Baking Soda - Properties, Uses, and Reactions PDF

ACID,BASES AND SALTS BAKING SODA  Introduction: SODIUM BICARBONATE, COMMONLY KNOWN AS BAKING SODA OR BICARBONATE OF SODA, IS A CHEMICAL COMPOUND WITH THE FORMULA NAHCO₃. IT IS A SALT COMPOSED OF A SODIUM CATION AND A BICARBONATE ANION. SODIUM BICARBONATE IS A WHITE SOLID TH...

ACID,BASES AND SALTS BAKING SODA  Introduction: SODIUM BICARBONATE, COMMONLY KNOWN AS BAKING SODA OR BICARBONATE OF SODA, IS A CHEMICAL COMPOUND WITH THE FORMULA NAHCO₃. IT IS A SALT COMPOSED OF A SODIUM CATION AND A BICARBONATE ANION. SODIUM BICARBONATE IS A WHITE SOLID THAT IS CRYSTALLINE BUT OFTEN APPEARS AS A FINE POWDER. HISTORY OF BAKING SODA : PHARMACIST VALENTIN ROSE THE YOUNGER IS CREDITED WITH THE DISCOVERY OF SODIUM BICARBONATE IN 1801 IN BERLIN. IN 1846, TWO AMERICAN BAKERS, JOHN DWIGHT AND AUSTIN CHURCH, ESTABLISHED THE FIRST FACTORY IN THE UNITED STATES TO PRODUCE BAKING SODA FROM SODIUM CARBONATE AND CARBON DIOXIDE. OTHER NAMES: BAKING SODA, BICARB (LABORATORY SLANG), BICARBONATE OF SODA, NAHCOLITE, NATRIUM HYDROGEN CARBONATE, NATRO TASTE: IT HAS A SLIGHTLY SALTY, ALKALINE TASTE RESEMBLING THAT OF WASHING SODA (SODIUM CARBONATE) REACTIONS WITH BAKING SODA REACTION WITH HCL: NaHCO3+HCl → NaCl+CO2+H2O REACTION WITH ACETIC ACID: NaHCO3​+CH3​COOH → CO2​+H2​O+NaCH3​COO REACTION WITH CITRIC ACID: NaHCO3​+C6​H8​O7 ​→ CO2​+H2​O+Na3​C6​H5​O7​ REACTION WITH CALCIUM CHLORIDE:NaHCO3​+CaCl2 ​→ CaCO3​+2NaCl+CO2​ +H2​O HEALTH AND MEDICAL USES OF BAKING SODA It is used as an antacid. Baking soda helps freshen breath and maintain oral hygiene Baking soda can be used as a gentle exfoliant to remove dead skin cells A baking soda foot soak can help deodorize feet, soothe tired feet, and soften calluses. Drinking a mixture of baking soda and water may help relieve some symptoms of UTIs by neutralizing the acidity of urine. Applying a paste of baking soda and water to affected nails may help combat fungal infections. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF BAKING SODA White in color Crystalline nature Powder form (solid) at room temperature Bitter and Salty taste odorless dissolves in water non flammable melting point - 50 degree Celcius  GENERAL USES OF BAKING SODA cosmetics personal care products water softener fire extinguishers removal of dirt in clothes washing of kitchen products used for making baking powder  PRODUCTION OF BAKING SODA THE MOST COMMON WAY OF PRODUCING BAKING SODA IS THE SOLVAY PROCESS BRINE PREPARATION: SODIUM CHLORIDE (NACL) SOLUTION, ALSO KNOWN AS BRINE, IS PREPARED BY DISSOLVING SALT IN WATER. AMMONIA ABSORPTION: AMMONIA GAS IS ABSORBED INTO THE BRINE. CARBONATION: THE BRINE-AMMONIA MIXTURE IS THEN CARBONATED BY BUBBLING CARBON DIOXIDE (CO₂) THROUGH IT. THIS RESULTS IN THE FORMATION OF SODIUM BICARBONATE AS A PRECIPITATE. FILTRATION: THE SODIUM BICARBONATE PRECIPITATE IS FILTERED OUT FROM THE SOLUTION. DRYING: THE FILTERED SODIUM BICARBONATE IS DRIED TO REMOVE ANY REMAINING MOISTURE, RESULTING IN THE PURE BAKING SODA POWDER.  SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE OF BAKING SODA ACID-BASE TITRATIONS: SODIUM BICARBONATE IS SOMETIMES USED AS A STANDARD IN TITRATIONS TO DETERMINE THE CONCENTRATION OF ACIDS. BUFFER PREPARATION: BAKING SODA, IN COMBINATION WITH SODIUM CARBONATE (NA₂CO₃), CAN BE USED TO PREPARE BUFFER SOLUTIONS. CARBON DIOXIDE GENERATION: BAKING SODA IS USED TO GENERATE CARBON DIOXIDE GAS IN THE LAB FOR VARIOUS EXPERIMENTS. DEMONSTRATIONS: THE REACTION OF BAKING SODA WITH ACIDS IS OFTEN USED IN EDUCATIONAL DEMONSTRATIONS TO SHOW CHEMICAL REACTIONS, GAS PRODUCTION, AND THE CONCEPT OF NEUTRALIZATION. PH TESTING: ALTHOUGH NOT A PH INDICATOR ITSELF, BAKING SODA CAN BE USED TO TEST THE PRESENCE OF ACIDS. CREATING ALKALINE ENVIRONMENTS: BAKING SODA CAN BE USED TO DEMONSTRATE THE CONCEPT OF A BASIC ENVIRONMENT OR TO NEUTRALIZE ACIDS IN EXPERIMENTS. PEST CONTROL: IT CAN BE USED TO CONTROL PESTS SUCH AS APHIDS AND FUNGAL INFECTIONS. MIXING BAKING SODA WITH WATER AND APPLYING IT TO PLANTS CAN HELP DETER THESE ISSUES FUNGAL DISEASE TREATMENT: BAKING SODA IS OFTEN USED AS A NATURAL FUNGICIDE. IT CAN HELP MANAGE POWDERY MILDEW AND OTHER FUNGAL DISEASES BY ALTERING THE PH OF THE PLANT SURFACE, MAKING IT LESS CONDUCIVE TO FUNGAL GROWTH. SOIL PH ADJUSTMENT: BAKING SODA CAN BE USED TO RAISE THE PH OF ACIDIC SOILS. HOWEVER, IT SHOULD BE USED CAUTIOUSLY AND IN SMALL AMOUNTS, AS IT CAN SIGNIFICANTLY AFFECT SOIL CHEMISTRY. PEST REPELLENT: SPRINKLING BAKING SODA AROUND GARDEN PLANTS CAN HELP DETER CERTAIN PESTS, INCLUDING SLUGS AND SNAILS. DEODORIZING SOIL: IT CAN HELP NEUTRALIZE SOIL ODORS IN COMPOST PILES AND GARDEN BEDS. SEED GERMINATION: SOAKING SEEDS IN A BAKING SODA SOLUTION BEFORE PLANTING CAN HELP IMPROVE GERMINATION RATES BY NEUTRALIZING ANY POTENTIAL FUNGAL CONTAMINANTS ON THE SEED SURFACE. - LEAF SHINE: BAKING SODA CAN BE USED IN A MIXTURE WITH WATER TO CLEAN AND SHINE PLANT LEAVES, POTENTIALLY IMPROVING PHOTOSYNTHESIS BY REMOVING DUST AND DEBRIS. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF BAKING SODA BAKING SODA IS BASIC IN NATURE. REACTION WITH ACID:BAKING SODA REACTS WITH ACID TO PRODUCE CARBON DIOXIDE , WATER AND SALT. PH: A SOLUTION OF BAKING SODA HAS A PH OF 8.3. SOLUBILITY: BAKING SODA ONLY PARTIALLY DISSOLVES IN WATER MELTING AND BOILING POINTS: BAKING SODA HAS A MELTING POINT OF 500 °C AND A BOILING POINT OF 851 °C MOLECULAR WEIGHT: BAKING SODA HAS MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF 84.0066 G/MOL. BUFFERING CAPACITY: IT ACTS AS A BUFFER, MAINTAINING A STABLE PH WHEN SMALL AMOUNT OF AACID IS ADDED. NATURAL OCCURRENCE OF BAKING SODA Baking soda, or sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃), naturally occurs as a mineral called Nahcolite Nahcolite is found in various locations around the world, particularly in areas with large deposits of sodium carbonate minerals, like those formed from ancient evaporated lakes. places like Green River Formation, USA : Searles Lake, California, USA : Lake Magadi, Kenya has the naturally occurring baking soda. Natural Formation: Sodium bicarbonate can form naturally through the evaporation of water in soda lakes, where it precipitates out along with other sodium salts. Over time, these deposits can be buried and preserved, forming layers of nahcolite within sedimentary rock formations.  USES OF BAKING SODA IN ENVIRONMENT Neutralizing Acidic Soils Deodorizing Air and Surfaces Cleaning Agent Pest Control Reducing Water Acidity Absorbing Oil Spills Composting Fire Extinguishing