Psychology - Psychoanalysis PDF

Psychology Introduction and Psychoanalysis  Psychology The scientific study of the human mind, mental states, and human behaviour.  Psychology The study of individual’s...

Psychology Introduction and Psychoanalysis  Psychology The scientific study of the human mind, mental states, and human behaviour.  Psychology The study of individual’s emotions, fears, beliefs, etc. Biological, psychoanalytical, behavioural, cognitive, evolutionary & socio-cultural Personality – mixture of biological traits & prior experiences Attitudes, feelings Family history Relationships Conscious / Subconscious What is going on inside your mind?  Psychoanalytic Theory Psychoanalytic Theory is the personality theory based on the idea that a person’s feelings and behaviour can be motivated by unseen forces, or the “unconscious mind.” Included in this theory is the idea that things that happen in childhood can contribute to the way people function as adults. Sigmund Freud 1856-1939 Cheers!  Freud - Psychoanalysis Freud believe the human psyche (personality) was made up of three parts, the Id, the Ego and the Superego. The id is our basest animal instincts. It contains all the biological parts of our personality. The id is impulsive and not bound by logic. It is based on the pleasure principle - the idea that every wishful impulse should be satisfied immediately. The ego is based in reality. It is the part of our personality that tries to mediate the id, working out realistic and appropriate ways to fulfill the id’s desires. The ego is aware of social norms, etiquette and rules of behaviour.  Psychoanalysis Finally, the Superego is our morality, including the values and morals of our society. Its job is to control the id’s impulses, especially those which society forbids, such as sex and aggression. It also tries to convince the ego to make better moral decisions. Problems arise, according to Freud, when these parts of our psyche clash. For example, if our ego was unable to control an aggressive response from the id, the superego would make us feel guilt. Id / Ego / Superego  Conscious / Subconscious Freud believed all of our id, most of our superego, and some of our ego were housed in our unconscious. He believed we could voluntarily push and pull things between our conscious and preconscious, but not our unconscious. The focus of his psychoanalytic therapy was that with the help of a psychoanalyst, we could pull awareness of our motivations from the unconscious through to the conscious so that we might better understand why we feel and think the way we do.  Defense Mechanisms Freud Believed our ego used defense mechanisms to keep disturbing thoughts in our subconscious. Projection: An attempt to protect one’s feelings or self-esteem by blaming others. Repression: The unconscious exclusion or holding back feelings. Displacement: Directing feelings at someone or something other than the source of those feelings. Regression: Acting as if one was back in an earlier less troublesome time in their life. Sublimation: Transforming unacceptable behaviors into acceptable ones. Reaction Formation: Acting outwardly the opposite of what one feels Rationalization: An attempt to justify one’s actions with an excuse that removes personal responsibility  Defense Mechanisms Projection: Bill blamed his teacher’s dislike of him for his poor grade. Repression: You forget about chores you are supposed to do on the weekend allowing yourself to enjoy the company of friends instead. Displacement: Angry at not making the team, Sarah pushes her little sister when she gets home. Regression: Going back home and sleeping in your childhood bed after a fight with your husband. Sublimation: A very aggressive person becomes a football player. Reaction Formation: A teen male questioning his sexuality makes fun of “gays” at school. Rationalization: Anne justifies flunking a math test because she was absent the day it was scheduled.  Carl Jung Jung posited that there are three components that make up the human psyche: The ego The personal unconscious The collective unconscious The ego represents the conscious mind that contains the awareness of existing and the sense of personal identity. This is where your personality exists and where your thoughts, intuitions, feelings and sensations are organized. It’s the door between the inner and outer worlds of the psyche.  Carl Jung The personal unconscious is made up of the memories that are subliminal, forgotten and/or repressed. It is acquired through experience and is completely unique to the individual. Some of the personal unconscious can be recalled to the conscious mind. Jung believed that for individuation to occur, the personal unconscious and the conscious ego have to be fully integrated. The collective unconscious, also known as the transpersonal unconscious, is one of Jung’s more unique and controversial additions to personality theory. The idea proposes that there is a universal version of the personal unconscious, which is shared with all other members of the human species. These shared ancestral memories, born from evolution, are called archetypes by Jung and are represented by universal themes that appear in various cultures.  The Archetypes The Persona The persona is how we present ourselves to the world. The word "persona" is derived from a Latin word that literally means "mask." It is not a literal mask, however. The persona represents all of the different social masks that we wear among various groups and situations. It acts to shield the ego from negative images. According to Jung, the persona may appear in dreams and take different forms. Over the course of development, children learn that they must behave in certain ways in order to fit in with society's expectations and norms. The persona develops as a social mask to contain all of the primitive urges, impulses, and emotions that are not considered socially acceptable. The persona archetype allows people to adapt to the world around them and fit in with the society in which they live. However, becoming too closely identified with this archetype can lead people to lose sight of their true self  The Archetypes The Shadow The shadow is an archetype that consists of the sex and life instincts. The shadow exists as part of the unconscious mind and is composed of repressed ideas, weaknesses, desires, instincts, and shortcomings. The shadow forms out of our attempts to adapt to cultural norms and expectations. It is this archetype that contains all of the things that are unacceptable not only to society, but also to one's own personal morals and values. It might include things such as envy, greed, prejudice, hate, and aggression. This archetype is often described as the darker side of the psyche, representing wildness, chaos, and the unknown. These latent dispositions are present in all of us, Jung believed, although people sometimes deny this element of their own psyche and instead project it on to others. Jung suggested that the shadow can appear in dreams or visions and may take a variety of forms. It might appear as a snake, a monster, a demon, a dragon, or some other dark, wild, or exotic figure.  The Archetypes The Anima or Animus The anima is a feminine image in the male psyche, and the animus is a male image in the female psyche.. Jung believed that physiological changes as well as social influences contributed to the development of sex roles and gender identities. Jung suggested the influence of the animus and anima archetypes were also involved in this process. According to Jung, the animus represents the masculine aspect in women while the anima represented the feminine aspect in men.These archetypal images are based upon both what is found in the collective and personal unconscious. The collective unconscious may contain notions about how women should behave while personal experience with wives, girlfriends, sisters, and mothers contribute to more personal images of women. In many cultures, however, men and women are encouraged to adopt traditional and often rigid gender roles. Jung suggested that this discouragement of men exploring their feminine aspects and women exploring their masculine aspects served to undermine psychological development.  The Archetypes The Self The self is an archetype that represents the unified unconsciousness and consciousness of an individual. The self archetype represents the unified psyche as a whole. Jung suggested that there were two different centres of personality. The ego makes up the centre of consciousness, but it is the self that lies at the centre of personality. Personality encompasses not only consciousness, but also the ego and the unconscious mind. For Jung, the ultimate aim was for an individual to achieve a sense of cohesive self. Carl Jung  (Father) (Child) (Mother) Carl Jung Archetypes