PURPOSIVECOMMUNICATION_MidtermNotes.pdf

Harriet Nicole Ramos PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION COM246 Lesson 1: Language C. May be grouped in the following classification: What is Language?...

Harriet Nicole Ramos PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION COM246 Lesson 1: Language C. May be grouped in the following classification: What is Language? I. Pidgin – simplified form of language - has a system of rules, sound system, and a that emerges from different native vocabulary. languages, a second language. - has more than 7,100 languages in the world. II. Creole – originates from a pidgin then Terminologies: in a community grow up learning it as System of Rules – known as grammar. their first language. Sound System – known as phonology. III. Auxiliary Language – particular Vocabulary – known as lexicon. language spoken to certain places. Lingua Franca – common language used for (E.g. Ilokano, Tagalog, Waray, communication. Cebuano) Definition of Language: IV. Dialect – a variety of a language A. Sapir (1921) – purely human, method of spoken in a particular area of a communicating ideas, emotions and desires. country. (Tagalog = language, B. Finocchiaro (1965) – a system of arbitrary and Southern Tagalog and Bulacan Tagalog vocal symbols to communicate. = dialects) Five Domains of Language: V. Minority Dialect – marker of identity, 1. Phonology – rules of speech sounds and ethnic group. (E.g. Sinama of the combinations. Badjaos) 2. Morphology – word formation, like prefixes, Definition of Language Register: roots, or suffixes. A. Way speakers speak and use language 3. Syntax – rules of sentence structure, how to differently in different circumstances. arrange words and phrases. B. Determined by social atmosphere, purpose of 4. Semantics – rules relating to the meaning of communication, audience, and the general language. context: 5. Pragmatics – rules that occur within social I. Formal – professional, academic, or situations. legal settings. Slang is never used. Philippine Languages: (E.g. research paper) - Has 183 languages. II. Frozen – history language, remain - One national language. unchanged. (E.g. Holy Bible) - 2 official language (English and Filipino). III. Consultative – speaking to someone - 12 official auxiliary languages (Helping Verb). with specialized knowledge or needs - 35 are endangered (31 threatening, 4 shifting). advice. Tone often respectful. (E.g. - 11 are on the brink of extinction. patient to doctor) - 2 are extinct. IV. Casual – used with friends, close Definition of Language Variety: friends, family members and A. Also called as “lects”, refer to the different colleagues. variants of a language that can be sufficiently V. Intimate – reserved for special delimited from one another forming language occasions, only two people and in clusters. private. (E.g. inside joke with” special B. Has its own phonological, syntactic, and someone”) lexical properties. 1 Harriet Nicole Ramos PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION COM246 Lesson 2: Communication d. Organizational – plays in organizational Terminologies: context, written and oral skills is needed. It Semantic Noise – misunderstandings due to has two types: Formal and Informal. language differences. 1. Formal – message flows between positions. Definition of Communication: i. Downward – upper to lower (E.g. - From two latin words: Supervisor to staff) a. communis – “to make common” ii. Upward – bottom-up (E.g. staff to b. communicare – “to make common to supervisor) many, share.” iii. Horizontal – lateral, same level to - A process which people interact through different departments. No specific verbal or nonverbal communication to position. interpret things. iv. Crosswise – diagonal, different Nature of Communication: departments to various levels. - Occurs between two or more people. Can be pass to different position. - Can be expressed through written, spoken, 2. Informal – unofficial channel, known as action, or both at the same time. “grapevine”. Elements of Communication: e. Intercultural – between different linguistic, - Divided into elements: religious, ethics, and interpret message a. Speaker – source of information differently. b. Message – information, ideas, or Models of Communication: thoughts a. Linear Communication Model – one way c. Encoding – process of converting the process, no feedback (E.g. Sender – Message message into words or other that – Channel – Receiver). speaker understands i. Berlo’s Model of Communication d. Channel – medium or means, – gives simple detail about the key message is conveyed. elements of each step. e. Decoding – process of interpreting the encoded message f. Receiver – recipient of the message, decoder. g. Feedback – reactions or responses ii. Laswell’s Communication Model h. Context – environment where – No feedback but there is an communication takes place effect. i. Barrier – factors that affects the flow of communication Types of Communication: a. Intrapersonal – talking to oneself or inner talk. iii. Aristotle Model of b. Interpersonal – interactive exchange of information between two or more people, can Communication – primarily focus be greetings only. on the sender, usually in public speaking. Has (3) ways to c. Extended – use of electronic media and other improve: technological means. 2 Harriet Nicole Ramos PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION COM246 Ethos – identifying the Simultaneous Feedback comes credibility of the later. speaker. Pathos – connect with iii. Barlund’s Transactional Model – audience with different sender and receiver have emotions. something in common, most Logos – information systematic model. must be in logical arrangement. c. Interactive or Convergence Model – b. Transactional Model of Communication – exchange of messages both from sender and dynamic, simultaneous or continuous receiver, new model for process between process. Real – life communication through humans or machines. verbal and non-verbal. i. Shannon-Weaver Model – has Interactive Others noise source, any distractions Indirect, slow Direct, fast distort message. One-way feedback. feedback. process. No feedback. Feedback is a whole Feedback is part of new process a single process For new media For all kinds of media ii. Transaction Model – two-way No engagement of Engagement of process, has feedback. Noise can sender and receiver sender and receiver occur at any processing point. Sender and receiver Sender is more are equally important important than receiver Can be linear if Bound to give some receiver does not kind of response respond Transactional Others Interpersonal Intra, Inter, group or d. Schramm’s Model of Communication – idea mass of shared field experience, Venn diagram like. Sender and receiver Sender and receiver interchange roles are different people. Includes role of Role of environment and environment and Five Functions of Communication: context. context are not 1. Control – controlling own behavior and mentioned. reactions. Noise and barriers as No concept of 2. Social Interaction – allows individuals to factors. noise. interact, having connections. Talks about non- Ignores non-verbal. verbal. 3. Motivation – encourages people to live better. 3 Harriet Nicole Ramos PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION COM246 4. Emotional Expression – way to express Lesson 3: Culture emotions and thoughts properly. Definition of Culture: 5. Information Dissesmination – never-ending It is a concept that encompasses social process of exchanging ideas. behavior, institutions, and norms. Features of an Effective Communication: It refers to our identity, part of our daily lives. Effective Public Relations, Professors Broom, Different Types of Community: Cutlip, and Center list the 7 Cs of effective 1. Multicultural communication (2012): society that contains several cultural or 1. Completeness – giving ethnic groups. essential details for the quality Acceptance of different culture in a of communication. society 2. Conciseness – Direct or Does not force people straight to the point. No 2. Cross-cultural redundant. Comparison of different cultures 3. Consideration – consider Individual change not collective relevant information like transformations background, race, etc. Need to adopt and learn how to adjust 4. Concreteness – supported by 3. Intercultural facts. There is a deep understanding and 5. Courtesy – Respecting the respect for all cultures. culture and beliefs, positive Focuses on mutual exchange of impact. information 6. Clearness – simple and Cross-cultural Communication Typologies: specific words. Avoid Values we usually apply highfalutin. o Individualism – tend to give more 7. Correctness – grammars importance to individuals, has rights. increase credibility. o Collectivism – foster collaboration, Barriers to Communication: dependable on other people of the a. Emotional Barriers – like having a bad day. group. b. Use of Jargon – use simple words for others to High vs Low Context: understand the context of the message. High Context c. Lack of Confidence – hard to express o Majority of communication is non- thoughts and ideas clearly. verbal, indirect form of d. Noisy Environment – usual barrier, hard to communication. concentrate. o The need to read between the line. o Needs comprehension Low Context o Verbal contains most of the communication o Can speak up or express themselves 4 Harriet Nicole Ramos PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION COM246 Lesson 4: How Language Features Create Meaning Singapore, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, English As an International Universal Language: Zambia Main reason (1) is because of historical C. The Expanding Circle: colonization. Most countries were colonized 1) English is taught as the foreign by Americans, British or UK. language Most not just adopt the culture, but also the 2) Countries: China, Egypt, Indonesia, LANGUAGE. Israel, Japan, Korea, Nepal, Saudi Lingua Franca – language we tend to use in Arabia, Taiwan, Russia, Zimbabwe our country. Two Extremes: Philippines has two lingua franca: Kirkpatrick (2007) – propose a scale with two o Wikang Filipino/Tagalog extremes that characterized this problem. o English Extreme 1: The Goal of National or Regional (2) Globalization – trade and technology have Identity: made the world into a more connected and Language main purpose is to preserve unique interdependent place. cultural, historical, social linguistic (3) Cultural Exchange - practices. Therefore, English is classified as the universal Philippine English Example: High Blood language. means upset. Only us can understand. Example: Indian English, West African Distinct identity in global. English, Singapore English, Filipino English. Extreme 2: The Goal of Intelligibility: Definition of World Englishes (WE): Intelligibility – ability of speakers to be Different ways users from around the world understood by listeners regardless of communicate English. differences. Global variation and adaptation of English. Primary Objective Introduced by Braj Kachru (A linguist) o Each communicator has capability to including Three Concentric Circles of Asian understand each other. Clear. Englishes. Factors that affect: Colonial Period is long gone but ramifications o Pronunciation remain. o Grammar and Syntax Three Concentric Circles of Asian Englishes: Philippine vs British vs American Example: B A. The Inner Circle: and A use Blackout, P use brownout. 1) English is first language, native language. 2) Countries: USA, UK, Canada, Australia, New Zealand B. The Outer Circle: 1) English has historical significance 2) English is there second language. 3) Countries that are colonized by UK and USA: Hong Kong, Bangladesh, Ghana, India, Kenya, Malaysia, Nigeria, Pakistan, Philippines, 5