advanced science and technology ✓ They sought to represent modern experience and arouse all kinds of sensations.  ✓ A futurist painting basically brings to mind the sight, the noise, the heat, the smell and even the taste of the city. Painting Artist The Stone Breakers (1889) Gustave Courbet The Chatou Bridge (1906) Maurice de Vlaminck The Kiss (1907-1908) Gustav Klimt House at I’ Estaque (1908) George Braque The Cyclist (1913) Natalia Goncharova Dada ✓ Art by chance ✓ Is considered the first major anti-art, anti-establishment and anti-bourgeois movement ✓ It can be painting, sculpture, installation, photography, collage, and poetry ✓ The range is diverse ✓ The artist focused not on form, but on the concept ✓ Marcel Duchamp, Hugo Ball, Jean Arp (Han Arp), Andre Breton, and Hannah Hoch were some of the figures of Dada. Surrealism ✓ Was established when dada dissipated. This movement emphasized the psychological aspects of art including the role of the subconscious and unconscious. ✓ Surrealists employed a number of techniques including hallucinations, dreams, and random image generation. ✓ Yves Tanguy and Salvador Dali used a dreamlike perception of space as well as dream-inspired imagery such as melting watches, ants, and huge metronomes. ✓ Rene Magritte and Max Ernst also created bizarre imagery, combining strange elements of reality and painting with photographic attention to detail. De Stijl ✓ Founded by Dutch artists in Amsterdam, characterized the simple and direct approach to art. ✓ To achieve this, the emphasized primary color (red, yellow, blue) and neutral colors (white, black, gray), straight lines, and unadorned geometric shapes and forms (usually square and rectangles) ✓ Notable artists include Theo van Doesburg, Vilmos Huszar, and Jacobus Johannes Pieter “JJP” Oud Social Realism ✓ Movement in arts is often associated with American art during the war tears. ✓ Emphasized that the radical social critiques in their work made them modern. Art Artist The Original Fountain (1917) Marcel Duchamp The Persistence of Memory (1931) Salvador Dali  Composition with Large Red Plane, Yellow, Black, Piet Mondrian Gray and Blue (1921) Death (Lynched Figured) 1934 Isamu Noguchi In the early 1940s, artists associated with Abstract Expressionism, also known as the New York School, distanced themselves from the ruling convention in subject matter and techniques in art. For artists such as Jackson Pollock, Adolph Gottlieb, and Mark Rothko, improvisation and spontaneity made great art, they valued process over product. Pop Art ✓ The aim of the Pop art (Popular Art) movement was to bring art back from the “ivory tower” and into the everyday lives of the general public. ✓ The artistic movement emerged as a reaction against non-figurative abstract art, which was deemed too refined and bourgeois. ✓ Roy Lichtenstein and Andy Warhol produced works that can be mass-produced. Lichenstein drew inspiration from comics, whereas Warhol worked with everyday objects such as soup cans. Op Art ✓ The term Op art was coined by Time Magazine in 1964 ✓ It is a type of abstract art that depends on optical illusions to trick the eyes of the audience ✓ Also called as optical art and retinal art, Op art uses geometric forms, which make the viewer feel that the work is moving (vibrating, flashing, warping, swelling). ✓ Bridget Riley and Victor Vasarely were two of the most prominent artists of the Op Art movements. Happening ✓ Is an avant-garde art form ✓ it is a form of creative expression that has conceptual art routes and is associated with performance art ✓ it is coined in the 1950s by Allan Kaprow it was an event where elements of painting, music, poetry. Theater, and dance were combined ✓ artist then staged them as a live performance which invited and elicited a strong response from the audience Performance Art ✓ In the early 1960’s performance art was the primary means for artists to create art, comment on the ills of society and convey their frustrations with the commodification of art made possible by commercial galleries ✓ May combine movement, music, cinema, theater, computer art, sculpture, architecture, installation, and other forms of art ✓ It can be performed almost everywhere in school or offices, in museums, or galleries on the street or in squares, in cages and bars to name a few ✓ Artist associated with performance art include Marina Abramovic, Vito Acconci, Joseph Beuys, Chris Burden, Rebecca Horn, Ana Mendieta, Bruce Nauman, Dennis Oppenheim, Gina Pane, and Hannah Wilken Flash Mob ✓ Is a group of people summoned (as by email or text message) to a designated location at a specified time to perform an indicated action before dispersing ✓ It is a public performance participated by a group of people who do something out of ordinary ✓ It is often completed in a short amount of time; some pieces can be as long as 10 minutes Kinetic Art  ✓ refers to art that involves motion, both actual and apparent because it moves and virtual motions. ✓ We can consider animation and cinematic art, performance art, and happening art as kinetic art because they use body movement, clockwork, robotic art, land art or any object that disappear (eg. snowman) or change (eg. melting candle), motion graphics, chimes, chandeliers, and any art objects that have movement ✓ Alexander Calder, George Ricky, Jean Tinguely, and Mark di Suvero were some of the notable kinetic artists. Installation Art ✓ It is a category of contemporary art that involves the installation or setting up of objects or mixed media construction in a given space such as a gallery warehouse and public space for a temporary period of time ✓ The installation artist's arrangement of objects and the use of space constitute the artwork ✓ Ai Weiwei, Banksy, Spencer Tunick, and Damien Hirst have been shocking and distributing the sensibilities of audience for years PE To be healthy means an individual must have a proportionate body structure and be mentally sharp in making sound decisions. Lifestyle ✓ is a typical way of life of a person, group, or culture. Benefits of a healthy lifestyle ✓ Controls weight ✓ Fight diseases ✓ Increases energy ✓ Improves mood ✓ Improves lifespan Guidelines on Improving one’s lifestyle and weight management 1. Prepare a physical activity program - Exercise plays a vital role in keeping a healthy lifestyle 2. Know your energy expenditure - Our body needs energy for doing bodily activities such as breathing, sleeping, and digesting food - According to board-certified dietician Jennifer R. Scott, ‘Energy expenditure is the amount of energy that a person needs to carry out a physical function such as breathing, circulating food, digesting food, or physical movement” - Total daily energy expenditure is the number of calories you lose each day to gain energy. It is based on what kind of activity you do each day 3. Know your recommended energy and nutrient intake Fat-soluble vitamins Vitamin A is an essential micronutrient throughout one’s life cycle. It is needed to have good eyesight and to regulate the proliferation and differentiation of cells. Vitamin A for adolescents is extrapolated from the recommended values for adults. Water soluble vitamins play important roles in energy metabolism. The Reference Nutrient Intakes (RNIs) for thiamine, riboflavin, and niacin for adolescents are also extrapolated from adult values. The requirement for Vitamin C for these groups is extrapolated from those of adult males and female on the basis of relative body weights. Vitamin C level may be low for dieters Minerals The daily calcium intake of 1000mg is recommended for adolescents of both gender to support the formation of bones and to increase bone mass. It is a popular belief that an increased calcium intake is necessary for peak bone mass to protect against osteoporosis in later life. With an increase in blood volume, iron requirement is subsequently increased to cover basal iron losses, increase in hemoglobin mass and increase in tissue iron Iodine intake of 1.5 grams per day is recommended to meet the demand of faster metabolic rates during adolescence. This is based on the volume excreted as urine. The amount of iodine intake is to replenish iodine loss. The amount of water needed per day is equivalent to how much the body excretes carbon dioxide through the mouth via lungs, sweat via skin, and feces and urine at normal temperature. It means that the volume you need is approximately six to nine glasses of water a day or approximately 1500 to 2250 mL/day. Risk Factors for Non-Communicable Diseases 1. Heart Ailment Age – most heart attacks occur at age 65 and above. Hereditary – generally, a parent who has a heart ailment may pass on a disease to his or her children. 2. Type 1 Diabetes (Juvenile Diabetes) Environmental factors – a viral illness could be a factor in having type 1 diabetes. Dietary factors – lack of vitamin D in the foods you eat or consumption of cow’s milk before four months of age may cause type 1 diabetes. 3. Type 2 Diabetes Weight – being overweight or obese increases the risk for developing type 2 diabetes. Inactivity – the less active you are, the greater your risk of having this disease. Age – as your age increases, the risk of having this disease increases. Stretching - is a form of physical exercise in which a specific muscle or tendon is deliberately flexed or stretched in order to improve the muscle's felt elasticity and achieve comfortable muscle tone. The result is a feeling of increased muscle control, flexibility, and range of motion. Stretching is also used therapeutically to alleviate cramps and to improve function in daily activities by increasing range of motion Dynamic Stretching and Cool Down Exercises - Both are important before and after a workout, respectively. These will help you avoid or reduce the risk of injuries. - Proper warm-up loosens one’s muscles and tendons to increase the range of motion of joints and to warm up the body by increasing the body heat and blood flow. Warm muscles and enlarged blood vessels use oxygen from the blood and burn fuel stored in the muscle more efficiently. For aerobic sports such as soccer, basketball, tennis, and volleyball, proper warm-up has two components— aerobic exercise and dynamic stretching. Aerobic Exercise - A warm-up begins with five to 10 minutes of jogging at a very easy pace or approximately 40% of maximum heart rate, and then increasing to 60% followed by a five-minute recovery period. This portion should be performed at the start or at an intense level. Dynamic Stretching - The second portion of the warm-up routine involves dynamic stretching, which should be performed immediately after the aerobic warm-up or before a practice session or match. Dynamic stretching simply means stretching muscles while moving. Examples of dynamic stretches a. Straight-leg march (hamstrings and gluteus muscles) - Kick one leg straight out in front, with toes flexed and pointed straight up. Reach the opposite arm to the upturned toes. Drop the leg and repeat with the opposite leg and arm. Repeat sequence at least six or seven times. b. Scorpion (lower back, hip flexors, and gluteus muscles) - Lie on stomach with arms outstretched and feet flexed so only toes are touching ground. Kick right foot toward left arm, and then kick left foot toward right arm. Begin slowly and repeat up to 12 times. c. Hand walks (shoulders, core muscles, hamstrings) - Stand straight with legs together. Bend over until both hands are flat on the ground. Walk with your hands forward until back is almost extended. Keep legs straight, inch your feet towards the hands. Walk with hands forward again. Dynamic stretching increases power, flexibility, and range of motion, and it may reduce injuries. In a study, noncontact anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries were reduced by nearly half among female soccer players who followed a warm-up program that includes both dynamic and static stretching exercises. The ACL is a cruciate ligament of each knee that attaches the front of the tibia with the back of the femur and functions specially to prevent hyperextension of the knee. Static stretching - weakened the muscle strength by as much as 30%. It is done by standing in one spot such as bending over to touch toes (hamstring stretch) Cool-down exercise - is one of the most important part of physical activity. They are light exercises that help your body transition from working hard to a resting stage. Reasons that make cool-down exercises important: 1. Cool down exercises reduce strain on the heart muscle as it goes from exerting itself back to the normal rate. 2. Cool down exercises prevent dizziness and other discomfort from blood pooling in your lower extremities after an exercise. 3. Cool down exercises promote a “feel good” feeling. After intense running, a nice walk afterward helps your legs feel better. Most Effective Cool-down exercises 1. Walking 4. Stretching the arms 7. Yoga 2. Stretching the legs 5. Stretching out of the core 3. Stretching the chest 6. Dancing Social media is shaping and influencing how students learn and interact today. Social media - are becoming the most important tools for interaction among people, where everybody can share, exchange, comment, discuss and create information and knowledge in a collaborative way. Media - originated from the advertising industry. A media event is a publicity event staged for the news media, which include the print, broadcast, and other types of mass communication entities. Forms of mass media After mass media went digital, people started to use devices such as their 1. Cable TV networks cellphones to connect to relatives, friends, and colleagues. Technology 2. Radio Stations has enabled them to get information they need such as events, movie 3. Theater productions 4. Advertising billboards screenings, and activities that they can do. Of course, information 5. Neon lights pertaining to physical activities can now be found online. 6. Concerts 7. Newspapers 8. Magazines 9. Newsletters 10. Movies Technology - Newspaper advertisements were used to be the methods in informing the public about sports. They were also used to recruit players for different sports clubs, leagues, and teams. Today, these traditional ways of information dissemination have been replaced or supplemented by social media. People can now be informed of different physical fitness establishments and the various services that they can offer. - Fitness instructions can now be obtained easily by watching streaming videos and visiting website - Online fitness groups or digital communities also help individuals follow their fitness goals. They guide the beginners as to where to find new sources of information online. People can now share their fitness routine to other people via social media. Fitness Gym - One popular trend in the field of physical fitness is 24-hours gyms. These gyms have become successful because they operate for longer hours than traditional gyms. Fitness Apps - Today, every health aficionado could be his or her own coach using gadgets equipped with apps. Sensorembedded sports gadgets have become digital fitness trackers. These wearable devices measure activity levels, heart rates, and progress. Digital wristbands record vital data about the user’s progress in his or her training. Treadmill - The ordinary and popular treadmill machinery has been upgraded with sense-surround sound and integrated with TV monitors with heart rate monitoring capability. Virtual U - is a three-dimensional body scanner software that records changes in body measurements. Health Consumer health - informs us to be wise consumers of products and services important to our health and well-being. It is important to have the skills and knowledge to choose products and services wisely. Consumers need to be able to analyze advertising and understand the differences between the legitimate products or services and quackery. Quackery - is a term used to describe the promotion of unproven health products and health services. Learning to evaluate sources of information, spending money wisely, report fraud, cooperate with healthcare providers, and learning about health insurance are always to become better informed consumers. Consumers who developed these knowledge and skills can avoid being misled by inaccurate information, they will protect their health and the health of others. Although government and regulatory agencies attempt to stop misleading health promotions, being a wise consumer is your very best protection in today’s market. Consumer health education - refers to the acquisition of accurate information when purchasing and using health products and services. It is a significant tool to equip people with the proper skill, attitude, and knowledge necessary for a consumer-centered society. Several guidelines and criteria must be considered in the selection and evaluation of health information, products, and services. Health information - includes exact data, facts, and statistics about a particular health product and services provided by consumers, health professionals, and organizations. Consumers must also ensure that health information that they gather from different media is reliable. Reliability of health information depends on credibility of experts and institutions that provide data. These data must be based on accurate studies and reliable references. Some sources of reliable health information A. Government agencies 1. Department of Health 2. Bureau of Food and Drugs 3. National Center for Health Promotion 4. National Center for Health Facility Development 5. National Adverse Drug Reaction Advisory Committee B. Private Educational and Health Institutions accredited by the government C. Licensed professionals and practitioners in the field of medicine, research, and education D. Accredited online sources and published reading materials Consumers must also be prudent when encountering information from unreliable sources. They must be cautious regarding claims about health products and services, as these maybe discredited or false. They should pay attention to the following: 1. Claims based on inequality and insufficient knowledge 2. Outdated traditional practices and superstitions. 3. Paid or commercialized health advertisements on social media. Health Products - consist of materials, supplies, equipment, drugs, and substances that are used to supplement, to treat, or to maintain human health conditions. Health services - include assistance and amenities dealing with maintenance, restoration, diagnosis, and treatment of various health conditions. Accredited health care facilities offer health services among consumers, including hospitals, surgery centers, and health centers. They offer general medical services, or specialized treatments specified for a particular type of disease. General Medical Services 1. Philippine General Hospital 4. Palawan Provincial Hospital 2. Davao Medical Center 5. Western Visayas Medical Center 3. Baguio General Hospital Specialized Health care 1. Philippine Heart Center 2. National Kidney and Transplant Institute 3. Lung Center or the Philippines 4. Philippine Children’s Medical Center List of some medical specialists and their respective areas of specialization: Allergist for allergic conditions Anesthesiologist for chronic pain syndrome and anesthesia administration Cardiologist for heart diseases or conditions Dermatologist for skin diseases Gastroenterologist for stomach disorders Hematologist for blood disorders and malignancies Nephrologist for kidney diseases Neurologist for nervous system disorders Gynecologist for disorders of the female reproductive system and breasts Ophthalmologist for eye conditions Pediatrician for infants, toddlers, children, and teenagers Health care plans and financing systems offer different types of medical assistance such as covering fees for hospitalizations, surgeries, accidents, long term diseases, medical and laboratory test, prescription drugs, and professional fees of physicians and specialists. Similar to other countries, Filipinos may avail of health care plans from public and private companies. The government has enacted Republic Act 7875, also known as the National Health Insurance Act of 1995, which establishes a national health insurance program for retirees and indigent Filipinos. It has also been amended through Republic Act 10606, which is also known as the National Health Insurance Act of 2013. The Philippine government has established the Philippine Health Insurance Corporation (PhilHealth). Employed members of PhilHealth are required to allot monthly contributions as savings, which can be used in the future as needed. Those qualified as indigent members, as identified by the Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD), are automatically considered part of the program. The Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) is another type of health care provider that can be public or private. The HMO provides assistance to voluntary health consumers on a basis of prepaid agreement. Quackery - refers to the intentional misrepresentation or falsification of a product or a service. Quack - refers to a person or a company involved in promoting different forms of health fraud. These persons usually make use of scientific explanations and health information to promote their products and services. Unfortunately, health products and services offered by quacks are neither properly tested nor scientifically proven. Three significant forms of quackery: MEDICAL QUACKERY - This includes fake and ineffective treatments and remedies. These medicines do not give results; hence, they tend to delay proper medication. NUTRITION QUACKERY – This consist of food products claiming to contain ingredients needed to optimize the overall health of a person. DEVICE QUACKERY – this refers to tools and devices that make people believe that they are able to treat diseases. These includes bracelets, electrodes, magnets, and other tools that impose claims to restore and improve health by means of wearing or using them. Sometimes, quack offer products to people with terminal illness and those suffering from diseases with no treatment. Instead of helping, using these products delay medication, thereby imposing risks among patients. Therefore, the best defense against quackery is to follow the guidelines and criteria in evaluating health information, products, and services provided by government agencies and other reputable institutions.