Communication Models PDF

LESSON 1: Communication Models 1. Aristotle’s Model of Communication Origin and Purpose: Aristotle, a Greek philosopher, developed one of the earliest communication models in 300 BC. His model is designed for persuasive communication, focusing on public speaking. Components of the Model: Speake...

LESSON 1: Communication Models 1. Aristotle’s Model of Communication Origin and Purpose: Aristotle, a Greek philosopher, developed one of the earliest communication models in 300 BC. His model is designed for persuasive communication, focusing on public speaking. Components of the Model: Speaker: The person who delivers the message. In Aristotle's model, the speaker is the most crucial element, as they must craft the message to be effective. Speech: The content or message that the speaker delivers. Audience: The listeners or recipients of the message. The audience's understanding and interpretation are crucial to the communication process. Effect: The outcome or impact of the message on the audience, which is the ultimate goal of communication. Strengths: Focus on Persuasion: This model is particularly effective in analyzing persuasive communication, such as speeches, debates, or advertisements. Simplicity: It offers a straightforward understanding of the communication process, emphasizing the role of the speaker. Limitations: One-Way Process: It is a linear model, focusing only on the speaker and audience, without considering feedback or interaction. Limited Context: It does not account for noise, context, or the complexity of modern communication. Practical Application: Public Speaking: Aristotle’s model is useful for crafting speeches or presentations, emphasizing the importance of knowing the audience and shaping the message accordingly. 2. Osgood-Schramm’s Model of Communication Origin and Purpose: Developed by Charles Osgood and Wilbur Schramm in 1954, this model emphasizes that communication is a circular, ongoing process. Components of the Model: Encoder/Decoder: Both the sender and receiver encode and decode messages, making communication a two-way process. Message: The content being communicated. Interpreter: Both parties interpret the message based on their understanding and context. Feedback: A crucial component, as communication is a continuous loop where both parties are constantly sending and receiving messages. Strengths: Interactive Process: This model recognizes the importance of feedback and the active roles of both participants in communication. Circular Model: Unlike linear models, it acknowledges that communication is ongoing and dynamic. Limitations: Assumes Perfect Understanding: The model assumes that both participants interpret the message similarly, which may not always be the case. Simplification: It may oversimplify the complexities of human communication, such as emotional and psychological factors. Practical Application: Dialogue and Negotiation: This model is beneficial for understanding conversations, negotiations, and any situation where feedback and interaction are essential. 3. Shannon-Weaver’s Model of Communication Origin and Purpose: Developed by Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver in 1948, this model was initially designed to improve technical communication (such as telephone transmissions). However, its broad applicability has made it a staple in understanding human communication. Components of the Model: Information Source (Sender): The origin of the message. This could be a person, organization, or machine that generates the message to be communicated. Encoder (Transmitter): The mechanism or process that converts the message into a signal. In human communication, this is often the brain and vocal apparatus. Channel: The medium through which the signal travels. This could be sound waves in spoken communication, electromagnetic waves in radio transmission, or digital signals in electronic communication. Noise: Any interference that distorts the message as it travels through the channel. This could be physical noise like static, or semantic noise like misunderstandings or misinterpretations. Decoder (Receiver): The process that interprets or translates the signal back into a message. For humans, this is often the brain interpreting sounds into meaningful language. Destination (Receiver): The final recipient of the message who processes and understands it. Strengths: Simplicity and Clarity: The Shannon-Weaver model breaks down communication into clear, distinct stages, making it easier to analyze and understand. Identification of Noise: By highlighting noise, the model allows us to consider how interference can disrupt communication and what steps can be taken to minimize it. Versatility: Though originally designed for technical communication, the model is flexible enough to apply to interpersonal communication, mass communication, and more. Limitations: Linear Process: The Shannon-Weaver model is primarily linear, focusing on a one-way transmission from sender to receiver. This does not account for the complexities of human communication, which often involves feedback and interaction. Simplification of Human Communication: Human communication is often more complex than the model suggests, with multiple feedback loops and simultaneous exchanges of information that the model does not fully capture. Practical Application: In Business Communication: The Shannon-Weaver model is frequently used to design effective communication strategies. For instance, when launching a new product, a company might use this model to ensure that the message about the product is clear, that potential noise (like competing messages) is minimized, and that the audience receives the message as intended. In Education: Teachers might use this model to structure lessons, ensuring that their instructions are clear and that students are correctly interpreting the information. 4. Schramm’s Model of Communication Origin and Purpose: Wilbur Schramm further developed the communication model to incorporate the importance of shared experiences between the sender and receiver. Components of the Model: Source: The originator of the message. Encoder: The process of converting the idea into a message. Signal: The actual message that is transmitted. Decoder: The process of interpreting the received message. Receiver: The final recipient who processes the message. Unique Feature: Field of Experience: Schramm emphasized that effective communication depends on the overlapping field of experience between the sender and receiver. If both parties share common experiences, the communication is more likely to be successful. Strengths: Emphasis on Shared Experience: This model highlights the importance of common understanding, making it more relatable to real-life communication. Two-Way Process: Like the Osgood-Schramm model, it acknowledges feedback and interaction. Limitations: Context Dependency: The model assumes that communication is only effective when there is a shared field of experience, which may not always be achievable. Limited Flexibility: It may not account for more complex or cross-cultural communication scenarios. Practical Application: Cross-Cultural Communication: This model is helpful in situations where understanding the audience's background and experience is crucial, such as in marketing or education. 5. White’s Stages of Oral Communication Origin and Purpose: Eugene White proposed this model to outline the sequential stages involved in oral communication. Components of the Model: Thinking: The process begins with the formulation of an idea or thought. Symbolizing: Translating thoughts into symbols or language. Expressing: Articulating the message through speech. Transmitting: The message is transmitted through a channel (e.g., spoken words). Receiving: The listener receives the message. Decoding: The listener interprets or decodes the message. Feedbacking: The listener provides feedback, completing the communication loop. Monitoring: Continuous observation and adjustment of the communication process by the speaker. Strengths: Comprehensive Stages: The model provides a detailed breakdown of the communication process, making it useful for analyzing oral communication. Strengths: Comprehensive Stages: The model provides a detailed breakdown of the communication process, making it useful for analyzing oral communication. Inclusion of Feedback: It recognizes feedback as an integral part of communication. Limitations: Focus on Oral Communication: The model is specific to oral communication and may not apply as well to written or non-verbal communication. Linear Progression: It suggests a linear progression, which may not always reflect the fluid nature of real-life communication. Practical Application: Public Speaking and Teaching: This model is particularly useful in teaching environments or public speaking, where understanding each stage can help improve clarity and effectiveness. LESSON 2: PUBLIC SPEAKING Public Speaking- It is a process of communicating purposeful information in front of an audience. It is usually face-to-face and in a formal setting where the aim of the speaker is to influence the listeners. >SHORT HISTORY OF PUBLIC SPEAKING CLASSICAL PERIOD (500 BCE-400 BCE) Theory 1: The most well - known public speaking traditions come from the West, specifically from the Greco - Roman tradition Theory 2: The Greeks studied the art of rhetoric on the island of Sicily, and it began with a practical need. Theory 3: The Greek teacher of rhetoric, Corax, and his student, Tisias, proceeded to help citizens when it came to speaking persuasively in courts of law, and this led to the expansion of the teaching of rhetoric to mainland Greece. Corax- According to Corax a basic speech has three parts, the introduction, evidence, and conclusion, and this simple organization of speeches has endured throughout the ages. PROTAGORAS- He is the father of debate, who made his students argue for and against issues of the day, to sharpen their reasoning skills and appreciate different sides of an issue Aristotle- Aristotle, also known as the father of modern communication. Aristotle wrote a treatise entitled "Rhetoric," where he discussed the use of logos (logical argument). pathos (emotional argument), and ethos (the speaker's character and credibility), in the use of persuasive speaking (Morreale, 2010) Ethos- refers to ethics, meaning a speaker must radiate moral characters to create an aura of trust and authority in the audience. Logos- mean supporting your speech with logical reasoning in the form of facts, figures, and evidence and one of the most effective ways of helping the audience to get to the conclusion of an argument on their own. Pathos- refers to adding an emotional touch to your speech, so as to cater to the audience’s emotions. Demosthenes- The most famous orator in Ancient Greece was Demosthenes. In the beginning, he had many flaws when it came to public speaking, chief among them were his stammer and weak voice. According to Kleiser (2009), Demosthenes practiced earnestly by "declaiming on the seashore with pebbles in his mouth, walking up and downhill while reciting." and that his speeches were known for their deliberation and forethought. THE ROMANS Cicero- the most famous Roman orator whose eloquence was described as a "resistless torrent“ Cicero was a statesman who argued that the teaching of rhetoric should be considered an art form, and that this could be useful in "all practical and public affairs." He believed that in order to prepare a speech, one should first think of one's listeners and their interests, and to use certain strategies. (Morreale, 2010). - He developed a theory called the Five Canons of Rhetoric– a five-step process for developing a persuasive speech that we still use while teaching public speaking today. - i) Invention - ii) Arrangement - iii) Style - iv) Memory - v) Delivery Quintillian- The Roman lawyer and educator, Quintilian, also forwarded the idea that public speakers should be ethical. According to Morreale (2010), the ideal speaker was "a good man speaking well... a good speaker is ethical and of high character and speaking well-meant being well informed and presenting the speech effectively." THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD (400 CE-1400 CE) ST. Augustine- A Christian clergyman, and a renowned rhetorician continued to develop ideas and considered the study of persuasion that had originated during the Classical Period. THE RENAISSANCE (1400 CE-1600 CE) Peterus Amerus- Petrus Ramus challenged the theories of the great scholars from the Classical Period and focused on logic rather than rhetoric. According to him, logic falls under two parts- invention and judgment. He also challenged much of what the great scholars thought about ethics, morals, and the way they tied it up to communications. THE ENLIGHTENMENT (1600 CE-1800 CE) George Campbell- A Scottish minister, and educator used scientific and moral reasoning to understand how persuasion in speech works, meaning how people use speech to persuade others. Elocutionary approach was developed that mainly focused on the delivery aspect of public speaking, namely tone of voice, gestures, body language, facial expressions, and pronunciations. NEW SCHOOL (1900s TILL PRESENT) - The New School considered public speaking as a separate field of study. Communication departments have professors or instructors to teach about classical and  modern rhetoric. For instance, Toastmasters is one such training organization that aims at teaching its members public speaking skills. PHILIPPINE TRADITION IN PUBLIC SPEAKING Babaylans- During pre- colonial times, the Philippines was one of the few places that allowed women to speak in public for the purpose of presiding over religious rituals. Along with the warriors of the community, the mandirigma, they were the leaders of pre colonial Philippines (Mallari, 2013). KARAGATAN- be game wherein young men and women duel with each other using words when it comes to talking about love. Huego De Prenda- a game used to entertain guests and the bereaved family during wakes. Balagtasan- was also staged, on order to honor Francisco Balagtas, a well -known Filipino poet. BALAGTASAN Like an ordinary debate, except that one has to reason and argue in verse. Two master poets are assigned to defend the pros and cons of an issue, and a board of judges sits to determine the winner.