Purposive Communication PDF

3 Course of Purposive Communication -Thinking -Writing -Oral Speech Parts of Speech 1. Noun- person, place, animals, or things Collective Noun- refers to a group (singular) *Example: committee, audience, family Rules: When a collective noun acted as one, it is singula...

3 Course of Purposive Communication -Thinking -Writing -Oral Speech Parts of Speech 1. Noun- person, place, animals, or things Collective Noun- refers to a group (singular) *Example: committee, audience, family Rules: When a collective noun acted as one, it is singular Example: The committee is united in opposing the plan When collected noun acted separately, it is plural Example: The audience have returned to their homes 2. Verb- action ”BE” Verb (linking verb)- used to describe or tell us the condition of people, things, places, and ideas. * Example: is, am > singular present tense Was, were> plural past tense Function of “BE” Verbs is Linking Verb Example: She is a brilliant student in PLMAR She- subject pronoun Is- singular, linking verb Modal Verb (auxiliary verb/ helping verb)- used along with a main verb to express possibility, ability, permission, necessity. *Example: can, could, would, should, will, must, might, ought to Function of Modal Verb is Auxiliary Verb/ Helping Verb Action Verb- describes the action that the subject of the sentence *Example: eat, run, jog, jump, dance Function as the Main Verb Example: They can swim very well Swim- main verb Can- auxiliary verb 3. Pronoun- refers to a noun (Example: She, He, I, We) Indefinite Pronoun - no specific date (uses singular) Definite Pronoun- specific (uses plural) Rules: Indefinite Pronoun will be always singular, the subject does not affect the structure or sentence *Singular Verbs  - Somebody, anybody, everyone, nobody (Neither) - Thing, anything, everything, nothing (Much) - One, anyone, everyone, no one (Every) Example: Neither of the two traffic light is working - Neither is singular, therefore you will use a singular be verb (IS) Correlative Conjunction Neither/ nor Either/ or 3 Types of Conjunctions Coordinating Conjunction - Can be remembered using the acronym FANBOYS (For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So) Function of Coordinating Conjunction in a Sentence- It is the connector of independent clause Correlative Conjunction - Pairs of words that show the relationship between two grammatically equal elements * Example: neither/ nor, either/ or, not only/ but also, whether, while, although Rule: Depends on the subject near the verb Example: Either Jose or his friends like to eat kimchi Subordinating Conjunction - A word or phrase that links a dependent clause to an independent clause *Example: once, since, until, wherever, whenever —-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Subject Predicate - Subjects and predicates combine together to make sentences - A subject is the person, place, or thing that the sentence is about - A predicate is the part of the sentence that tells about the subject. It contains the verb that tell about the subject *Example: The sun (subject) was shining brightly (predicate) Personal Case Pronoun - Has three cases of personal pronouns Nominative case- needed when a personal pronoun is used as (1) the subject of a verb or as a (2) predicate nominative *Example: I like football (I is the subject of the verb like) Objective case- used when the personal pronoun is (1) the direct object of a verb (2) an indirect object of a verb, or (3) the object of a preposition *Example: The little boy hit her with a rock (Her is the direct object of the verb hit) Possessive Case- show possession (never use an apostrophe) Singular: My/ Mine, Your/ Yours, His/Hers/Its Plural: Our/Ours, Your/Yours, Theirs *Example: We rode in her car The car is hers. Subject-Verb Agreement - The subject and its verb must be both singular or both plural *A singular subject takes a singular verb *A plural subject takes a plural verb *Examples: John lives in France —-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Rules of Subject Verb Agreement 1. A singular verb goes with a singular verb Example: Sohra plays the guitar every day 2. A plural subject goes with a plural verb Example: They play the guitar every day. 3. Subject joined by “and” go with a plural verb (if you connect in a sentence two or more nouns using “and” it is plural) Example: Rahul and Anekha are siblings Rahul and Anekha sing together 4. A conjunction connects singular and plural subjects *Plural Subjects- focuses on the use of or/nor. If in a sentence two or more nouns or pronouns are connected using”or/nor” then the verb used will be singular Example:Your class teacher or the principal sanctions your leave application (Two nouns (class and principal) are connected using “or”, therefore the verb used is singular 5. A sentence contains both a singular and plural pronoun *When a sentence contains both a singular and plural pronoun, the verb used will be according to the pronoun closer to the verb. Example: Shiva and his friends meet every week at the cafeteria 6. Using “Do not” and “Does not” in sentence *A singular pronoun uses “does not” and a plural one uses “do not.” But there is an exception to this rule. This rule of Subject-Verb Agreement explains that “Do not" is used with the singular pronouns and "You" instead of "do not" as it ideally should be. Example: -She does not eat ice cream -They do not eat ice cream. In this statement, 'They' is plural and therefore, the verb 'do not' will be used. Exception: Incorrect- I does not eat ice cream Correct- I do not eat ice cream In this statement, I am a singular pronoun but 'do not' will be used along with it instead of does not. And that's why it's an exception. 7. Verb Always Agree with Subject in Sentences with Additional Phrases *In case a sentence has an additional phrase, the verb should always agree with the subject of the statement and not be influenced by the pronouns or nouns of the additional phrase. Example:This book, as well as all the other books of this writer is boring. In this statement, "this book" is the subject and it's singular. Therefore, the verb used will also be singular i.e., "is" and not "are". 8. Words like 'Each', 'Every' and 'No' are Followed by Singular Verb Example: Each one of you is going to give a live presentation. In this statement, "each one" is used and therefore, the singular verb "is" will be used. Neither one of you is allowed to go home. In this statement, "neither" is used and therefore, the singular verb "is" will be used. 9. Mass nouns like Civics and Dollars are followed by Singular VerbMass nouns like civics,mathematics, dollars, measles, and news which cannot be counted use singular verbs under the rules of Subject-Verb Agreement. Example: Mathematics is my favourite subject. In this statement, the mass noun "mathematics" is used along with a singular verb 10. Plurale Tantum Uses Plural Verb - In English, there is a set of nouns called Plurale Tantum which doesn't have a singular form like trousers, scissors, pants, etc.Such nouns always use a plural verb. Example: Those black trousers are mine. In this statement, black trousers refer to a single object but use the plural verb i.e., are. 11. Collective Nouns Take on Singular Verb collective nouns like class, committee, family, group, etc. take on singular verbs..Example: The history class starts at 9 a.m. In this statement, history class is a collective noun and therefore the singular noun "starts" will be used along with it. 12. If the subject is singular, the verb will also be singular *The number of subjects is not influenced by expressions like accompanied by, in addition to or including. If the subject is singular, the verb will also be singular and it will remain so irrespective of such expressions.. Example: Neha, accompanied by her sister, is going to perform today. In this statement, the subject "Neha" is singular and therefore the verb used is also singular i.e., "is". The phrase accompanied by has no impact on the verb. —---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT EXCEPTIONS "Neither" and "either" require singular verbs even though they seem to be referring to two separate things. When a sentence compounds a positive and a negative subject and only one is plural, the verb should agree with the positive subject.  "Anyone," "everyone,""someone," "no one," and"nobody" always require singular verbs. Words that indicate portions of a whole, such as "Percent,""fraction," "some," "none," and"remainder," require a singular verb only if the object of the preposition is singular. "Who," "that," and "which" can be singular or plural, according to the noun directly in front of them. The phrase introduced by "as well as" or "along with" modifies the earlier word but doesn't compound the subjects. Modifiers between the subject and verb do not affect whether the verb is singular or plural. SIMPLE PRESENT -when an action is happening right now, or When it happens regularly (or unceasingly, which is why it's sometimes called present indefinite).Depending on the person, the simple present tense is formed by using the root form or by adding s or es to the end. Example: Pauline practices the piano every day.  Ms. Jackson travels during the summer. Hamsters run all night. SUBJECT PRONOUN - Subject pronouns replace a person or a thing as the subject of the sentence and can be either singular or plural. The subject of the sentence is the person performing an action, a place that an action is happening, or a thing that the action is about. Example:: They, Them, She, He, It, You, We, I - You ate all the cookies - I took her to the dance - He is going swimming SIMPLE PREDICATE - A simple predicate is the basic word or words that explain what specific action the subject of the sentence is doing. eg: 'The boy walks to school,' the simple predicate would be 'walks. ADVERB - An adverb is a word that modifies (describes) a verb "he sings loudly", an adjective "very tall", another adverb "ended too quickly" ADVERBAL FREQUENCY - Describes how often an action happens. eg. Never, Often, Sometimes, Usually, Always Example: How frequent do you brush your teeth? answer: often FUNCTION OF ADVERB FREQUENCY IS TO GIVE EMPHASIS ON HOW FREQUENT YOU ACT IN A PARTICULAR THING Example:. Maria sometimes brushes her teeth explanation: brushes is the right answer because the sentence is in simple present tense and Maria is only one subject therefore it is singular. RULE: the adverb frequency does not affect the subject  SUBJECT VERB AGREEMENT INTERVENING PHRASE - has no subject, consists of 2-3 words or more (intervening in tagalog means humahadlang/pang-gulo) eg. along with, together with, in addition to, as well as... (similar to transition words) Example: Jose together with his friends wants to attend the class. explanation: together with is the intervening phrase. wants is the correct word because the subject is only one therefore it is singular. COMPOUNDING WORD - connecting word Example:. Maria and Jose are my classmate - not absolute explanation: maria and jose are 2 different subjects making it plural but the sentence is not absolute/not certain Example: Pedro and his friend is my classmate explanation: pedro is an identified subject whereas his friend is an unknown subject making them "one on the same subject" therefore it should be singular Example:: Pedro and a friend are my classmate explanation: to make the sentence plural, add the word "a" to make it 2 different subjects * Scissor - it is singular because it describes only one blade * Scissors - it is plural because it describes two blades Explanation: to make any sentence singular, add "a pair of" ex. a pair of scissors is right there RULE: Title of any movie/book/song is always singular RULE: Distances is always singular (KM, M, KPH, ETC..) —--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Rule of Fraction The usage of fraction ends with a subject and if the subject is; * Countable - Plural * Uncountable - Singular - The subject must agree with the verb, hence subject-verb agreement Example: One fourth of sugar (is/are) sweet. Answer: is (singular) Singular - because the sugar itself is uncountable however if we put "cups" in the sugar it will be countable. Example:: One cup of sugar (is/are) sweet Answer: are (plural) 1/2 of pineapple (is/are) sweet Plural (are) - because the pineapple itself is countable —----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------  I, were, you + Don't + w/s + verb + object He, she, it + Doesn't + w/s + verb + object Don't and Doesn't - is a simple present negative Do and Does - is a simple present positive Example: - He doesn't know the answer Doesn't - subject pronoun know - verb the answer - object Present Perfect Tense I, We, You, They + have + past participle object He, She, It, Has + past + object Examples: I have bought a computer She has studied her lesson in English Past Perfect Tense I, We, You, They, He, She, It + had + Past Participle + Obj. (+Expression- Optional) + Subordinating Conj. The 5W and H - What - When - Where - Why - Who - How Example: What are you doing? - Asking what action are you doing What do you do? - What profession/work you do Emphatic Sentence did, do, does, is, to, are to, am to, be about to, has to, have to I, were, you + Did and Didn't Example: I did a lot of homework I did learn today - The "did learn" is infantic which means "give emphasis" "I learned today" - Future tense (learned) because of "today"  "I learn my lesson today" - You can also use "learn" without "ed" however you must add "my lesson" to emphasis of what happened today —--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- FORMATION OF WORDS English 5th century- Germanic tribe (Anglo Saxon Jutes) - Lowest gastrophonics , letters, words, sentence, paragraph, essay, composition They were a seafaring tribe from Denmark. The Netherland, Northern Germany, brought their own language coming from the Indo-European language. They call themselves Angles-Engles- land of origin= Englisc.It started this Lord's prayer- written in different languages. Anglo-Saxon- English Middle 1066-Norman conquest-William the conqueror the duke of Normandy invaded England –became a king. Brought with him nobles who spoke French and formed new government Normans imposed their language in whole country became language in court, administration and culture instruction to schools Modern English- Johann Gutenburg invented printing press at Westminster Abbey 1450 - William Caxton- established England first printing press in 1476. Press made books available to people. Printing also brought standardization of English. Between 18th and 20th century English language continue to change as British empire move across the world-USA, Australia , new Zealand, Asia, Africa and India. They settle and conquered because of interaction with natives new words added to vocabulary like kangaroo, boomerang, aborigine – Australia - Alchemy and algebra – Arabian peninsula Today English language continue to grow All business deals in the world conducted in English 2/3 of scientific research paper is written in English , mails ets. English language being the need in tourism,aviation,diplomacy.t started the alternation of vowel. - Mam-men sing-sung etc. How words are created Etymological theory -by imitation of sounds ex onomatopoeia ex meow, zip -thru extended meaning - derivation ex, study –students, moon-month Compounding- words are combined out of two separate words Broom+sticks= broomsticks Ash+tray= ashtray band +wagon= bandwagon Clipping- removing syllable from word leaving word same function/shortening the words ex. Computer science-com science, Blending- merging of two words to form a blended one - Motorist+hotel= motel - Smoke +fog= smog - Car+hijack= carjack Acronym- taking first or two initial letters of words to make a new one. NATO , RADAR(radio detection and ranging) Coinage- invention of new term like Xerox, klenex Reduplication- repetition of words to make new words usually has rhyme- knock knock, okay dokey, walki talkie, zigzag Affixation- adding prefix and suffix example. Ir irresponsible, hope- ful Meaning of different concepts Analyse- breaking the whole into pieces Compare- showing similarities of person, place or things. Contrast- showing differences Criticize-give favorable /unfavorable comments or suggestions Define- giving meaning of a technical term Describe- enumeration of characteristics of person place or things. Discuss- give details about certain things Evaluate- determine the worth of stg by determining the merit/demerit Explain- presents the answer in detailed way Illustrate-/exemplify- show example or instance Justify/prove- enumerate reasons List/enumerate- name of item involve Outline- gives skeletal framework of the topic. Paraphrase-state one’s own words out of the author’s ideas. State- name, required item without giving details Summarize- giving main points about the topic Trace- showing development on progress of something. —----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- FACTS AND OPINION FACTS- undisputable truth, cannot be argued because it can be proven with data OPINION- personal beliefs that cannot be proven, someone perspective or judgment Examples: Is unity in diversity possible? - Diversity is indeed possible for a society, but integration is key to make the people's unified. Otherwise there can not be unity, only segregation and likely inequity. Not all cultures are equal, not all cultures have the same values, and not all cultures have equal levels of morality Difference between diversity and unity - diversity is the quality of being diverse or different; difference or unlikeness while unity is (uncountable) oneness; the state or fact of being one undivided entity. Why Unity is important - Unity is instrumental in resolving the social problems because people from different cultural background tend to know and respect each other. India as mentioned above is a shining example of unity in diversity because it allows people of different religions to live together in a peaceful manner. How do you maintain unity in diversity? - Unity in diversity can be maintained in society by practicing the following: 1: Respect each other's choices as well as their social, economic and political background. 2: Despite having difference of opinion, let others express their views and give them their space and time. Power the possession of control or command over others; Ability to act or have influence over other. Ability to control others Solidarity unity or agreement or action, among individuals with a common interest; mutual support within a group. Sustainable development defined as development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Three pillars of sustainable development; - People, planet, profit Is sustainable development important - sustainable development is extremely important for not just the development of the economy but ensuring the survival of the entire people and its community. - We need to develop in a sustainable manner so that our and their children can live with comfortable life and can continue to advance technological knowhow readily available in our society. Factors that may affect intercultural diversity 1.Identity of Individual -Fifth factor that impacts cross-cultural communication. -How a person communicates with others from other cultures depends on their own unique personality traits and how they esteem themselves. Just as a culture can be described in broad terms as "open" or "traditional," an individual from a culture can also be observed to be "open-minded" or "conservative." -These differences will have an effect on the way that multiple individuals from the same culture communicate with other individuals. 2.Social Class -According to professors Judith N. Martin and Thomas K. Nakayama, authors of Intercultural Communication in Contexts (McGraw-Hill ), "scholars have shown that class often plays an important role in shaping our reactions to and interpretations of culture. -Example- French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu (1987) studied the various responses to art, sports, and other cultural activities of people in different French social classes. -According to Bourdieu, working-class people prefer to watch soccer whereas upper-class individuals like tennis, and middle-class people prefer photographic art whereas upper-class individuals favor less representational art. As these findings reveal, class distinctions are real and can be linked to actual behavioral practices and preferences." 3. Age group -How members of different age groups interact with one another. -This might be thought of in terms of the "generation gap". More hierarchical cultures like China, Thailand, and Cambodia pay great deference and respect to their elders and take their elders' opinions into account when making life-changing decisions. -Cultures like the United States are less mindful of their elders and less likely to take their advice into account when making important decisions. Such attitudes towards age cause the age identity factor to impact intercultural communication in the workplace. 4.Role Identity -Refers to the different roles a person plays in his or her life including their roles as a husband or wife, father, mother or child, employer or employee, and so forth. -How two members of a workforce from two different cultures view these various roles influences how they will interact with their fellow men. 5.Culture -Can be defined as the values, attitudes, and ways of doing things that a person brings with them from the particular place where they were brought up as a child. These values and attitudes can have an impact on communication across cultures because each person's norms and practices will often be different and may possibly clash with those of co-workers brought up in different parts of the world. 6.Race -A particular race of a person. - Also affects how they interact with co-workers of different races and different status of people in the society. -According to Prof. Velasco there are exercises for intercultural training that asks participants to describe, interpret, and evaluate an ambiguous object or photograph. "If one is going to undertake the unpleasant goal of uncovering underlying racism in order to learn how to better communicate with other cultures," Velasco writes, "it is necessary to engage in exercises that confront racism head-on." His method, called E.A.D., asks participants to objectively describe what they see first and evaluate what they see. "By moving backwards through the... process, we are able to confront underlying racism, which will hopefully pave the way for self-awareness, cultural respect, and effective intercultural communication." 7. Ethnicity -Highlights the role of ethnicity on how co-workers from different cultures interact with one another. -Example: In the United States, white European Americans are less likely to take their ethnicity into account when communicating, which only highlights the importance of addressing different ethnicities in a workplace as a way of educating all co-workers to the dynamics that may arise between individuals of the same or different ethnic groups. -Difference between race and ethnicity: According to experts from PBS, "While race and ethnicity share an ideology of common ancestry, they differ in several ways. First of all, race is primarily unitary. You can only have one race, while you can claim multiple ethnic affiliations. 8. Gender -This means that communication between members of different cultures is affected by how different societies view the roles of men and women. -Example: A Westerner's reaction to rules that require women in Saudi Arabia to cover themselves and only travel in public when accompanied by a male family member as repressive and degrading. This is looking at the world through a Western lens. Saudi women generally view themselves as protected and honored. When studying gender identity in Saudi Arabia it is important that we view the Saudi culture through a Saudi lens. Women in America struggle with these traditional stereotypes, while women in Saudi Arabia embrace their cultural roles. 5 macro skills of English - writing and speaking are productive or active skills - reading, listening and viewing are receptive or passive skills BLOOMS TAXONOMY THINKING SKILLS HOTS- creative, evaluation, analysis LOTS- application, understanding, remembering Motivation- driving force that impels people to react. Intrinsic inducement that lead people to think. It is predicated on needs and values that direct behavior toward goal. intrinsic – internal stimulus that desires to achieve for glory like goals (self fulfillment) Extrinsic- external stimulus from outside stimulus like reward, prizes, scholarships, allowances, students grades are immediate motivation to study. Frederick Taylor (Objectives of Students) 1. Competency- major field of specialization 2. awareness- environment , sensitive, receptive, responsive to things, ideas and people. 3. flexibility- achieving general skills(macro skills) and other field of interest. INTERPRETING NON PROSE FORMS Non prose forms- maps table, charts, graph- useful in providing information Kinds of Graphic Forms Graphs- uses dots and lines in showing relation between things. It presents visuals, organization of materials for easy comparison 1. bar- 2 axis graph -shows comparative figure and relation. It may also show contrast between events at particular time. 2. picto- uses sketches of figures to represent concept under discussion. 3. Line graph- uses points and line to represent concept. 4. Pie graph- shows partition of a whole into slices to represent specific item. 5. Charts- horizontal/vertical structure of the organization 6. Table- shows the distribution of the participants. 7. Diagram- show parts of a thing or stages or process Elements of communication processes 1. sender 2. ideas 3. encoding 4. channel 5. receiver 6. decoding 7. feedback Models of communication 1.Interpersonal model- this is a two ways communication. It is called dyadic communication 2. Intrapersonal- the person is talking to oneself. He is contemplating in his own mind 3.Group communication- there is one facilitator with audience listening to him. In other words one person to many people. 4. Public speaking- Types of communication Verbal and non verbal- CHOPKO Chronemics- non verbal communication using time Haptics Oculesics Proxemics0 Kenetics Objectics