Pubr 3860 Mid-Term Quiz Study Sheet 2024 (Section One - pm) PDF

1 PUBR 3860 MID-TERM QUIZ STUDY SHEET 2024 (SECTION ONE - PM) THE ORIGINAL QUIZ DESCRIPTION (from the Course Schedule document): The Mid-Term Quiz is worth 15% of your final course mark; the quiz will be based on a review of the Canadian federal government materials covered up to the date of t...

1 PUBR 3860 MID-TERM QUIZ STUDY SHEET 2024 (SECTION ONE - PM) THE ORIGINAL QUIZ DESCRIPTION (from the Course Schedule document): The Mid-Term Quiz is worth 15% of your final course mark; the quiz will be based on a review of the Canadian federal government materials covered up to the date of the quiz, in Part 1 of the course. The quiz question types will include multiple choice and true/false questions only. We will have a detailed quiz review the week prior to the Mid-Term Quiz. NOTE: Students must be available to complete the Mid-Term Quiz in class on this date. However, please note that instructors reserve the option to move the quiz to remote delivery and fully online if changes to MRU’s health protocols occur, giving as much notice to students as possible. THE OFFICIAL LONG DESCRIPTION: You have 50 minutes of our class time if you need it based on universal design to support every student’s needs, but generally the quiz takes only 25 minutes. This is an individual online quiz (it is not open book or collaborative). THE QUIZ STRUCTURE: The Mid-Term Quiz contains two sections. Section One includes 20 Multiple Choice questions (worth 20 marks). Section Two includes five True or False questions (worth five marks). ONLINE REVIEW INSTRUCTIONS: It’s your choice here -- you can study on your own, or you could use your developing Research Paper Working teams to take on reviewing one week each with this time in class. Each team has roughly three pages to complete, summarizing key concepts and definitions, using this shared Google document. I will review your efforts on Wednesday, October 16, at 4:00pm, during the Fall Reading Week, to let you know if you’ve missed anything important via a Blackboard announcement (and I will add or subtract some things in this document at that time to help you if people are studying concepts or key terms that are not on the quiz or are incorrect).  2 FOCUS ON: Key terms, definitions, concepts, government processes, and theories in our required readings and slides. I have provided you with prompts below to help identify the key areas to study. If the key term or concept is not listed on this document (or in the slides), then you do not need to know it for the quiz. The items on this document are all fair game in the quiz. Try to have at least one sentence per key term definition for each of the following listed terms, with their page cited in the Required Readings, so that you can help your peers study. GOOGLE DOCUMENT NOTE: Team 1 starts on the next page, using your Working Research Paper Teams, and so on for this document. This document is everyone’s, so feel free to trade your preassigned area and/or update areas that you think might be pertinent to the quiz review in other students’ assigned areas. We will not cover past Learning Objective #2 in the “Week 5: Processes and the Policy Cycle” slides, as that information is mainly for the next part of the course. As well, be aware that the morning class section will have a different quiz than the afternoon class section, so they do have a separate study sheet based on differences between the two sections. SOME FINAL SUGGESTED STUDY STRATEGIES: 1. Define Key Terms: Remember each of the Learning Objectives in our slides represents the key items that could be on the quiz as fair game (i.e., the numbered blue shaded slides in our weekly slide decks). At the bare minimum, list the bolded key terms and their page numbers taken right from the readings or slides to help others study their own problem areas. Time permitting, add the definition of the key term and a short summarizing description of the chapter. 2. Test Yourself: See if you can write down one potential quiz question each, and see if you can find the answer. A good way to study for any short answer questions is to review which processes might make for a good paragraph response, rather than a simple one mark multiple choice, or true and false questions. 3. Time Save: Start with the areas where you know you are the weakest and study them first (e.g., if you missed a week or haven’t read one of the Required Readings). 4. Don’t Read Things You Already Know: Review each assigned Required Readings’ Introductions, Bolded Text, Tables, Figures, and Conclusions. If you understand them, then move on to the next reading.  3 STUDY TEAM 1: WEEK 1 INSTRUCTIONS: [TEAM 1 - Add your team’s members’ names here to the Google document] 1. Lauren Roker 2. Elyse Rowley 3. Olivia Smigel 4. [Insert student name here] 5. [Insert student name here] 6. [Insert student name here] WEEK 1: Overview of Our Course Required Readings: > Lee, Neeley, & Stewart (2012), Ch. 2. > **Marland, A. (2016). “Marketing and Branding in Politics.” Brand Command. UBC Press. Ch. 2. SUGGESTED (for those with limited political understanding): > **Dyck, Blidook, & Cochrane (2017), Chs. 1 and 2. ******* > Lee, Neeley, & Stewart (2012), Ch. 2. The three purposes of GPR: 1) Democratic purposes (Mandatory): Accomplish the democratic responsibilities associated with the public sector. - Consists of: media relations, public reporting (e.g. annual reports), and responsiveness to the public (as citizens) 2) Pragmatic purposes (Optional, but useful): implement the central mission of their agencies on a cost-effective and efficient basis. - Responsiveness to the public (as customers and clients) - Public outreach consists of: - Increasing the utilization of services and products - Public education and public service campaigns - Seeking voluntary public compliance with laws and regulations - Using the public as the eyes and ears of an agency, like town halls  4 3) Political (Dangerous, but powerful): contribute to public support for their agencies - Increasing public support (e.g. Canada’s Economic Action Plan) > **Marland, A. (2016). “Marketing and Branding in Politics.” Brand Command. UBC Press. Ch. 2. [Make sure not to miss this chapter reviewed in the slides]. Brand: a brand can evoke emotional responses and connections and can stimulate loyalty from audiences (from page 36) Master Brand: a master brand can be understood as an anchoring point to embody a primary brand or image - For example, a party can have the master brand of accountability, with sub-brands of cutting GST, providing child care payments, reducing patient wait times, etc (from page 43) Reputation: ******************************** LECTURE SLIDES - REVIEW / DEFINE THE FOLLOWING KEY TERMS: How is GPR different from Government Relations (GR)? - GPR is out of government, GR is in government  5 - GPR works for the government whereas GR works with the government Government Public Relations (GPR): Conducting public relations on behalf of the government as a government employee or contractor to government - Conducts PR on behalf of the government - Done by government employees - Focuses on communicating government actions and policies to the public - Aims to build public trust and promote transparency Government Relations (GR): A practice area in public relations that attempts to influence one or more governments to adopt your organization's point of view - Practice area in public relations - Primary goal is to influence government to adopt organizational policies - Involves lobbying and advocacy - Focuses on building relationships with government officials and decision-makers Lobbying: Involves direct contact with elected representatives, such as government cabinet ministers, to attempt to influence their decision-making Public Affairs: an organizational focus on communicating public policy and public administration initiatives, sometimes with unidirectional emphasis (ex., CSIS or the Ministry of Defense’s Public Affairs division). However, some texts use the term synonymously with public relations. has been used synonymously for meaning PR divisions within government or corporations. Propaganda: the organized dissemination of communication materials that are not impartial to influence an audience’s beliefs, thoughts or actions. Politics: Derived from the greek word “polis” - meaning the city-state. The study of how you keep a nation together Economics: the study of how to manage your house and keep it stable for prosperity - derived from the Greek word “oikos” meaning “house”, and “nomos” - meaning “custom or law” Power: the ability of one actor to impose its will on another, to get its own way, to do or get what it wants Two Types of power: 1) Coercion: exercising authority and influence over subordinates. It's a form of authoritarian control that entails using force or threat of punishment to encourage individuals to act against their wishes to follow instructions or orders  6 2) Authority: the legal and formal right to give commands and make decisions Government: Refers to the set of organizations that make, enforce and administer collective, public decisions for society - The political direction and control exercises over the actions of the members, citizens or inhabitants of communities, societies and states. Five Approaches to study politics: 1) Institutional approaches: Focuses on formal institutions (E.g. Legislatures, courts and bureaucracies) and how they shape political behavior and decision-making 2) State-based approaches: Emphasizes the central role of the state as a key actor in political systems and how it exercises power over society and economy (E.g. Analyzing the Chinese government in political life within the country) 3) Sociological approaches: Examines how social groups (E.g. Class, gender, ethnicity) and societal structures influence political behaviour and outcomes 4) Social psychology approaches: Focuses on individual and group psychological factors, such as attitudes, beliefs and identity in shaping political behaviour and preferences (E.g. Studying how political campaigns use social identity to influence public opinion) 5) Rational choice approaches: Assume individuals make political decisions based on a rational evaluation of costs and benefits to maximize their self-interest (E.g. Examining how voters decide who to vote for based on the policies that offer them the greatest personal benefit) Three Types of Institutional Power: 1) Legislative power: the power to create laws and public policies 2) Executive power: the power to enforce laws and administer public policies 3) Judicial power: the power to interpret the law ******************************** Potential Quiz Questions:  7 What are three powers (or branches) of government, and who are the key actors for each power? Legislative: The power to create laws and public policies (body/law, bill passing) - Parliament (Senate & House o/Commons) Executive: the power to enforce laws and administer public policies (head of / political machine) - Government (Prime Minister & Cabinet) Judicial: the power to interpret the law (not make them) - Courts What are the three levels, or orders, of government, and who are the key actors for each level? Federal: creates laws that affects people across the country - House of Commons (comprised of MPs) Senate (comprised of Senators) - Prime minister Provincial & territorial: create laws that affect people in one province or territory only. - Members of Provincial Parliament ( MPP) - Premier - Municipal: establishes by-laws that affect a specific city, town or village - Town/city council Who is our current Prime Minister? Justin Trudeau Who was the Prime Minister before the current one? Stephen Harper Who is the current federal Leader of the Opposition? Pierre Poilevere Who is the federal leader of the NDP? Jagmeet Singh Who is the current Governor General (i.e., the Head of State, who is the Queen’s representative)? Mary Simon Who is the current provincial premier? Danielle Smith  8 Who is the current provincial Leader of the Opposition? Christina Gray Who is Calgary’s current mayor? Jyoti Gondek  9 STUDY TEAM 2: WEEK 2 INSTRUCTIONS: [TEAM 2 - Add your team’s members’ names here to the Google document] 1. Lauren Roker 2. Elyse Rowley 3. [Insert student name here] 4. [Insert student name here] 5. [Insert student name here] 6. [Insert student name here] WEEK 2: The Structures and Divisions of Power Required Readings REQUIRED READING: > READING: **Bernier, L., Brownsey, K., & Howlett, M. (2005). Executive Styles in Canada: Cabinet Structures and Leadership Practices in Canadian Government. Toronto, ON: University of Toronto Press. Ch. 1. Online Book at MRU Library. URL: http://site.ebrary.com/lib/mtroyal/d etail.action?docID=10218683 Describe The Executive Styles Leadership Spectrum - Describes the range of structures and dynamics that define the roles and relationships of executive leaders in government. It includes: - Variability: Spectrum encompasses different forms of leadership as “no single model can encompass the complexities of government decision-making” - Cabinet structures: Leadership is influenced by the organization of Cabinets as some models focus on “regional representation” while others focus on a more centralized authority - Influencing factors: The effectiveness of leadership is often shaped by “internal desires for control” among leaders and “external pressures” Traditional cabinet: Main business to aggregate and articulate regional and local concerns, and to dispense patronage Departmentalized cabinet (unaided cabinet): - Simple cabinet structure - Personnel choice by first minister - Dominant first minister; restricted collegiality - Government departments and ministers are the engines of public sector expansion  10 - Ministers are accorded a significant degree of decision-making autonomy, demonstrate portfolio loyalty, and rely on departmental experts for policy formulation and implementation Institutionalized cabinet: - Various combinations of formal committee structures, established central agencies and budgeting and management techniques to emphasize shared knowledge, collegial decision-making, and the formulation of government-wide priorities and objectives - First minister now has two jobs in the institutionalized cabinet (IC): personnel choice + design of machinery of government - Complex - many standing committees and expanded collegiality - Decision-making is more centralized - meaning the Cabinet overrides departmental autonomy and central officials monitor departments *********************************** LECTURE SLIDES - REVIEW / DEFINE THESE KEY TERMS: The three overlapping bodies of literature for study in our course: 1) Government PR 2) Politics, Public Policy, and Public Administration 3) Journalism and Media Democracy Federalism: A division of powers between central and regional governments - A combination of shared rule for some purposes and regional self-rule for others within a single political system so that neither is subordinate to the other Formative Events in Canada’s History: - British Conquest of Quebec in 1759 - The War of 1812 - Rebellions of 1837 - Lord Durham’s Report, 1840 and the Act of Union - Responsible Government Achieved, 1841 - Confederation, 1867 Three Levels of Government (sometimes called “Orders” of Government): 1) Federal Government 2) Provincial Governments (territorial/regional) 3) Municipal governments (local government) Intergovernmental Level: - Intergovernmental Relations (IR): The relations between any two (or more than two) government bodies  11 - Relations among the federal, provincial and territorial governments, where the federal government is the dominant hierarchical power (also known as “executive federalism) - E.g. The Conference Board of Canada, The First Ministers Conferences The Division of Powers: In 1867, Canada had few people and vast undeveloped areas, with weak links between regions - The founders of Canada’s federation gave the federal government powers to strengthen links between regions - The Constitution Act divided powers betwee the federal and the provincial governments, with some shared powers Federal gov’t powers: include immigration, taxation, criminal justice, penitentiaries, defence, and trade and commerce (section 91). Provincial gov’t powers: include education, health and social services, the administration of justice, prisons, and direct taxation (sections 92 and 93). Canada’s Federal Political Institution Organization/Structure: Types of Federalism: - Classical Federalism (1867-1945): Each level of government focuses on its own interests (E.g. Canada until the end of WWII) - Cooperative Federalism (1945-2000): The various levels work together (E.g. Executive Federalism (1945-2000): The relations between elected and Canada’s welfare state that developed after WWII) - appointed officials of the two orders of government in federal-provincial interactions and among the executives of the provinces in interprovincial interactions  12 Other Models of Federalism: Federal Realism: Main alternative to empire as a technique of aggregating large areas under one government - Empires are formed through imperial conquests and military campaigns - Federalist states grow through agreement and social agreements, rather than through force Federal Idealism: Institutional features of any federal system are the product and the reflection of a particular social state of affairs - E.g. Linguistic, religious, ethnic and economic differences are reflected in its institutions - Only territorially based communities matter in federalism - Federalism is a compromise between autonomy and unity Territorial Federalism / Mononational: Power is divided based on geographical regions rather than cultural or ethnic differences - E.g. US Multinational Federalism: Differences of culture, language, and region are reflected in the Constitution - E.g. Canada, Belgium, and India Canada’s Federalism: A territorial federation with some multinational features Collaborative Versus Asymmetrical Federalism: - Collaborative Federalism: The collaboration since the 1980s has often been based on provincialism and regionalism to hold the Prime Minister to account - Asymmetrical Federalism: Collaborative federalism has led some theorists to argue that the symmetry principle of federalism is not being followed - This principle is that all the intergovernmental actors are viewed as equals, and not subordinate to one another Development of the Canadian Constitution: - Constitution Act 1867: Formerly known as the British North America Act, passed by the British parliament - created the Canadian Federation - Originally comprised of four provinces:  13 - Ontario - Quebec - New Brunswick - Nova Scotia - Two orders of government were then established: - Federal (or national) government in Ottawa - Provincial governments - Provisions were made for legislative institutions modelled on those of Britain for both orders of government, namely the Westminster tradition–which is an executive-dominant model of parliament Legislative and executive branches of government: Political culture: The attitudes, values and beliefs that give order to the political process and provide the underlying assumptions and rules that govern behaviour - How citizens are oriented toward their political community - A set of widely shared outlooks, beliefs, and sentiments that a people holds over some extended time and that broadly conditions their political behaviour - Culture is structured at all analytical levels: ideational, material, and practical levels - Canadian Political Culture(s): - Evolution from an agricultural, rural community to an industrialized and urban one - Improved transportation and communications - Increased economic and social interdependence - Need for greater government intervention in people's lives - Rising expectations of citizens (entitlements) - Studying Political Culture: - Attitudes toward political symbols and institutions - Attitudes towards others in the political system - Political knowledge, values and evaluation - The acquisition and transmission of political beliefs - Factors Affecting Political Culture: - Geography  14 - Demography - Three founding cultures - Continentalism Peace, Order, and Good Government (POGG): - The constitutional framework developed in Canada The Pursuit of Happiness: - The constitutional framework developed in the US NOTE: You do not need to know or memorize the slides concerning Intergovernmental Affairs or The Charter of Rights and Freedoms for the quiz (those are simply for your reference for a more dynamic and complex view of GPR). ********************************** Potential Quiz Question: How might you compare and contrast GPR and GR? Use an example of each to explain how they are different. Government Public Relations (GPR) Definition: GPR focuses on managing government entities' public image and communicating with the public and media. It aims to inform citizens about government policies, initiatives, and services. Example: A city government might launch a GPR campaign to promote a new public transportation system. This could involve press releases, social media outreach, and community events to educate residents about the system's benefits and usage. Government Relations (GR) Definition: GR involves building and maintaining relationships between government entities and stakeholders, including businesses, organizations, and interest groups. It focuses on advocacy and influencing policy decisions. Example: A trade association might engage in GR to lobby for favourable legislation that supports its industry, including meetings with lawmakers, providing testimony at legislative hearings, and organizing advocacy campaigns. Comparison 1. Focus:  15 ○ GPR: Emphasizes communication and public perception. ○ GR: Concentrates on advocacy and relationship-building. 2. Objectives: ○ GPR: Aim to inform and engage the public. ○ GR: Seeks to influence policy and decision-making. 3. Methods: ○ GPR: Utilizes media relations, social media, and public campaigns. ○ GR: Involves lobbying, direct advocacy, and stakeholder engagement. 4. Audience: ○ GPR: Targets the general public and media. ○ GR: Focuses on government officials, legislators, and specific interest groups.  16 STUDY TEAM 3: WEEK 3 - ONLY COMPLETE THE REQUIRED READINGS [TEAM 4: WILL COMPLETE THE WEEK 3 - LECTURE SLIDES] INSTRUCTIONS: [TEAM 3 - Add your team’s members’ names here to the Google document] 1. Lauren Roker 2. Elyse Rowley 3. [Insert student name here] 4. [Insert student name here] 5. [Insert student name here] 6. [Insert student name here] Week 3: The Permanent Campaign: Elections, Horse Races, and War Rooms REQUIRED READINGS > **Cochrane, Blidook, & Dyck (2020), Ch. 19. Constitutional monarchy: a democracy headed by a king or queen - Queen or King is the Canadian head of state but reigns according to the consitution Governor General (and who is the current GG?): Local representative of Canada that carries out the Queen or King’s work. They may perform any of the Queen or King’s functions and exercise their powers. - Only the personal representative of the Queen or King and has no connections whatsoever to the British Government - Mary Simon is the current Governor General of Canada Parliamentary secretaries: [CHECK CH. 19 THE READING FOR THE DEFINITION OF THIS ROLE] - Not Cabinet ministers - MPs of the government party who assist the minister in such manner as the minister directs - Sometimes seen as “ministers-in-waiting” - Often takes the form of: - Making speeches on behalf of the minister - Receiving deputations - Sitting in for the minister in House debates - Defending the department’s estimates - Maintaining liaison with other MPs  17 ********************************** USEFUL CASE STUDIES` > READING: **Marland, A. & Giasson, T. (2015). Canadian Election Analysis 2015: Communication, Strategy, and Democracy (pp. 4 – 9). What major change happened in the 2015 federal election? - A significant shift in power occurred as Canada transitioned from nearly a decade of Conservative rule to a Liberal Party majority government What election strategies succeeded? - Positive Narratives - The Liberal campaign “drove home a positive message of change” that contrasted with the Conservative party, capturing the “public’s current desire for change” - Effective Visuals - Justin Trudeau’s campaign “looked different than the others in stills and video” with his visual reflecting “spontaneity, risk-taking and generational change” What election strategies were unsuccessful? - Negative Advertising - Despite spending millions on ads, the Conservatives’ efforts “failed miserably,” especially among younger Canadians who “turned away from mainstream media” - Anti-Niqab Campaign - The Conservatives and Bloc Quebecois’ divisive anti-niqab campaigns succeeded in some rural areas but contributed to their “crumbling in urban centres” and failed to appeal to a broader electorate Whose electoral success dynasty ended in this election? - Harper, ended in the election of October 19, 2015 - A Prime Minister who had been in power for a decade had failed to attract new voters - By 2015, the Conservatives had “significant weaknesses in all three of these core issue areas” 1) Major economic issues 2) Social linguistics 3) Regional divisions of the country **********************************  18 > READING: **Koerber, D. (2017). “Case: Federal MP Uses Military Helicopter for Personal Trip.” Crisis Communication in Canada (p. 108). SUMMARIZE THE ONE PAGE CASE STUDY: - Former Conservative MP Peter Mackay used a military helicopter for a personal fishing trip, which costed taxpayers $16,000 - Mackay claimed it was a “fact-finding mission” to learn about military operations - NDP MP Ryan Cleary criticized Mackay for treating the helicopter like a taxi - Military officials warned Mackay about potential negative public perceptions - After the incident, the military looked into other politicians' personal use of military aircraft, which revealed a pattern of similar claims - Discovered that this wasn’t Mackay’s first use of military aircraft as he had also flown on a military jet for a Lobster Carnival in Nova Scotia in 2010 ********************************** TEAM THREE: ONLY DO THE REQUIRED READINGS. THE LECTURE SLIDES FOR WEEK THREE ARE COMPLETED BY TEAM FOUR.  19 STUDY TEAM 4: WEEK 3 - LECTURE SLIDES (ONLY) INSTRUCTIONS: [TEAM 4 - Add your team’s members’ names here to the Google document] 1. Lauren Roker 2. Elyse Rowley 3. Olivia Smigel 4. [Insert student name here] 5. [Insert student name here] 6. [Insert student name here] Week Three - LECTURE SLIDES (ONLY) “The Deal” Movie - Key Actors: The key political actors include... The Prime Minister: Pierre Elliott Trudeau Key Premiers: - Alberta: Peter Lougheed - Ontario: Bill Davis - Quebec: Rene Levesque - Saskatchewan: Allan Blakeney The Results Of “The Deal” Were: What exactly? - All the provinces except Quebec signed and supported the Constitution and Charter of Rights - These actions reflect elite negotiation strategies described as “executive federalism” in the Bernier Brownsey and Howlett reading - Canada could make constitutional amendments without British approval or interference - Inclusion of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms in the Constitution ************************** Why are elections commonly called “horse races”? Political campaigns and election are competitive and fast paced, like horse races - Placing bets on horses or candidates - Running to win the race, similiar to running for office - Term front runner - Unpredictability What are common beliefs of each political party based on their ideologies?  20 CONSERVATIVES Neoconservatives: war hawks who believe a large active military is needed to grow imperial interests (anti-immigration, science) - Values: Individualism, equality, competition (shared with Liberalism), but also tradition and authority (shared with Conservatism). Fiscal conservatives: Small government, few regulations on markets Social conservatives: Religious protections (pro-life) LIBERALS Neoliberals: Third-way politics (i.e., the centre politically) that tries to balance capitalism and socialism by protecting liberal individual freedoms over group freedoms. Progressive liberals: try innovative fiscal and social policies to include as many people as possible. (spending to protect and promote fairness and equality) Common Frame : nurturing or caring parents / hope / change NDP Market socialists: Balance - Strong safety net - State sponsored health care, educations, child care, and housing - Stable civil society - Need more unions, NGOs, libraries, museums, and social clubs that create community - cohesion - High trust in government - Taxes are used wisely by the government - Regulations required to control the negative aspects of capitalism - Common Frame : mother/ big brother The Electoral System: Functions of an Election: - Elections: serve as a legitimation function for the government - Based on a single-member constituency, plurality system - Nation is divided into 338 ridings or constituencies, on the basis of boundaries established using population (plus or minus 25%), communities of interest, and communities of identity as guiding principles Canada’s Electoral System: - Based on single member constituency, plurality system - The party with the most winning single members by riding govern Canada is divided into 338 constituencies  21 - Representation based on population The Franchise: The right to vote - 1918: women - 1948: Asian Canadians - 1953: Inuit - 1960: Registered “Indians” (now First Nations) - 1970: people 18 and over - 1988: judges and people with mental disabilities - 1999: returning officers - 2002: all prisoners Election Rules: Vote of Confidence: - Members of parliament vote on if they support the current party and prime minister - Can test if the current government has the confidence of majority of parliament - Can change the date of an election in the current prime minister loses a confidence vote Chief Electoral Officer (non partisan): Responsible for the overall administration of the election (i.e. the referee, so to speak), monitors voting list creation, the nomination process, and the overall election day processes Factors Affecting Voting Behaviour: 1) Party identification 2) Region 3) Rural/urban divide 4) Class 5) Apathy Regulations: Regulations are developing around - Equity - Equal online visibility and advertising between parties Transparency - Parties must list cost allocation of online advertising War Room: - Party headquarters becomes the election war room after the election writ is dropped - Parties have Constituency Information Management Systems that compile voters lists, telephone numbers, and election voting intentions - Information is used to help form coordinated messaging across media channels during an election campaign to different regional audiences to build support for the leader and party -  22 An Election can be called when? Specifically, what are the three rules in Canada? - There are 3 ways an election can be called: - 1) Fixed Date Elections: October 21, 2019; next federal election date: October 20, 2025 - 2) Confidence Vote: the date of the election can change if the prime minister loses a confidence vote in the House of Commons - 3) PM Asks the Governor General (GG): the prime minister can also advise the governor-general that an election should be called, and the convention is that the GG will call an election unless the GG believes another party can govern. Voter Turnout: September 2021 - 62.6% October 2019 - 67% October 2015- 68.3% Overall, voter turnout has been declining since 1867 First Past The Post Critique: In 14/28 elections the winning party formed a majority government even though less than 50% of voters actually voted for that party to be in power Majority government - 50% of the seats Over half of voters voted against the party who won and formed a majority government Per-vote subsidy: System for public funding of political campaigns, parties receive money from the government based on votes received in an election Conservative party removed the per-vote subsidy $1.75 per vote of public money Per-vote subsidy was completely finished by 2015 Nomination: Party Identification: - Factor that affects affects voter behaviour Safe Seats: - constituency that consistently elects the same political party or leader Absent Mandate: - When a government or elected leader does not have support from voters - Lack of support hinders them carrying out their agenda or plan  23 ********************************** Potential Quiz Questions: What are major critiques of the first past the post electoral system? Do they always result in a majority government? The first-past-the-post (FPTP) electoral system has several significant critiques: 1. Disproportionality: FPTP often results in a significant gap between the percentage of votes received and the percentage of seats allocated. Smaller parties can receive a substantial share of the vote but win very few seats, leading to a lack of representation. 2. Wasted Votes: Many votes do not contribute to the election outcome. Votes for losing candidates or votes beyond what the winning candidate needed to win are considered "wasted," which can discourage voter participation. 3. Minority Rule: FPTP can lead to a party winning a majority of seats without securing a majority of the overall votes. Resulting in a government that does not reflect the preferences of the majority of voters. 4. Tactical Voting: Voters may feel compelled to vote for a candidate they perceive as having a better chance of winning than their preferred candidate. Distorting genuine voter preferences. 5. Regional Disparities: FPTP can exacerbate regional differences, as parties may focus on winning specific constituencies rather than appealing to a broader electorate. 6. Limited Choice: Often, only a few major parties can be competitive, limiting the options available to voters and reducing political diversity. FPTP does not always result in a majority government. There are many instances where a party can secure the most seats without achieving an outright majority of the total votes. This phenomenon is widespread in elections with multiple parties, where the winning party can have less than 50% of the vote but still form a government based on the number of seats won.  24 STUDY TEAM 5: WEEK 4 INSTRUCTIONS: [TEAM 5 - Add your Working Research Paper Team’s members’ names here to the Google document, and use that Google Team link, if you would like to meet as a team while you use this document for studying]. 1. Lauren Roker 2. Elyse Rowley 3. [Insert student name here] 4. [Insert student name here] 5. [Insert student name here] 6. [Insert student name here] REQUIRED READINGS > Ryan, P.M. (2015). The platform as an agenda-setting document. The Journal of Parliamentary and Political Law. Agenda-setting: Political parties and government individuals can prioritize and frame an issue to encourage public attention Party platform: a strategic agenda-setting tool that political parties can use to communicate their policies and make themselves stand out against opponents Three key policy areas in Canada to win an election: (from page 6) 1) The economy 2) National unity 3) The social safety net (e.g. education and healthcare) ********************************** LECTURE SLIDES Political Party (Definition): any group seeking to elect a governmental office holder under a given label - Any group seeking both power and influence (as opposed to interest groups which only seek influence) The Prime Minister's Office (PMO): - Roles include: - Cabinet maker - Chair of Cabinet meetings - Party leader  25 - Chief policymaker - Leading player in the House of Commons - Chief personnel manager - Controller of government organization - Adviser to Governor General - Chief diplomat - Public persuader Cabinet: The ultimate decision-making body in the government of Cabinet Shadow Cabinet: Refers to a group of members from the opposition parties who are assigned to monitor and critique the work of the government. Each member of the shadow cabinet is typically responsible for a specific policy area, mirroring the roles of government ministers. The primary purposes of a shadow cabinet include: 1. Accountability: Shadow cabinet members hold government ministers accountable by questioning their decisions, policies, and actions, particularly during parliamentary sessions. 2. Policy Development: They propose alternative policies and solutions, providing voters a clear contrast to the government's approach. 3. Preparation for Government: A shadow cabinet helps prepare opposition members for potential future roles in government by familiarizing them with the workings of specific portfolios. 4. Public Communication: Shadow cabinet members articulate their party's positions and critiques to the public, helping to shape public discourse around critical issues. Cabinet Structure: Composition: Prime Minister: The head of the government and leader of the ruling party. Cabinet Ministers: Appointed by the Prime Minister, these ministers are responsible for specific government departments (e.g., health, finance, foreign affairs). Junior Ministers/Parliamentary Secretaries: These individuals assist cabinet ministers and may have specific department responsibilities. Collective Responsibility: Cabinet operates under the principle of collective responsibility, meaning all ministers are accountable for government decisions. They must publicly support cabinet decisions, even if they disagree during discussions. Decision-Making: The cabinet typically meets regularly to discuss and make decisions on policy issues, legislation, and government priorities. The Prime Minister often plays a central role in guiding discussions and decisions.  26 Hierarchy: While all cabinet ministers have equal standing in decision-making, there can be informal hierarchies based on seniority, experience, or the importance of their portfolios. Committees: Cabinet may also have subcommittees focusing on specific issues (e.g., economic policy, national security) to streamline discussions and decision-making. Caucus Involvement: Cabinet decisions are often informed by the broader party caucus, which includes all elected members of the governing party. This helps maintain party unity and ensures that diverse perspectives are considered. The Main Central Agencies: - PMO - Cabinet office (AKA the ministry) - The Privy Council (The Clerk of the Privy Council is the highest public servant in Canada and also the Secretary of Cabinet) - The Department of Finance - Treasury Board Secretariat The Cabinet Decision-Making System [Describe it]: - The cabinet is the ultimate decision-making body in the government of Cabinet - Several thousand decisions come before the cabinet each year, many of which are routine (e.g. an appointment to a government agency) - But others involve highly complex policy or fiscal issues - Given volume, scope, and complexity of decisions and demands on ministers' time, the effectiveness of cabinet deliberations is strongly influenced by the quality of work that precedes the matter coming before the cabinet Cabinet Decisions - Four main categories: 1) Policy decisions 2) Statutory decisions 3) Financial decisions 4) Resource decisions NOTE - THE SOURCE FOR THE ABOVE LECTURE SLIDES IS ALSO LAST WEEK’S REQUIRED READING IN SOME INSTANCES (The idea was that you would have read it by the time we covered the topics in class):  27 **Cochrane, Blidook, & Dyck (2020), Ch. 19. Types of Political Parties: 1) Brokerage Parties - Reject ideological stances - Try to cut across differences in society to cobble together coalitions of disparate interests in winning electoral combination - Seek consensus by brokering different interests in society through the process of “elite accommodation” - (e.g., CPC, LPC, NDP) 2) Ideological Parties - Adopt overtly ideological stances - Seek to present the electorate with policy choices emphasizing reform and reorganization of society - Focus on substantive issues over style - (e.g., Bloc Quebecois: Sovereignty: Green Party: Environmentalism) Types of Party Organization: 1) Cadre Parties - Small, largely uninvolved membership - Not very democratic in decision-making processes and structures - Oriented almost exclusively toward electoral success - Little time/effort spent developing well-defined policy platforms - Dominated by a small number of party elite 2) Mass Parties - Large, active membership engaged in policy development - Leadership more accountable to members - More democratic in decision-making structures and processes - Less oriented toward electoral success, more oriented toward the development of policies based on principles and ideology Canada’s Historical Political Systems: - The First Party System, 1867-1921: one-party dominance to a two-party system - The Second Party System, 1921-1957: two-party dominance (i.e., LPCs and the PCs) - The Third Party System (1957-1993): Three-party system (LPC, CCF-NDP, PC) - The Fourth Party System, 1993-2019: regionalized multi-party system (add in the BQ and Reform party) Ideology and Party Policy: - Progressive conservatism is dominant in all three parties (i.e., the constant balancing between business/economic interests and the underprivileged requiring assistance through state social programs)  28 - Pragmatism of approach allows the governing party to lean left or right as circumstances dictate The Party System: The Canadian Party System is a competitive three-party system characterized by one-party dominance for most of Canada’s history because… - 1. Canada is easy to govern due to prosperity (as compared to Germany, Italy, and Israel, for example, which are ruled frequently by coalitions) - 2. Scapegoating of provincial governments - 3. Skillfull leadership regeneration - 4. Positive leadership image - 5. Two strong opposition parties - 6. Finely tuned electoral party machines - 7. Close relationship between the governing party and the business class - 8. Low profile of Canadian governments in the over-saturated media environment - 9. Pragmatism and no ideological posturing - 10. Development of a sophisticated public service to aid in governing - 11. Adapting to the changing class composition of Canada over time Party Leadership Conventions: All parties have constitutions that include basic objectives, structures, and procedures; generally conventions are held every two years. Party Platforms (Manifestos): Three General Types of Issues: 1) Prominent: Obtrusive and affects a significant number of people through real-world events (inflation, unemployment, or security after 9/11) 2) Sensational: Unobtrusive and affect a select few people; they generally arise through the media (AIDS, crime, etc) 3) Governmental: Unobtrusive and affects a select few people (debt and deficit, national unity, tax) Interest Groups: - Types of Interest Groups - 1) Institutional - 2) Mature - 3) Fledgling - 4) Issue-oriented - The issue group spectrum of influence and public opinion styles include - Conservative - Moderate - Militant - Points of access to the government include: - First minister (i.e. primer minister, premier) - Cabinet  29 - Senior bureaucrats - MPs, lower bureaucrats - Media, public opinion - Federal-provincial relations Social Movements: Social movements are distinguished from interest groups by having a greater orientation toward social policy issues and long-term change - Social movements contribute to a broader conception of the “common good” than interest groups - Some theorists argue social movements reflect a growing “culture of entitlements” - Social movements employ different strategies and tactics than interest groups New Social Movements: - More open, participatory, democratic - Less elitist and hierarchical - Engage in large-scale solidarity-building exercises and coalition politics (e.g. the Occupy movement) - Linked with advocacy networks and policy networks ********************************** Possible Quiz Questions: What are the main functions of a cabinet within a government? Who makes up the cabinet? Functions of the Cabinet: 1. Policy Development: The cabinet develops and approves government policies, ensuring they align with the ruling party's platform and address national issues. 2. Decision-Making: Cabinet members collectively decide on essential matters, including legislation, budget allocations, and administrative priorities. 3. Implementation: Each cabinet minister is responsible for implementing policies within their respective departments, overseeing operations, and ensuring effective delivery of services. 4. Representation: Cabinet ministers represent the government in Parliament and to the public, communicating policies and addressing constituents' concerns. 5. Accountability: The cabinet is accountable to the House of Commons. Ministers must answer questions and defend their actions during Question Period and other parliamentary sessions. 6. Crisis Management: The cabinet coordinates the government's response to crises, such as natural disasters or public health emergencies. Composition of the Cabinet: 1. Prime Minister (Justin Trudeau): The head of the government, usually the leader of the political party that holds the most seats in the House of Commons.  30 2. Cabinet Ministers: Appointed by the Prime Minister, these ministers are responsible for specific government departments (e.g., Minister of Finance, Minister of Health). They are typically Members of Parliament (MPs) or Senators. 3. Junior Ministers/Parliamentary Secretaries: These individuals assist cabinet ministers, may represent them in certain contexts, and often handle specific department responsibilities. 4. Advisors: While not formal cabinet members, advisors may provide expert insights and recommendations to ministers during discussions. What role do social movements play in government policy making? 1. Raising Awareness: Social movements highlight specific issues, bringing them to public attention. This can shift public opinion and make policymakers more aware of the needs and concerns of different communities. 2. Advocacy and Lobbying: Movements often engage in advocacy and lobbying government officials and legislators to influence policy decisions. They may organize campaigns, provide research, and mobilize supporters to pressure decision-makers. 3. Public Engagement: Social movements can mobilize citizens, encouraging them to participate in politics. This can increase voter turnout and active civic engagement, putting additional pressure on policymakers. 4. Framing Issues: Movements shape the discourse around specific topics by framing issues that resonate with the public and policymakers. Their language and narratives can significantly impact how issues are perceived and addressed. 5. Coalition Building: Social movements often form coalitions with other organizations, including NGOs, labour unions, and community groups, amplifying their voice and increasing their influence on policy discussions. 6. Policy Proposals: Many movements develop and propose specific policy solutions, offering concrete alternatives that lawmakers can consider. These proposals can come from grassroots initiatives or research conducted by movement-affiliated organizations. 7. Political Pressure: Social movements can create political pressure through protests, demonstrations, and other forms of activism. This pressure can compel governments to respond to demands for change, especially when movements attract significant media attention. 8. Electoral Influence: Movements can shape electoral outcomes by endorsing candidates, mobilizing voters, and influencing party platforms. Politicians may adopt movement agendas to gain support from key voter demographics.  31 STUDY TEAM 6: WEEK 5 INSTRUCTIONS: [TEAM 6 - Add your team’s members’ names here to the Google document] 1. Lauren Roker 2. Elyse Rowley 3. [Insert student name here] 4. [Insert student name here] 5. [Insert student name here] 6. [Insert student name here] Week 5: Processes and the Policy Cycle REQUIRED READINGS **Miljan (2012), Chs. 4 and 10. Chapter 4 Key Definitions: Policy implementation: The process of transforming the goals of a policy into results. Policies: Broad statements of goals that may assume two forms: general goals and operational goals Programs: The measures taken to achieve those goals, to implement those policies. Common problems of policy implementation: ○ 1) Attitudes and beliefs of administrators Administrators are not bloodless ciphers–they often have strongly held ideas about what they should be doing, how they should be doing it and what is in the public interest Bureaucratic personality: A concept developed by sociologist Robert K. Merton to describe administrators who become cautious and conformist because of the nature of working in a bureaucracy. The bureaucratic personality values means over ends and considers following rules more important than achieving goals Situational factors are often more influential than attitudes ○ 2) Turf and autonomy Human beings are territorial animals Humans are reluctant to give up that which they consider to be theirs, whether that is a bit of land, their office and status at work, or the affection or respect of those around them  32 Bureaucrats are constantly struggling to acquire larger budgets, bigger staff and more prestige Also resist tasks that would increase resources, seeking autonomy more than expansion Coordination involves some loss of autonomy for the involved parties ○ 3) Interests Co-optation: An agency’s conception of its role and the way it administers the law are likely to be strongly influenced by pressures coming from the key eternal stakeholders affected by the agency’s action Client relationships between bureaucratic agencies and societal interests are not limited to the business sector ○ 4) Culture: Organizational and Political Every organization has a culture…a persistent, patterned way of thinking about the central tasks of and human relationships within an organization Called ‘distinctive competence of an organization’ An agency’s culture or cultures because it is not unusual for an organization to include more than one distinct culture–is produced by a number of factors The greater the influence of organizational culture on how an agency’s members define their roles and implement policy The norms shared by an agency’s personnel and often the predisposition of its chief administrator can have a crucial impact on how policy is implemented False assumptions of implementation: ○ Policy formulation and implementation are separate and sequential ○ Policy-makers set goals and implementers carry them out ○ Policies are unambiguous ○ Implementation is unaffected by external environments ○ Implementation is technical and non-political Hierarchical steps of implementation: ○ 1) Instrument choice Cost-effectiveness and technical efficiency Technical, political and bureaucratic rationality Technical rationality: The classical-rational model of decision-making, based on two main considerations: which measures are most likely to achieve the desired goals and how those goals can be accomplished at the least cost Political rationality: The reasoning behind implementation decisions that will benefit the governing party–for example, by strengthening its popular support in a particular region Bureaucratic rationality: One of the three types of reasoning used in deciding how a policy should be implemented.  33 Bureaucratic rationality leads bureaucrats to favour measures that involve increased government intervention on the grounds that more bureaucracy will be needed to carry them out ○ 2) Communication There can be a distortion of the message because goals are often vague and open to interpretation ○ 3) Delivery A greater number of separate decisions leads to less likelihood of success Different priorities, resources and perspectives delay implementation Administrative problems of implementation: ○ Goal uncertainty ○ Coordination ○ Organizational culture ○ Non-measurability of outputs ○ ‘Bureauphatic’ behaviour ○ Too much/too little authority in the wrong places ********************************** > MILJAN, Chapter 10 NOTE FROM PETER: We just need an understanding that this chapter is an example of a Case Study for Environmental policy, which might have been useful as an example in your eventual Research Papers (i.e., very helpful for Lit. Reviews). ********************************** LECTURE SLIDES The Policy Cycle (Five Stages): 1) Initiation - A demand of an issue is generated from various sources (ex. election platforms, pressure groups, mass media, bureaucracy, minister, PM, caucus, opposition, provinces and territories, royal commission, united states) - PM and Cabinet – impressed by the articulation of a demand, the PM and Cabinet decide to look into it 2) Priority-setting - Bureaucracy – the issue is sent to bureaucracy to dig up facts. It prepares a memorandum to the cabinet recommending a course of action - PM and Cabinet decide whether or not to act, and, if so, determine the general lines 3) Policy formulation  34 - If the PM and Cabinet agree, the bureaucracy drafts a detailed policy or bill, often involving committees. 4) Legitimization - The policy is formally approved by the House of Commons, Senate, and the Governor General. 5) Implementation - The bureaucracy drafts regulations, administers programs, and potentially consults with provinces and territories, interest groups, etc. 6) (Interpretation) - The judiciary interprets the laws as needed The Nine Policy Instruments: 1. Privatization (Let the private sector handle it, or sell a crown corporation) 2. Symbolic response (E.g. Royal Commission) 3. Exhortation (E.g. PR campaign to persuade) 4. Tax expenditures (E.g. Credits and deductions on income taxes) 5. Public expenditures (E.g. Social services, health education, etc.) 6. Regulation 7. Taxation (E.g. GST, PST, etc.) 8. Public ownership 9. State of emergency Possible Quiz Questions: 1) What is the Policy Cycle? 1. Initiation 2. Policy-setting 3. Policy formation 4. Legitimization 5. Implementation 6. (Interpretation) 2) What are the Nine Policy Instruments? 1. Privatization (Let the private sector handle it, or sell a crown corporation) 2. Symbolic response (E.g. Royal Commission) 3. Exhortation (E.g. PR campaign to persuade) 4. Tax expenditures (E.g. Credits and deductions on income taxes) 5. Public expenditures (E.g. Social services, health education, etc.) 6. Regulation 7. Taxation (E.g. GST, PST, etc.) 8. Public ownership 9. State of emergency 10.  35 ****************************************************************************************************** ****************************************************************************************************** ** END OF THE STUDY NOTES **