Principles of Transportation Engineering PDF

PRINCIPLES OF TRANSPORTATION Functional Classification of Highways ENGINEERING Mobility TRANSPORTATION – movement of people and/or – continuous, high-speed travel goods from one place to another A...

PRINCIPLES OF TRANSPORTATION Functional Classification of Highways ENGINEERING Mobility TRANSPORTATION – movement of people and/or – continuous, high-speed travel goods from one place to another Accessibility TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING – direct access to abutting property As defined by ITE (Institute of Transportation MODES OF TRANSPORTATION Engineers). “It is the application of technology and ROADWAYS scientific principles to the planning, functional …” - also known as highways a branch of civil engineering profession that is - It consists of the modern highway as well as involved in the planning, design, operation and city streets, feeder roads and village roads, maintenance of safe and efficient transportation catering for a big range of vehicles roads, catering for a big range of vehicles and the systems. pedestrians. - This is the only mode which gives the UNDER TRANSPO ENGG: maximum service to one and all. highway engineering, railway engineering, port and the important aspects related to the roadways harbor engineering and airport engineering. transport includes safe and efficient operation Responsibilities of Transportation Engineers and control or road traffic, layout of roads, structural design of the roadway (pavement Design and Construction Planning: design), and roadway-based public - Drafting design and construction plans for new transportation systems. transportation Traffic Analysis: RAILWAYS - Investigating traffic problems and identifying solutions. - used for long as well as for short distances and Data Analysis: for urban travels. - Analyzing engineering data and drawing - For longer distances, railways transportation is conclusions and recommendations. more effective and advantageous than Budgeting: highways - Estimating project budgets for labor, materials, and equipment. important aspects related to the railway mode of Communication: transport includes safe and efficient operation - Discussing plans with contractors, local and control of rail traffic, layout or rail tracks, organizations, and the public. structural design of the subgrade on which rail Inspection: tracks run and planning of stations or terminals - Inspecting completed projects to ensure safety for railway vehicles. and compliance to standards. Modeling: AIRWAYS - Modeling transportation systems to assess impact. - one of the fastest systems Survey and Layout: - provides comfort and saves time to the - Overseeing survey, staking, and layout of passengers. projects. the important aspects related to this mode of Reporting: transport includes safe and efficient operation - Presenting reports and proposals to stakeholders and control of air traffic especially at and near airports, planning and operation of airports, orientation of runways and layout of taxiways, planning the parking pattern of aircraft, structural design of the runways, taxiways and aprons, and planning and operation of vehicle circulation and parking on the land side of airports. WATERWAYS 4 Main Stages of Transportation Planning - slowest among the four modes. 1st Stage (Transportation Survey, Data - possible between the ports on the sea routes Collection and Analysis) or along the rivers or canals where inland - different types of available data gathered for transportation facilities are available. transportation such as journey behavior the important aspects related to this mode of patterns, nature and intensity of traffic, freight transport include safe and efficient operation structure, cost and benefits like income and and control of ship traffic especially at and near employment estimates ports, and Planning & operation of ports - comprehensive knowledge of traffic flows and patterns within the area is essential - planners also require the land use and TRANSPORTATION PLANNING population data for the study area - Travel patterns should divide into zones so that - preparation of transportation systems such as origins and destinations can be geographically highways and traffic facilities monitored - necessary for a civil engineering company to ensure that these hazards and conditions are 2nd Stage (Transportation Model) routinely fixed and are made up to standard to - is a process a data analysis where it is a key to guarantee the safety of those on the road predicting future travel demands and network - first move before things are decided and needs needed to be done to ensure things are on the 4 Recognized Stages right path along the way to succeed. - Trip generation – number of trips within a zone - Trip distribution – number of trips from one zone to another PURPOSE OF PLANNING - Model Split – number of trips in different - Identifying multiple options, problems and modes of transport solutions to a transportation system - Traffic Assignment – estimates the volume of - Optimization of existing transportation traffic of every route in network systems and structural design 3rd Stage (Future Land Use and Travel Demand - To guarantee the safety and efficiency of the Forecasting) delivery of goods, and services - Land use forecast ideally based on existing - To address current and future transportation, and future land developments. land use, economic development, traffic demand, public safety, health and social - It is essential since travel demands are variable needs. to the type of area, population, commercial demands, etc. especially for urban planning OBJECTIVES OF PLANNING development. - Travel demand forecasting necessary to - Traffic congestion reductions predict the volumes of traffic in every network - Parking cost savings as the population grows and provide solutions - Consumer savings and affordability or policy to manage the traffic when congestion - Improved mobility for non-drivers is inevitable in the future. - Improved safety - Energy conservation Important Variables in this stage are: - Air, noise and water pollution reductions Population - Habitat protection - Support for local economic development Employment - Improved public fitness and health (from Personal Income and expenditure increased walking and cycling)  4th Stage (Policy and Evaluation) b. Innovative Infrastructure Design: Nurturing innovative thinking in infrastructure development to - is one of the evaluating the alternative policies ensure resilient transportation networks capable of - Probably the most important since here lies the withstanding future challenges. economic impacts of the said planning. - An economic evaluation of transport proposals 4. Logistics and Transportation Engineering: is necessary because vehicle-km and road a. Optimizing Logistics Processes: Using space are commodities, which are not directly technology to optimize logistics processes and bought and sold. reduce margins of error in the supply chain. TRANSPORTATION SAFETY b. Modernizing Warehouses: Preparing for - is a required factor in the planning process and increased sales by implementing automated transportation planners are key partners systems and increasing warehouse size. ensuring that safety is an integral component c. Last Mile Deliveries: Providing faster last-mile of all planning processes. deliveries to meet customer demands for timely - reduce fatalities and serious injuries on all product delivery. public roads 5. Sustainable and Resilient Transportation The 4E’s of Safety Infrastructure: Engineering a. Climate Change Mitigation: Building and Enforcement maintaining transportation infrastructures that can withstand the impacts of climate change and Emergency Medical Services reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Education b. Electric Vehicles: Developing ubiquitous Most Common Challenges in Modern charging infrastructure for electric vehicles to Transportation Challenges promote lower transportation costs and reduced emissions. 1. Traffic Congestion: 6. Smart Mobility Research: a. Economic Cost a. Advanced Sensor Technologies: Leveraging b. Smart Transportation Systems: Implementing advanced sensor technologies to enhance mobility intelligent traffic management, real-time data and safety in transportation systems analytics, and smart sensors to alleviate congestion and improve overall transportation TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM functionality. EVOLUTION OF LAND TRANSPORTATION 2. Environmental Impact: Stone Age – Walking a. Carbon Footprint: The transportation sector 3500 BC – Invention of Wheels contributes significantly to air pollution, making it crucial to integrate sustainable transportation 3100 BC – Domesticated Animals solutions into engineering programs. 2000 BC – Invention of Chariots b. Green Mobility Solutions: Developing electric 600 BC – Use of Wagons vehicles, alternative fuels, and sustainable transportation practices to reduce environmental 1885 – 1st Motorcycle impacts. 1769 – 1st Automobile 3. Infrastructure Development: 1798 – 1st Public Railways a. Robust Infrastructure: The need for robust infrastructure development is paramount in rapidly urbanizing countries where existing transportation networks are under immense pressure. ROAD TRANSPORTATION NETWORK National Highway Network - Describes a structure which permits either - Series of public roads that provide inter-city vehicular movement or flow of commodity connection - Consists of a system of interconnected ways - Numbered N1 – N82 (paved) designed to carry traffic (buses, cars - N1 – N10 and goods vehicles) Main Routes connecting three or more cities - Generally, forms the most basic level of transport infrastructure in an urban area - N11 – N82 - Links with all other areas, both within and Roads Linking two cities beyond boundaries - Mostly single and dual carriageways linking two Network – refers to the framework to routes within or more cities a system of locations, known as nodes National Highway Network Classifications Route – a single link between two nodes that are Primary (National Road) part of a larger network - Form parts of the Philippines main trunk line Road Transportation Network system - Permanent/tangible routes - Connects three or more major cities and o Roads, rails and canals metropolitan areas of at least 10,000 - Scheduled service / less tangible routes population o Air and sea corridors, trains, public Categories transit North – South Backbone Metcalfe’s law Also known as the Pan – Philippine Highway - Network value is proportional to the square of (N1 or AH26) connected nodes - Utility = n2 East - West Lateral - Simply means that the more people using a road network means the network will become Roads traversing the backbone and runs east- more attractive and will attract even more west across different islands users Secondary (National Road) Network effect - Provide access to other major population - Phenomenon whereby increased numbers of centers: three-digit assignment (Nxxx) people improve the value of goods or service - Directly link smaller cities and provincial capitals, ports (air and water), and tourist Types of Network Structure centers to primary roads Centralized Tertiary (National Road) - Has high accessibility, represents the - Include other roads administered by DPWH dominant element of the network and the which perform local functions. spatial structure it supports National Highway Network Decentralized - Total Road Length: 216,387km (DPWH as of - do not rely on a single server Oct 2019) - Point of highest accessibility - Paved: 61,093kM (DPWH, 2017) - Provincial Roads: 31,620 km (DPWH, 2017) Distributed - City and Municipal Roads: 1,950 km (DPWH, - Insignificant accessibility with other nodes, 2017) implies high connectivity levels and - Barangay Roads: 121,702 km (DPWH, 2017) redundancy - National Road Length: 33,018.25 km (DPWH as of Oct 2019) National Road Length Classifications - Concrete: 21,646.10 km - Asphalt: 10,440.98 km Arterial High Standard Highways (HSH-1) - Earth: 41.96 km - Gravel: 889.21 km - Known as expressways - Limited access National Road Condition - With interchanges, include tolls for passage in - Good: 44.33% open/closed system - Fair: 33.37% - Poor: 10.17% - Speed limit (max) 100 kph for cars & jeeps, - Bad: 4.72% 80kph for trucks & buses - Unassessed: 7.41% - Speed limit (min) 60kph for all vehicle class National Highway Network Regional High Standard Highways (HSH-2) Pan – Philippine Highway (Maharlika Highway) - Multilane arterial roads - Longest highway at 3,517km - Partially controlled access - Consists of roads, bridges and ferry services - With bypass, grade separation or frontage road - Major Transportation backbone of Philippine - Design speed 80-100 kph for inter urban Transport regional highways - North End is at Laoag, and Southern end is at - 60kph for intra urban highways Zamboanga City National Expressway Network - San Juanico Bridge is a part - Includes 3 ferry service routes: Matnog – Allen; North Luzon Expressway (NLEx) – E1 Ormoc – Cebu; Liloan - Surigao - Formerly known as North Diversion Rd EDSA (Epifano de los Santos Avenue) - 84km long and links Metro Manila to Bulacan & Pampanga - Longest, most congested Highway in the metropolis (23.8km) South Luzon Expressway (SLEx) – E2 - Most important highway in NCR serving 6 of - Formerly known as South Super Highway 17units (Caloocan, Quezon City, Mandaluyong, - 51km long and links Metro Manila to Laguna, San Juan, Makati and Pasay) Cavite and Batangas Aspiras – Palispis Highway These are the first expressways in the Philippines - Formerly known as Marcos Highway Both built in 1970s during Marcos Administration - Links city of Baguio and the Municipality of Agoo, La Union Muntinlupa-Cavite Expressway (MCX) – E2 - Route Number N208 - Shortest tollway at 4km Kennon Road - Links Bacoor and Muntinlupa - Formerly Benguet Road Manila-Cavite Expressway (CAVITEx) – E3 - Aka Rosario – Baguio Road - 14km links Parañaque, Las Piñas, and Cavite - Second oldest road to Baguio and Shortest route from Manila Subic Freeport Expressway (SFEx) – E4 - 33.5km long and Part of Route Number N54 - 8.8km links SCTEx to Olongapo and Subic National Expressway Network Freeport Zone - Controlled – access highway network NAIA Expressway (NAIAX) – E6 - Managed by DPWH - Elevated airport tollway to NAIA - Consists of all expressways and regional high - Starts from Skyway (Taguig) and ends at New standard highways (provide high level of traffic Seaside Boulevard (Parañaque) service) - Multi-lane Divided toll roads - Spans 420km as of 2015 NLEx – Karuhatan Link Airports NLEx – MacArthur Highway Link - International: 12 - Principal (Domestic): 32 NLEx Segment 9 – E5 o Class 1 (min 100pax): 13 - 2.4km short expressway link to MacArthur o Class 2 (min 19 pax): 19 Highway - Community: 41 - Unclassified: 65 NLEx – Mindanao Avenue Link – E5 TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT - Circumferential Road 5 (C5) - NLEx Segment 8.1 - The organization, arrangement, guidance and - 2.7km short expressway linking NLEx and C5 control of both stationary and moving traffic (Valenzuela) Traffic Control Devices NLEx – Harbor Link – E5 Traffic signs and markings - NLEx Segment 10 - Follow International standards by Vienna - 8.25km elevated expressway linking NLEx to Convention, 1968, but neither conform in color Port of Manila nor shape as per standard Cavite – Laguna Expressway (CALAX) - Generally insufficient - For Highly Urbanized Areas (HUA’s): hardly - Partially operational at Mamplasan to Santa visible and recognized due to giant billboards Rosa only - 44.63km links Cavite and Laguna Provinces Department of Transportation (DOTr) Mode of Transport: (Land) - Primarily responsible in policy making, planning, programming, coordinating, - Jeepneys implementing and administrative entity of the - Buses executive branch on the promotion, - Taxis development and regulation of a dependable - Motorized tricycles and coordinated Network of Transportation - Railways (PNR, MRT, LRT) only have 79km System, and a fast, safe, efficient and reliable footprint (as of 2019) services Mode of Transport: (Water) Department of Public Works and Highways - Double-outriggers (trimaran) (DPWH) - Bangka (sails) - Responsible for the planning, design, - Pump boats (motorized bangka) construction and maintenance of - Ferries infrastructures, especially National Highways, Philippine Nautical Highway System (or RoRo flood control a water resources development System) system and other public works in accordance with national development objectives. - 919km integrated set of nautical highway segments and ferry routes covering 17 cities Land Transportation Office (LTO) (since 2003) - In charge of issuance and revocation of driver’s - Opened on public as the Strong Republic licenses and permits; administers exams Nautical Highway ( SRNH) and serves as the - In charge of registering motor vehicles backbone of vehicle transport nationwide and issuing vehicle license plates Mode of Transport: (Air) - Also involved in enforcement of traffic rules and regulations, authorized to confiscate license - Airplanes o Chartered o Commercial Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Electric/Hybrid Vehicles Board (LTFRB) - green text on white background - Responsible for promulgating, administering, - Private electric and/or hybrid vehicles, not for enforcing, and monitoring compliance of commercial use policies, laws, and regulations of public - e.g. PBV 1234; 123PVB; P123VB transportation services Public Utility vehicles Metro Manila Development Agency (MMDA) - black text on yellow background - Assist the 17 political units in crafting and - public utility vehicles and other for-hire vehicles implementing integrated development plan (e.g commercial trucks, public transport buses, characterized by unity of purpose, innovation, taxis, and jeepneys)\ adaptability, and creativity in meeting - e.g. PBC 1234; 123PBC; P123BC challenges of Transport Decongestion, climate Government Vehicles change, waste management and disaster prevention to achieve decent quality of life in - red text on white background Metro Manila - vehicles for official government use (e.g. police cars, ambulances, and fire trucks). Others: - e.g. SBC 1234; 123SBC; S123BC - Toll Regulatory Board (TRB) Diplomatic Vehicles - Philippine National Railways (PNR) - Light Rail Transit Authority (LRTA) - blue text on white background - Metro Rail Transit Corporation (MRTC) - vehicles in diplomatic use - 7 digit new diplomatic license plate with FOR WATER TRANSPORTATION blue numbers on a white background - Philippine Coast Guard - The first 3 digits of the plate will indicate the - Maritime Industry Authority assigned number of the country, diplomatic - Philippine Ports Authority missions, consular missions, and - Philippine Merchant Marine Academy international organizations. FOR AIR TRANSPORTATION EO No. 400 Series of 2005 - Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines - Regulating the Assignment and Issuance of - Civil Aeronautics Board Low-Numbered (PROTOCOL) License Plates to Motor Vehicles Used by Officials of the PEDESTRIAN FACILITIES Republic of the Philippines Sidewalks - Issued in pairs duly registered in the name of the listed officials or their respective spouses - Relatively good condition - President, VP, Senate President, House - Unobstructed since 2019 Speaker, Chief Justice, Senators and - Lack safety features especially for PWD’s Congressmen are allowed up to four (4) pairs of Pedestrian Crossings Protocol Plates - (Bridges/skywalks, subways or grade crossings) VEHICLE REGISTRATION - Few are constructed - President – 1 - Inaccessible to elderly and handicapped - Vice President - 2 MOTOR VEHICLE PLATE CLASSIFICATIONS - Senate President – 3 - House Speaker – 4 Private Vehicles - Chief Justice – 5 - Black text on white background - Cabinet Secretary – 6 - Private vehicles, not for commercial use - Senators - 7 - e.g. PBC 1234; 123PBC; P123BC - Congressmen – 8 - Associate Justice - 9 - Presiding Justice – 10 - COMELEC Chairman - 11 Medical Conditions and Driving Indications - Cabinet Undersecretary – 12 - Condition A/1 – Wear Eyeglasses - Solicitor General – 13 - Condition B/2 – Drive with special equipment - AFP Chief of Staff/ PNP Chief – 14 for upper limbs - RTC Judges – 16 - Condition C/2 - Drive with special equipment Driving License for lower limbs - Condition 3 – Customized vehicle only - Issuance is under Republic Act 4136 (Land - Condition D/4 – Daylight driving only Transportation and Traffic Code) - Condition E/5 – Should always be accompanied - Control the registration and operation of motor by a person without hearing impairment vehicles and licensing of owners, dealers, conductors, drivers, and similar matters Summary License Restrictions Types of Licenses A(Motorbikes) / A1(Tricycles and Microcars) Student Driver Permit - L1 = two wheels up to 50kph - L2 = three wheels up to 50kph - At least 17 y.o - L3 = two wheels excess of 50kph - Can only drive a car if accompanied by an adult - L4 = sidecar tricycle up to 50kph with non/professional driver’s license - L5 = three wheels symmetrical up to 50kph - TRIVIA: PH License may be use in Spain and - L6 = 4 wheels with weight up to 350kg & max Australia speed of 45kph Non-Professional License - L7 = 4 wheels with weight up to 550kg & max speed of 45kph - At least 17 y.o - Speaks English and Tagalog B, B1, B2 (Cars and Light Trucks) - Physically and mentally fit - M1 = vehicles up to 5,000kg GVW with not more - Not alcoholic and does not use illegal drugs than 8 passenger seats - Drives vehicles with gross weight no higher than - M2 = vehicles up to 5,000kg GVW with more 4500kg than 8 passenger seats Professional License - N1 = vehicles carrying goods up to 3,500kgs GVW - At least 18 y.o - Not alcoholic and does not use illegal drugs C (Large Trucks) - Does not have contagious diseases or any - N2 & N3 = Vehicles carrying goods exceeding sickness that could hamper driving 3,500kgs GVW - Can drive almost all types of vehicles including those weighing more than 4500kg. D (Buses) License Restrictions - M3 = Passenger vehicles above 5,000kgs GVW with more than 8 seats - A, A1 – can drive L1, L2, L3, L4, L5, L6 - B, B1, B2 – can drive M1, M2, N1 BE (Articulated Car) - C – can drive N2, N3 - 01 = Articulated vehicle not more than 750kgs - D - can drive M3 GVW - BE – can drive O1, O2 - 02 = Articulated vehicle exceeding 750 up to - CE – can drive O3, O4 3,500kgs GVW - Take note that non-professional license holders will only be able to acquire A, A1, B, B1, and B2 CE (Articulated Truck) restrictions. - 03 = Articulated vehicle exceeding 3,500kgs GVW *Note: DL codes C, D, BE and CE only apply to professional driver’s license. Transportation Engineering o Determine, Prescribe and approve and periodically review and adjust, Application of technology and scientific principles reasonable fares, rates and other to planning, functional design, operation and related charges management of facilities for any mode of o Issue preliminary or permanent transportation injunctions; punish for contempt of the Traffic Engineering board issue subpoena o Conduct investigations and hearings of Phase of transportation engineering that deals with complaints for violation of the public planning, geometric design and traffic operations of service laws on land transportation roads, streets and highways and their networks, terminals and relationships with other modes of Republic Act 6975 (1990) transportation. - The creation of the PNP under a reorganized TRAFFIC ENFORCEMENT DILG - Sec 35.8 Traffic Management Unit The LTO, LTFRB and MMDA under DOTr, and PNP- o Support unit who shall enforce traffic TMG under DILG are the primary agencies laws and regulations responsible for enforcement apprehension of offenders Republic Act 4136 (1964) For PNP-RTMO’s personnel is dispatched on - Land Transportation Code strategic choke points and major thoroughfares to o Chapter II: Registration of Motor conduct traffic direction and control to ensure the Vehicles smooth flow of traffic o Chapter III: Operation of Motor Vehicle o Chapter IV: Traffic Rules Other functions of TMG’s o Chapter V: Penal and Other Provisions - Traffic accident investigation SAFETY - Traffic safety education thru seminars and conferences RA 8750 Seat Belts Use Act of 1999 LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK - Mandatory use of seatbelts for both drivers and front-seat passengers of public and private REGULATION vehicles Executive Order 125 (s.1987) - Back-seat passengers in private cars are also required to wear seat belts - Reorganized the Ministry of Transportation and - Bans children under age 6 to sit in the front-seat Communications into a department of any vehicle. - Defined its powers and functions - Establishment of LTO as the sectoral agency RA 10054 Motorcycle Helmet Act of 2009 responsible for implementing and carrying out - Requires motorbike drivers and riders to wear policies, rules, and regulations governing the standard protective motorcycle helmets with land transportation system of the country DTI prescribed specifications - Note that DOTC dissolved on July 30, 2016, and - Doesn’t require the proper way to wear was later changed to DOTr, whereas DICT was motorcycle helmets established through RA 10844. - Doesn’t cover electric motorcycle or e-bikes. Executive Order 202 (s.1987) RA 10586 Anti-Drunk and Drugged Driving Act of - Created the LTFRB with its functions pursuant 2013 to the Public Service Act - Motorists are prohibited to drive if under the - Sec. 5. Powers and Functions of the Board influence of alcohol, drugs or other inebriating o Prescribe and regulate routes of service substances. o Issue, amend, revise, suspend or cancel - Enforcers are required to assess any motorists Certificates of Public Convenience or suspected of being under the influence of Permits alcohol by checking their level of sobriety. RA 10916 Road Speed Limiter Act of 2016 2 Distinct Types of Traffic Management - Public utility vehicles, closed vans, cargo 1. Traditional traffic engineering tools or simple trailers, shuttle service or tanker trucks are not devices to regulate and control traffic allowed to ply roads without a standard limiter 2. Advanced technology using Intelligent approved by DOTr. Transportation Systems (ITS). RA 11229 Child Safety in Motor Vehicles Act TRAFFIC REGULATIONS - No child under 12 years of age is allowed to sit - Must cover all aspects of the control of both in the front seat of a motor vehicle with running vehicle and driver engine unless the child meets the right height - Must be reasonable and effective requirement of at least 150cm (4’11”) and is - Dependent upon the laws of the states and properly secured using regular seat belt. local governments - Requires the use of child restrained system Effective Traffic Regulation - Signed Feb 22, 2019 - Guarantee safety and welfare of infants and - Must be rational children and prevent traffic --- related deaths - Must be developed progressively and injuries - Must be in conjunction with control devices, - Repeals Sec. 5 of RA 8750 planning and policies - Use of child restraint system in public utility vehicles are still under study by the DOTr for 3 Elements of the Road System recommendations. - Road/Environment RA 10666 Children’s Safety on Motorcycles Act of - Vehicle 2015 - Driver/Human - Prohibits children from boarding two-wheeled Traffic Control Devices vehicles running faster than 60kph on public - Are means to advised road uses of detailed roads. requirements or conditions affecting road use. - Allows children to ride as long as they can - Given at specific places and times for proper comfortably reach their feet on the foot peg, actions to be taken and to delay or avoid reach their arms around the driver’s waist and accident. wear a helmet. - Doesn’t apply for urgent medical attention 3 Distinct Functional Groups RA 10913 Anti-Distracted Driving Act a. Regulatory Devices - Have the authority of law and impose precise - Motorists are banned from using mobile requirements upon the actions of the road user communications device: b. Warning Devices - Used to inform road users of potentially o Write, send or read a text-based hazardous roadway conditions or unusual message or to make or receive calls traffic movements that are not readily apparent except when done hands-free to passing traffic. - Use of such devices are not allowed when c. Guiding Devices vehicle is in motion or stopped at red traffic - Employed simply to inform the road user route, destination, and other pertinent traffic. light 4 Elementary Requirements TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT - Every traffic control device must be able to - Activities undertaken by a highway meet the following requirements (FHWA 1988) transportation agency to improve roadway a. Should compel attention b. Should convey a simple clear meaning system safety, efficiency, and effectiveness for at a glance both providers and consumers of c. Should allow adequate time for easy transportation service. response d. Should command the respect of the road users for whom it is intended. **Must be met in logical sequence TRAFFIC SIGNS AND MARKINGS - Convey warning message/information to a. SHAPE driver’s w/o diverting their attention from the - Triangle – Warning road under favorable considerations. - Circle – Regulating Legal Authority - Rectangle – Informative - Octagon – Stop - Shall only be applied and/or removed by the - Inverted Triangle – Yield DPWH or an authority to which these powers are b. COLOR delegated - Black on yellow background – Danger/ warning - All line-markings plans must be approved by - Black on white background – DPWH before installation prohibitory/restrictive Standardization - blue background – mandatory - red background – stop - Must be uniform to be recognized and - contrasting colors of text & backgrounds – understood instantly by all drivers informative - DPWH manuals, detailed drawings of the c. SIZE standard designs and locations are available - Minimum dimensions depend upon the upon request for traffic authorities, road intended applications markers, suppliers/manufacturers, and - Larger sizes: at wider roadways and on high- interested agencies. speed highway - Size A: for urban low-speed road (600x900) Types of Markings - Size B: for rural roads with speed limits b/w 60 & a. Pavement and Curb Markings 70kph (750x1050) - Longitudinal Lines - Size C: for high-speed rural highways o Lines parallel to the direction of traffic (900x1200) - Transverse Lines - Size D: for expressways (900x1200 or larger) o Lines perpendicular to the direction of d. ILLUMINATION AND REFLECTORIZATION traffic - Intended to convey messages during both - Other Lines daytime and nighttime o Merging, turn left/right, diverging, etc. - At nighttime, achieved through illumination or - Other Markings by using reflective materials for signs b. Object Markings e. PLACEMENT AND HEIGHT OF SIGNS - Object within the roadway - Mounted approximately at right angles to the - Object adjacent to the roadway direction, and facing the traffic c. Reflector Markings - Generally placed on the right side of the - Retroreflector raised pavement markers roadway - Hazard markers - Overhead signs are often necessary for wider - Delineators roads - For roads with median, may be placed on both sides - May also be placed on channelized islands PAVEMENT MARKINGS Limitations a. Subject to traffic wear and require proper maintenance b. c. May not be clearly visible if the road is wet or dusty d. May be obscured by traffic e. Effect on skid resistance requires careful choice of materials f. Cannot be applied on unsealed roads Advantage