Public Ad Reviewer - Introduction to Public Administration in the Philippines PDF

PRELIMS PUBLIC AD REVIEWER tries to understand public policies, institutions, and Sheian Intes programs for better administration. LESSON 1 - INTRODUCTION TO P...

PRELIMS PUBLIC AD REVIEWER tries to understand public policies, institutions, and Sheian Intes programs for better administration. LESSON 1 - INTRODUCTION TO PUBLIC B. The Challenges to the Study of Public Ad in the ADMINISTRATION IN THE PHILIPPINES US:Tocqueville’s Contributions Reference Article: First Challenge of Studying Pub Ad as a Science “The Study of Public Administration in Perspective: A Passing Point 1 - Earliest attempt to study Public Ad was in the Year Review of the Development of the Discipline” 1831 by Kuya Alexis-Charles-Henri Clerel de Tocqueville who by Danilo Reyes was a French Magistrate A. Confusion on Public Administration Q1: What is a French Magistrate? - Scholars of Public Ad fail to establish the - A judicial officer in the French legal system, focal point where said discipline would responsible for various duties related to administering revolve around justice. - Compare Public Ad to other discipline in Arts and Sciences such as International Relations Q2: Why, then, is Tocqueville important in the discussion (IR) and the difficulty to determine what of public administration? subject matters contribute greatly on ➔ Tocqueville was the earliest possible account of the academic works that help understand the study of public administration as early as 1831. field ➔ His initial intention was primarily to learn or study - Thus using varied levels of analysis about the American Penal System: he noted that the in an attempt to filter down means American penal system was distinctive in its focus on and ways of understanding IR as a rehabilitation and moral reform. He observed that the field that studies International American penal institutions aimed not only to punish System. but also to reform and rehabilitate prisoners. This contrasted with the more punitive and less reform-oriented systems in other countries of his time. 2 MOST IMPORTANT SUBJECT MATTERS ➔ However, alongside his attempt to study about the 1. Policies, Institutions, and Programs of the American Penal System, he was also able to author a government two-volume book on Public Administration entitled 2. Aim of improving them Democracy in America which was highly and well received by the readers during his time. And it is through these authorships that he liberally criticized INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: how “American Public Administration” was NOT taken seriously as a science or a field of study. In the field of IR as a social science study, it uses 3 LEVELS OF ANALYSIS to understand the Public Administration is not taken seriously. phenomenon that happen in the IS There was little lasting content to public administrative 1. Individual level of analysis ideas in the United States. 2. National Sub-system Public Administration in America was oral and 3. International System or Systemic tradition: there was little commitment to writing on Public Administration as a science. The problem encountered in IR and its difficulty establishing a focus as whether it will study (international organizations, When Alexis de Tocqueville remarked that the development of states, nations, governments, local government units) or a more refined science of administration was "a major (individuals) is exactly the same problem encountered in continental European preoccupation" but seemed neglected in Public Ad. America, he was highlighting a contrast between European and American approaches to public administration. WHAT HE MEANT: Continental European Preoccupation: In POLITICAL SCIENCE: 19th-century Europe, there was a significant focus on The conflict lies with the supposed interchangeable and developing sophisticated theories and systems for overlapping subect matters between Political Science and public administration. European countries were Public Ad. concerned with creating more structured, efficient, and bureaucratic methods for managing government For instance; functions. This involved detailed studies and theories Pol Sci - deals with democracy, governments, governance, about the organization, processes, and efficiency of legitimacy of rules and policies, rulers and authorities, and administration, reflecting a more academic and institutions and organizations. systematic approach to governance. ○ Examples: Civil Service Examinations for Public Ad - deals with democracy, governments, positions in the Government (Kingdom of governance, legitimacy of rules and policies, rulers and Prussia), Merit-based System of Civil authorities, and institutions and organizations. Service Examinations (British), Centralization of Administrative Functions for a unified Government. Q: How do we distinguish Public Ad as a separate and distinct discipline from all other disciplines in Arts and Neglect in America: Tocqueville observed that, in Social Sciences? contrast, Americans did not place the same emphasis on developing elaborate theories or systems of - Many scholars suggested that what makes public administration. Instead, American public administration different from other disciplines under administration was more practical and focused on Social Sciences is the aim of improving local governance and pragmatic problem-solving. The components such as policies, institutions, and emphasis was on direct democratic participation and programs that directly or indirectly affect the public. It local self-government, rather than on creating  complex administrative theories or bureaucratic THE PROGRESSIVE MOVEMENT: structures. Professionalization of the Civil Service Pendleton Act of 1883 (merit system now embedded Essentially; in the law for civil service) Progressive Movement, finally, brought to light the Europeans Americans need and call for a serious study of the Science of Engaged in refining More focused on practical Administration. administratitve science governance and democratic and theory participation without the same It inspired the authorship of Woodrow Wilson, who later level of theoretical development became a president in 1913, entitled “Political Science Quarterly” where he said “the field of administration is a field Pragmatic problem-solving - refers to a practical, of business. It is removed from the hurry and strife of politics. results-oriented approach to addressing issues or challenges. It focuses on finding solutions that work in the real world rather than being guided by theoretical models or abstract principles. LESSON 2 - TRADITIONAL DICHOTOMY OF PUBLIC ○ Example: In the early 19th century, many ADMINISTRATION DESTROYED American towns were experiencing rapid growth due to westward expansion and *How Public Ad as a discipline developed a focus on Policy increasing population. One common Analysis and a breakaway from the traditional Dichotomy of challenge for local governments was Public Ad. managing and improving infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and public buildings, Traditional Dichotomy of Public Administration: which were essential for the town’s - refers to the idea that there should be a clear development and daily functioning. separation between politics and administration. This concept, often attributed to Woodrow Wilson and his C. The Progressive Movement essay "The Study of Administration" (1887), posits that: Q: What was the Status Quo of the United States of A. Politics involves the making of policies, America by the time Tocqueville had published Democracy laws, and decisions by elected officials and in America? politicians. It is concerned with the "what" of government—what policies and laws should - By the time Alexis de Tocqueville published be enacted to reflect the will of the people. Democracy in America (1835–1840), the United (Political Considerations such as but not States was undergoing significant changes. The limited to Political Party membership and country was in the Jacksonian era, with a focus on alliances). expanding political participation for white men and B. Administration involves the implementation promoting the "common man." Westward expansion and management of these policies by public was in full swing, fueling both growth and tension over servants or bureaucrats. It is concerned with slavery. The North was industrializing, while the South the "how" of government—how these remained dependent on slavery. Political debates policies and laws are executed and centered around federal versus state power, and administered efficiently. Native Americans were being forcibly displaced through policies like the Indian Removal Act. The U.S. WHY IS THE DICHOTOMY SIGNIFICANT? was also developing a sense of American The traditional dichotomy suggests that public exceptionalism and democratic identity. administrators should focus solely on efficiently implementing the decisions made by politicians WHAT INSPIRED PROGRESSIVE MOVEMENT? without being influenced by political considerations. President Washington (1789-1797) and his The idea was that this separation would prevent successors: sought the selection and appointments bureaucrats from engaging in political activities, thus of personnel in the Federal Government on the basis ensuring neutrality, efficiency, and professionalism in of qualifications and merits. However, it was highly administration. influence by patronage system due to political Because of this commotion on the continuing criticism leanings of appointees and had resulted selecting and about the traditional dichotomy of Public appointing only from the upper class. Administration, Waldo’s Albert Sweitzer chair had President Andrew Jackson (1829-1837): funded a symposium at the Minnowbrook site of characterized by increasing democratization in Syracuse University for “young public America, which witnessed a period of widening voting administrationist” scholars. and other rights to more and more people. However, The Conference generated a whole collection of the spirit of democratization also affected essays that collectively identified what was wrong with management system of the American Government the field, what it failed to do, what it was not doing, which led President to advocate the democratization what its weaknesses were, and how it should of jobs in the public service and open them up to all proceed. segments of society. It was a call for a “New Public Administration” and President James Garfield (1881-1881): was involved such heady and stormy concerns as the assassinated by one Charles J. Guiteau who failed to relevance of the field to ranging problems of the secure an appointment for consulship in Paris. He society, social change, adaptation of the discipline, had hoped to have been appointed because he was a the field’s scientific and moral authority, as well as supporter of the party in power. This was another nagging questions and empirical theory. manifestation of patronage system. DWIGHT WALDO (1913-2000) AS A CRITIQUE OF PUBLIC THE ASSASINATION INVITED ATTENTION TO THE CAUSE AD AS A DISCIPLINE AND PRACTICE OF WHAT IS NOW KNOWN AS THE PROGRESSIVE - Dwight Waldo (1913–2000) was an influential MOVEMENT. IT WAS BECAUSE OF THIS THAT REFORMS American political scientist and public administration IN CIVIL SERVICE OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA scholar. He is best known for his critical views on the WERE MADE. nature of public administration as both a discipline and a practice. Waldo challenged the traditional perspectives of public administration, particularly the  idea that it could be purely scientific and value-free. renewal project. This decision may be His work emphasized the importance of values, financially beneficial and efficient, but it could ethics, and democratic principles in public displace low-income families, exacerbating administration. homelessness and inequality. Ignoring the ethical implications of such a decision Criticisms: undermines the public's trust in government. "Acting Like a Profession Without Being One” - Waldo's critique that public administration acts "like a 3. Separation from Politics profession without being one" refers to his - Waldo challenged the traditional dichotomy observation that public administration often adopts between politics and administration, which the language, behavior, and self-image of a suggests that administrators should be profession without meeting the criteria that neutral and only focus on implementing typically define a profession. In general, a policies. He believed that public profession is characterized by specialized knowledge, administration is inherently political and that formal training, a code of ethics, and autonomy in administrators must engage with political practice. Waldo argued that public administration, values and realities rather than pretending while aspiring to these standards, often lacks the they can remain entirely neutral. coherent body of knowledge and autonomy that true professions like law or medicine possess. He Why is it a problem? The traditional view believed that public administration was trying to that politics and administration should be establish itself as a profession to gain legitimacy and separate suggests that administrators should authority, but in doing so, it was neglecting its unique simply implement policies without role and responsibilities in a democratic society. considering the political context or values behind them. However, Waldo argued that 1. Overemphasis on Efficiency public administration is inherently political - Waldo criticized the discipline's obsession because it involves making decisions that with efficiency, which he saw as a carryover affect society. Pretending that administrators from the private sector. He argued that can remain neutral can lead to decisions that focusing solely on efficiency could are out of touch with the political realities and undermine democratic values and ignore the values of the society they serve. broader purposes of government, such as justice, equity, and the public good. Example Situation: A public health agency tasked with implementing a controversial Why is it a problem? Efficiency is about vaccination mandate might try to enforce the achieving the maximum output with the least policy strictly, without engaging with the input, which is often crucial in the private political and social concerns of the sector. However, in public administration, an community. This could lead to public excessive focus on efficiency can be backlash, resistance to the policy, and a problematic because it may lead to decisions failure to achieve the desired public health that overlook or compromise other important outcomes. By not acknowledging the political values such as equity, justice, and public aspects of the policy, the agency may welfare. The goal of government is not just to struggle to gain public support and effectively be efficient but to serve the public in a fair implement the mandate. and just manner. ○ 4. Technocratic Approach Example Situation: Imagine a city - Waldo was critical of the technocratic government decides to streamline its social approach to public administration, which services by reducing the number of welfare emphasizes technical expertise and caseworkers to save costs and improve managerial skills over democratic efficiency. While this might reduce engagement and responsiveness to citizens. operational expenses, it could also result in He argued that this approach could lead to a longer wait times and less personalized disconnect between government and the service for vulnerable populations, ultimately people it serves. harming those who rely on these services. Why is it a problem? A technocratic 2. Neglect of Values and Ethics approach emphasizes technical expertise - Waldo was concerned that public and managerial skills, often at the expense administration often neglected the role of of democratic engagement and values and ethics in its theories and responsiveness to citizens' needs. While practices. He argued that administrative expertise is important, a government that decisions are inherently political and relies too heavily on technocrats can value-laden, and therefore, public become disconnected from the public, administrators should be more conscious of making decisions that serve narrow interests the ethical implications of their actions. rather than the broader public good. Why is it a problem? Public administration Example Situation: Suppose a city council is not value-neutral; the decisions made by relies on urban planners to design a new public administrators affect people's lives transportation system without involving the and reflect broader societal values. Ignoring community in the decision-making process. the ethical dimensions of decisions can lead The planners might prioritize technical to actions that, while technically sound, may efficiency and cost-effectiveness, leading to be morally questionable or detrimental to a system that is difficult for certain public trust. populations (like the elderly or disabled) to access. This could result in public Example Situation: Consider a situation dissatisfaction and a transportation system where a public housing authority decides to that doesn't meet the needs of all residents. demolish low-income housing to make way for luxury apartments as part of an urban  effectiveness of government interventions in social issues. Analyzing Dwight Waldo’s criticisms of the New Public Administration proposed by the "young Public 4. URBAN RIOTS AND SOCIAL UNREST Administrationists," it appears that the New Public Events: The 1960s experienced a series of Administration created more problems than it solved. However, urban riots and social unrest, often driven by it served as a statement of concern—a sort of Public racial tensions and economic disparities. Administration manifesto—highlighting issues that should be Notable examples include the Watts riots addressed in the discipline. (1965) and the Detroit riots (1967). Impact on Public Administration: The civil PUBLIC AD AND THE FOCUS TOWARDS unrest highlighted systemic inequalities and POLICY ANALYSIS the failures of existing public policies to address underlying social issues. Public The turbulence of the 1960s, characterized by social administration had to address the immediate movements, political protests, and significant policy initiatives, needs arising from the riots and also led to a reevaluation of Public Administration. The field began reconsider approaches to urban policy and to shift from a focus on efficiency and technical aspects to community relations, leading to a greater a broader consideration of policy issues, social equity, focus on the social dimensions of public and the ethical dimensions of governance. The events of policy and administration. the 1960s emphasized the need for public administrators to be more engaged with the complexities of policy-making and the 5. STUDENT AND ANTI-WAR PROTESTS societal impacts of their work. Events: The decade saw significant student activism and anti-war protests, particularly 1. CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT on college campuses, where students Events: The 1960s saw the rise of the Civil challenged both domestic policies and U.S. Rights Movement, aiming to end racial involvement in Vietnam. segregation and discrimination against Impact on Public Administration: These African Americans. Key events included the protests underscored the disconnect March on Washington (1963) and the between government policies and public passage of the Civil Rights Act (1964) and sentiment, pushing for greater the Voting Rights Act (1965). responsiveness and transparency in Impact on Public Administration: These policy-making. Public administrators were events forced public administrators to compelled to consider the voices of dissent address issues of racial equality and civil and the broader impact of their policies on rights in policy implementation. There was various segments of society. an increased emphasis on ensuring that public policies were equitable and that all ANALYSIS ON THE SAID EVENTS IN RELATION TO THE citizens had equal access to government DEVELOPMENT OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION TO services and opportunities. This shift FINALLY FOCUS ON POLICY ANALYSIS highlighted the need for public administration to engage with and address social justice These public upheavals have shown Waldo that issues. Public Administration should not only focus on the efficiency, effectivity, and economy of policies, 2. VIETNAM WAR institutions, and programs of the government. For Events: The Vietnam War was a contentious instance, the build-build-build program, the issue, leading to widespread protests and government and public administration should not only societal divisions. The war’s escalation in the focus on the construction of establishments and 1960s provoked significant public dissent infrastructure (bridges, roads, and others): it should and criticism of government policy. also consider the demands of the people after the Impact on Public Administration: The technical component of the execution of the law. war's controversy exposed issues of Waldo's critique suggests that public administrators government transparency and accountability. should be actively involved in shaping and Public administrators had to manage the understanding the policies they implement, domestic impact of the war, including considering the social and political implications of draft-related protests and veterans' care, their work. which intensified scrutiny of governmental Waldo is emphasizing that public administration must decisions and policy-making processes. This engage with the substance of public policies and the situation brought policy issues to the social issues they address, rather than merely forefront of Public Administration as executing them according to a predetermined plan. administrators grappled with managing both He argues that public administration should not the war and its domestic repercussions. adhere strictly to the traditional separation between politics and administration but should recognize and 3. GREAT SOCIETY PROGRAMS address the broader societal and ethical dimensions Events: In response to the growing demand of its work. This perspective calls for a more for social reform, President Lyndon B. integrated approach, where administrators are Johnson introduced the Great Society actively involved in shaping, understanding, and programs in the mid-1960s. These programs evaluating policies in the context of social needs and aimed to eliminate poverty and improve democratic principles. living standards through initiatives like Medicare, Medicaid, and various education and housing programs. Impact on Public Administration: The implementation of these expansive social programs required public administrators to develop and manage complex policies aimed at addressing poverty and improving social welfare. This shift led to a greater focus on policy analysis, program evaluation, and the  concerns about displacement, ensuring that POLICY ANALYSIS: BECAME THE SINGLE MOST redevelopment plans include affordable PREVALENT CATCHWORD AND ORGANIZING housing options, and addressing potential FRAMEWORK FOR THE STUDY OF PUBLIC AFFAIRS AND community impacts. Administrators should ADMINISTRATION (GARSON & OVERMAN, 1983) not just follow orders but also participate in discussions about the broader implications of This is how Policy Analysis should be done in Public the policy. Administration as suggested by Waldo and the true nature of Public Administration as a discipline. 1. Beyond Execution of Public Policy LESSON 3 - HISTORY AND CONTEXT OF THE - Traditional View: Imagine a city DEVELOPMENT OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN public works department is tasked THE PHILIPPINES with implementing a new policy to improve road maintenance. In Danilo Reyes' article, the idea that Public Administration in According to the traditional view, the Philippines has been influenced by its colonial past refers the department's role is to execute to several key examples: the policy efficiently, focusing on technical aspects like scheduling Spanish Colonial Rule (1521–1898): repairs and managing budgets. Centralized Bureaucracy: The Spanish introduced a - Waldo’s Critique: Suppose the highly centralized system of governance where power new road maintenance policy is part was concentrated in Manila and local officials were of a broader initiative aimed at appointed by the central government. This set the reducing traffic accidents and foundation for hierarchical governance and improving safety in low-income patron-client relations in the Philippines. neighborhoods. Waldo would argue Catholic Church’s Role: The Church had significant that public administrators should influence over public administration, particularly in not only implement the policy but local governance and education, shaping how public also engage with the community to services were delivered. understand their specific needs and concerns. For example, if residents American Colonial Period (1898–1946): in a particular area have voiced Civil Service System: The Americans introduced the concerns about unsafe pedestrian merit-based civil service system, aiming to crossings, the administrators should professionalize the bureaucracy and remove consider these issues in their corruption and nepotism. This laid the groundwork for implementation strategy, perhaps modern bureaucratic procedures and structures. by incorporating additional safety Public Education System: The American influence measures or addressing the was also strongly felt in the introduction of a public underlying causes of accidents. education system, which helped shape the 2. Addressing Social Issues development of civil servants and public - Traditional View: Consider a public administrators. health department responsible for Local Government Code (Act No. 82 of 1901): The implementing a new vaccination Americans introduced local autonomy through program. Under the traditional view, municipal charters, which decentralized some powers the focus is on administering to local governments. vaccines and managing logistics. - Waldo’s Critique: If the vaccination Post-Independence Period: program targets underserved American Legacy of Democracy: After communities with lower vaccination independence, the Philippines continued to adapt rates due to historical distrust of the American democratic ideals, such as constitutional healthcare system, Waldo would democracy, separation of powers, and checks and argue that administrators need to balances in government. These principles influenced go beyond mere implementation. how the government and public administration were They should actively engage with organized. community leaders, address Influence on Economic Policies: The U.S. also cultural and historical barriers, and influenced policies on economic development and tailor the program to build trust and public finance management, with the introduction of ensure effective outreach. This public budgeting practices and the formation of might involve working with local institutions for fiscal management. (Membership in organizations to provide education International Organizations and Multilateral and support, rather than simply Institutions that propels for free trade). distributing vaccines. 3. Beyond Politics-Administration These influences created a blend of Spanish Dichotomy hierarchical governance and American democratic - Traditional View: A city’s planning ideals in shaping the country’s public administration. department is tasked with implementing The Philippines was compelled to adapt to the zoning laws that were decided by elected vagaries and idiosyncrasies of Filipino culture and officials. According to the traditional view, temperament. planners should focus solely on applying these laws without considering the political BRIEF BACKGROUND OF THE PHILIPPINES: implications or community feedback. - Waldo’s Critique: Suppose the zoning laws Located Southeast Asia, bounded by the West involve redeveloping a neighborhood that Philippine Sea to the West, the Celebes Sea to the has historically been home to a marginalized south, and the Philippine Sea to the East. community. Waldo would argue that The Philippines is an archipelagic country with an administrators should consider the political estimated population of about 82 million in 2005: 119 and social context of the policy. This means million in 2024. engaging with residents to understand their  It is separated from Taiwan in the north with Indonesia Tydings – Mcduffie Act – promised independence to the and Malaysia as its neighbors to the northwest. Filipinos if they could prove their capacity for democratic The Philippines has over 7,000 islands and an area of government during a 10-year transition period. about 300,000 km2 (115,800 mi2) Population predominantly of Malay stock: also JAPANESE INVASION composed of other ethnic races, mainly of Chines By the end of World War II in 1945, the United States Origins and Ancestry. of America saw the valor of the Filipinos and their The Majority of the Population are Roman Catholic capacity to be independent. Ultimately, the Philippines with a considerable Muslim minority as well as other was granted independence by the Americans on July Christian denominations. 4, 1946. With the end of World War II, the United States WHAT WAS THE PHILIPPINES MOST KNOWN FOR IN granted the Philippines independence on 4 July 1946. 1898? The political system and structure under the 1935 - The Philippines was a colony of Spain for over 300 Constitution was restored and the country continued years until a successful revolution in 1896 and its to adopt a presidential form of government. The years declaration of independence on 12 June 1898. The following the granting of independence from the Philippines may well be considered the first United States were difficult periods of reconstruction, republican state in Asia, having promulgated what can rehabilitation, and consolidation. The post-war era be regarded as the first republican constitution in the saw the Philippine economy at a standstill. Poverty region in 1899, now commonly referred to as the was endemic and the widespread destruction of Malolos Constitution. However, the independence of property and dislocation of businesses exacerbated the fledgling republic was frustrated when the islands the situation. Senator Millard Tydings of the U.S. were ceded to the United States by Spain under the Congress commented that the Philippine capital Treaty of Paris, which also ended the Manila was among the "the most completely Spanish-American. devastated capital city in the world" next to Warsaw in Poland (Shalom, 1986, p.) WHAT DOES A REPUBLICAN STATE MEAN? Following years of reconstruction and despite an - A republican state is characterized by a government insurgency movement in Northern Luzon, the where power resides in elected individuals post-war era in the Philippines saw a vibrant representing the citizens, and government leaders democracy marked by a two-party system. On 4 July are accountable to the people. Unlike monarchies 1946, Manuel Roxas was proclaimed president after or dictatorships, republican states emphasize popular an election held two months earlier. Roxas, however, sovereignty, meaning the authority of the government died in office in 1948 and his vice president, Elpidio is derived from the consent of the governed. Quirino, promptly assumed the presidency. Quirino - Representation !! was subsequently elected as president in 1950. However, Quirino was defeated in his run for WHAT HAPPENED AFTER CESSION TO AMERICA? re-election by his former secretary of national - The Americans gained control of the Philippines after defense, the charismatic Ramon Magsaysay, who a brief Filipino resistance to American rule, which was credited as having broken the backbone of an eventually paved the way for the United States to insurgent Communist movement in Northern Luzon. institute a colonial government in 1900. During the American colonial regime, the country established a Magsaysay proved to be a popular and populist system of government and a political structure that president who was loved by the masses. However, his followed the American model. Many of the institutions term was cut short in 1957 when his plane crashed in in the Philippines today, such as the bureaucracy, the the Visayas in the southern part of the islands. Again, educational system, and various aspects of culture Magsaysay's vice president, Carlos Garcia, assumed and practices, reflect American influence. In 1935, the the presidency. Garcia, however, was defeated in his Philippine Commonwealth was established under the run for the presidency in 1961 by his vice president, supervision of the Americans to prepare the islands Diosdado Macapagal, father of Gloria for independence. A constitution was then framed and Macapagal-Arroyo, who would assume the ratified, which established a presidential system under presidency in 2001. In the presidential elections of a unitary government with three coequal branches of 1965, Macapagal in turn was defeated by Ferdinand government: the executive, a bicameral legislature, Marcos, who would rule the Philippines for the next 20 and the judiciary. The commonwealth government, years. however, went into exile when Japan invaded the Philippines during World War II. WHICH ULTIMATELY SPEAKS OF PATRON-CLIENT RELATIONS AND PATRONAGE SYSTEM ADOPTED AND WHICH CONTINUALLY EXTEND TO THE CONTEMPORARY PHILIPPINES TODAY. DEVELOPMENT OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN THE PHILIPPINES THROUGH BEFORE JAPANESE PRE-COLONIAL PHILIPPINES COLONIZATION The prehistoric Filipinos were an indigenous population characterized by waves of settlers and 1. Military Government under a military governor migrations between 25,000 and 30,000 BC, who 2. Schurman Commission (Fact Finding Commission) came to the archipelago from mainland Southeast 3. Taft Commission (Second Philippine Commission: Asia in big boats (Abueva, 1988, p. 22; Tan, 1997, p. took over some powers) 33). From these settlers emerged patterns of ethnic 4. Spooner Amendment (created a civil government in lines that shaped strong cultural patterns and the Philippine Islands taking William Howard Taft as features. They ranged from the dark-skinned pygmies the first governor) whose cultural remains are preserved in Negrito-type 5. Philippine Bill of 1902 created the Philippine Filipinos, to those of Malay stock who came from the Assembly (1907 - 1916) ancient Malaysians and Indonesians (Tan, 1997, p. 6. Philippine Autonomy Act (Jones Law: Philippine 33) Legislature) 7. Tydings – Mcdufie Act (Commonwealth of the COMMUNITIES ARE CALLED BARANGAYS Philippines) 30-100 households with the family as nucleus and largely based on kinship  These settlements were self-sufficient and generally systems that were shaped in the precolonial times self-contained (Did not have a centralized persist in Philippine bureaucracy today, and can be government). understood in terms of the practice of officials and politicians alike who are disposed to provide special FORM OF GOVERNANCE IS CALLED SULTANATE favors or preferential treatment to relatives and SYSTEM friends. The strong familial tradition of closely knit Under the rulership of Muslim leaders called sultans relationships and kinship that tend to provide undue Criticisms of historians suggest that the existence of a and sometimes illegal favor for relatives persists in Sultan as a leader cohesively of a particular region the present political and administrative system in the may only be true to some parts but to all. (This means Philippines. Appointments of relatives to executive that there is no established bureaucracy between and bureaucratic positions by powerful family Sultans and village Chieftain called Dato or Datu. members remain a common practice despite laws to the contrary. Political dynasties in various provinces HIERARCHY (STRATIFICATION OF CLASSES EXISTED) and cities are often built on the strength of these relationships. Likewise, the spirit of the dato 1. THE NOBILITY leadership lives in Philippine barangays today, - dato and the leaders come from, consisted especially in remote villages or peripheral of men of wealth, prestige, and power. communities where the barangay captains serve as - composed mostly of Datus and Maginoo the galvanizing spirit of community activities, and are often at the forefront of settling conflicts, negotiations Question: How were the datus or leaders chosen? and arbitration, peace and order, and other duties that Answer: The dato was not chosen only by virtue of are not performed by the nearby local government. blood or inheritance, but also by merit, or in terms of courage, leadership, and heroism in tribal battles with other communities. The brave warrior commanded recognition, respect, and admiration in order to be given the honor of becoming the chief of the village. 2. A CLASS OF FREEMEN - enjoyed the rights and privileges of social mobility, comprised the largest sector in the communities and assumed the roles of warriors, artisans, artists, and other special professions. - composed mostly of Timawa and Maharlika 3. THE LAST LEVEL, THE SERFS AND SLAVES - performed forced labor and were considered properties that could be sold or exchanged. - usually captives in tribal wars or were born into slave families (Abueva, 1988, p. 23, Tan, 1997, p. 45). - composed of Alipin VILLAGE LEADER’S DUTIES As village head, the dato was the acknowledged paternal and political leader, who exercised almost unlimited power and dispensed and supervised the administration of justice, the use of communal lands, the delivery of basic services, and the arbitration of conflicts, and collected tributes. The defense of the settlement against territorial encroachments by other communities and other conflicts was also a major function (De la Torre, 1986, p. 6). Supported by a council of elders, a legal system embodied laws that defined aspects of private and public ownership of property, inheritance, marriage, rights and obligations, and many components of individual and institutional behavior (Abueva, 1988, p. 24). The enforcement of these laws and rules is now generally associated with the duties of modern bureaucracies. ❖ Out of these practices evolved traditions and practices that somehow extended to the colonial and modern eras despite the compelling influences of colonial rule. These traditions may have been assimilated into modern Philippine bureaucracy and made to adapt to the explicit formalizations of the Western model. Traces of these administrative practices remain embedded in the Filipino culture and have an impact on the administrative system today. ❖ Specifically, the nuclear family and its extended kinship were the basic units of social organization that continue today. The strong kinship and patrimonial