Psychology-of-Comm_LESSONS.pdf

PSYCHOLOGY OF choose words in such a way to Components of Communication 5. Feedback - (given by Raj); refers to COMMUNICATION: INTRODUCTION change meaning to show or POV. mes...

PSYCHOLOGY OF choose words in such a way to Components of Communication 5. Feedback - (given by Raj); refers to COMMUNICATION: INTRODUCTION change meaning to show or POV. message sent back to the speaker, TO COMMUNICATION  Transactional - meaning that it is reacting to what the speaker has LESSON 1 an action, the action being the said, through non-verbals and __________________________ sending of the message and to the verbals. Silence is a form of receiver, it is exchange between feedback - example the lecturer INTRODUCTION TO two or more individuals, to create a asks question, and the students do COMMUNICATION shared understanding, which can not respond. Can either be perceived in different ways. positive/negative, What is Communication?  Representational - Meaning that immediate/delayed, Communication is a process which through communication we can supportive/Critical. involves the transactional use of convey facts and information. 1. People - (Sheldon); People can be 6. Encoding & Decoding - symbols as a way to form messages  Requires Meaning - the meaning sources and receivers of (Le(ncoding)onard(ecoding) ); and to generate meaning. that is attached to symbols which communication at the same time, related to meaning and making. Communication is: (SCRIPTRR) people understand. We are and this is a continuous process. encoding - producing messages + speaking about the social There are things that influence our the process of translating a thought  Symbolic - that it can represent construction of meaning, since it a communication such as gender, or idea in a code, whilst decoding is something else, such as a symbol, SC, meaning is subject to time and culture, race, etc by for instance, receiving messages + is assigning sign, object, etc. Signs are place. Symbols also differ in when it comes to shaping and meaning into a code. Decoding can indicators of something specific and meaning based on relational perceiving messages. lead to misunderstanding through that is unchangeable across context, situational context. There is 2. Message - (Speech Bubble); are assumptions, inadequacy of cultures, such as fire. Symbols a verbal and non-verbal influence in words, sounds, actions, gestures, descriptions have no direct connection to what meaning. that we express to one another 7. Noise - (Television); is the they represent for instance, words when we interact. It can be both interference in the surroundings. It are symbolic - because we choose Requirements for Effective verbal and non-verbal - tone of disrupts the transmission of the specific words to refer to an object, Communication voice, facial expression, symbols. message and it affects the clarity of however, in other cultures, they In order for communication to be Can be simple or complex, long or the message. Can be physical, might refer to it in another way, effective, it has to produce favourable short and un/intentional; visual, spatial (personal space), hence why it is a symbol not a sign. outcomes. (CAF) (unintentional exmaple blushing) physiological, psychological  Cultural - culture and 3. Code - (Bazinga + its meaning); "is example pain, anxiety, etc. communication, cannot be  Context - It is important that the a systematic arrangement of 8. Situation - (Living Room - separated from one another, communication method is suitable symbols used to create meaning in informal); where the communication because they reinforce each other. for the context. the mind of another person or happens and takes place. There  Relational - relationships affect  Audience - Communication needs persons." (Pearson et al, 2013, are a range of contexts such as communication, and communication to be appropriate, depending on the p.12) There are verbal codes such informal and formal context. The affects relationships. norms of the audience, so that as language' language is code relationship also effects situation.  Involves Frames - the cultural you’ll be able to connect with the symbol - so we translate the words The channel can also interfere and assumptions built-in within different audience and take into account the and grammatical phenomena into aid the situation. What is meant contexts and relationships. For audience’s POV. meaning. Language can express personal communication - feeling instance, restaurant frame, job  Flexibility - By applying your point thought and feelings. It can also be comfortable in terms of interview frame. These frames in different context and adapting the non-verbal such as piercings, what communication allow coordination to take place. So message to a wider context to be we wear, etc. communication frames limit us to a able to connect to the audience. 4. Channel - (Sound waves - part of Communication Principles certain boundary to certain things physics); is the message 'conveyer'. 1. Communication begins with the within that context or relationships. The manner in which the message self: how one perceives  Presentational - Meaning that moves from source to receiver themselves, and how they talk through communication we can example airwaves, soundwaves, about themselves. This is effected convey our perspective/version of light waves, etc. by how they have been treated by things/objects/facts, etc. We can other people as well. 2. Communication involves others: 8. Communication cannot be communication - sending a What are the messages that you reversed: once you've said it, it's message via VLE (not something have received from others? Did out there..., this means that we that is sent instantaneous once they understand you? How do they have to be careful about what and sent), synchronous - the instant perceive you? how we communicate, especially if message is received once instantly 3. Communication has both a we do not wish to hurt others or sent. Requires digital literacy. The content and a relational cause offence. Sometimes we hurt variety of the devices that range dimension: describes the each other. and differ greatly in comparison to behaviour that is expected. What some years ago. It can be used for kind of relationship exists between Communication Concepts positive things, but also for negative communication? Relational things unfortunately. messages can be harder to understand. How you say it, the situation, etc. 4. Communication involves choices: how to share a message - language/verbal/nonverbal, which transmission channels are used, relationships, variables involved can have a strong influence. 5. Communication is complicated:  Intrapersonal Communication: is the quality of the message, the that voice inside your head, it is verbal and the non-verbal aspects, using messages to generate the transmission channels might not meaning inside our heads, we are be clear and therefore, not as constantly planning, and organising straightforward as we believe. our thoughts. How does the 6. Communication quantity does individual speaks to himself? In a not increase communication negative or in a positive manner? quality: Increased communication  Interpersonal Communication: can divide people as they begin to establish relationships, fulfil needs realise how really divided and in of belonging, dyadic communication conflict they are example a and small group communication discussion programme that example families. descends into chaos. Others times  Public Communication: Using lack of empathy and poor listening messages to generate meanings can lead to misunderstandings. where one speaker transmits a 7. Communication is pervasive: message to a number of physically Meaning that communication is seen receivers. always occurring around us,  Mass Communication: is the example the little voice in their process of using messages to heads, this is called the inner generate meaning in a mediated dialogue. We are constantly system (the transmission channels observing people, picking up used). There is a source and large intentional or unintentional number of unseen receivers. messages and decoding them and Example TV, Radio. judging people in a way. However,  Digitally Mediated later on maybe these judgements Communication (DMC): email, might be proven wrong. twitter, snapchat, Facebook, Instagram. Can be asynchronous PSYCH OF COMM activities fun can inspire people to change 7. Halo Effect Social Experiment qualities such as intelligence, skill, and LESSON 2 their behavior. – In an experiment described in a paper kindness. The purpose of this social – Adding an element of fun can inspire published in 1920, psychologist Edward experiment would be to seek if more __________________________ people to change their behavior and Thorndike asked commanding officers in attractive people are also seen as being choose the healthier alternative. the military to give ratings of various SOCIAL EXPERIMENT is a type of characteristics of their subordinates. smarter, more capable, and nicer. 4.The Marshmallow Test Social research performed in psychology to – Thorndike was interested in learning how Experiment What was one of the best known investigate how people respond in impressions of one quality, such as – During the late 1960s and early 1970s, a certain social situations. psychologist named Walter Mischel led a intelligence, bled over onto perceptions of social experiments? other personal characteristics, such as The Milgram obedience experiment is series of experiments on delayed In many of these experiments, the leadership, loyalty, and professional skill. one of the most famous social gratification. Mischel was interested in Thorndike discovered that when people experiments ever performed. In the experimenters will include learning whether the ability to delay hold a good impression of one confederates who are people who act gratification might be a predictor of future characteristic, those good feelings tend to experiment, researchers instructed like regular participants but who are life success. participants to deliver what they believed affect perceptions of other qualities. – The results suggest that this ability to wait was a painful or even dangerous actually acting the part. Such for gratification is not only an essential skill 8. False Consensus Social Experiment experiments are often used to gain – During the late 1970s, researcher Lee electrical shock to another person. In for success but also something that forms insight into social psychology early on and lasts throughout life. Ross and his colleagues performed some reality, the person pretending to be eye-opening experiments. In one shocked was an actor and the electrical phenomena. 5. The Smoky Room Social Experiment experiment, the researchers had shocks were simply pretend. Milgram's Do people really stop to appreciate the – If you saw someone in trouble, do you participants choose a way to respond to an results suggested that as many as 65% think you would try to help? Psychologists imagined conflict and then estimate how beauty of the world? How can society have found that the answer to this many people would also select the same of participants would deliver a encourage people to engage in question is highly dependent on the resolution. dangerous electrical shock because they healthy behaviors? Is there anything number of other people present. We are – The results of these experiments were ordered to do so by an authority that can be done to bring peace to much more likely to help when we are the demonstrate what is known in psychology figure. rival groups? only witness but much less likely to lend a as the false consensus effect. hand when we are part of a crowd. – No matter what our beliefs, options, or What defines a social experiment? Social psychologists have been – This behavior was identified as an behaviors, we tend to believe that the A social experiment is defined by its tackling questions like these for example of the bystander effect, or the majority of other people also agree with us failure of people to take action when there and act the same way we do. purpose and methods. Such decades, and some of the results of are other people present. experiments are designed to study their experiments just might surprise – The Diffusion of Responsibility Concept in human behavior in a social context. A Word From Verywell you. Psychology They often involved placing – The experiment is a great example of how Social psychology is a rich and varied field that offers fascinating participants in a controlled situation 1. Robbers Cave Social Experiment: much people rely on the responses of Children playing in a forest others to guide their actions. insights into how people behave in in order to observe how they respond – Why do conflicts tend to occur between – When something is happening, but no one groups and how behavior is to certain situation or events. different groups? seems to be responding, people tend to influenced by social pressures. – According to psychologist Muzafer Sherif, take their cues from the group and Exploring some of these classic social What are some social psychology intergroup conflicts tend to arise from assume that a response is not required. experiment ideas? competition for resources, stereotypes, and psychology experiments can provide a 6. Carlsberg Social Experiment glimpse at some of the fascinating A few ideas for simple social prejudices. – Have you ever felt like people have judged research that has emerged from this experiments might involve: 2. The 'Violinist in the Metro' Social you unfairly based on your appearance?  Stand in a crowd and stare at a Experiment Or have you ever gotten the wrong first field of study. random spot on the ground to see if – The experiment raised some interesting impression of someone based on how What is an example of a social questions about how we not only value they looked? Unfortunately, people are all other people will stop to also look too quick to base their decisions on snap experiment?  Copy someone's body language and beauty but whether we truly stop to appreciate the remarkable works of beauty judgments made when they first meet An example of a social experiment might see how they respond people. be one that investigates the halo effect, that are around us.  Stand next to someone in an – These impressions based on what's on the a phenomenon in which people make 3. The Piano Stairs Social Experiment outside sometimes cause people to elevator even if there is plenty of global evaluations of other people based – How can you get people to change their overlook the characteristics and qualities space to stand elsewhere daily behavior and make healthier choices? on single traits. An experimenter might that lie on the inside.  Smile at people in public and see In one social experiment sponsored by have participants interact with people – The exercise served as a great example of how many smile back Volkswagen as part of their Fun Theory who are either average looking or very why people shouldn't always judge a book  Give random strangers a small prize initiative, making even the most mundane by its cover. beautiful, and then ask the respondents to rate the individual on unrelated and see how they respond PSYCH OF COMM THE ACADEMIC STUDY OF or cold); the browning of a leaf communications as, “…in human LESSON 3 COMMUNICATION (communicating that it is dehydrated, life, info does not behave as simply __________________________ thirsty per se, or dying); the cry of an as bits in an electronic stream. In Communication has existed since the animal (communicating that it is human life, information flow is far beginning of human beings, but it was Human communication is injured, hungry, or angry). Everything more like an electric current running not until the 20th century that people understood in various ways by those living communicates in its quest for from one landmine to another” began to study the process. As who identify with the field. survival.” (Lanham, 7). communication technologies This diversity is the result of  Systemic: This view considers developed, so did the serious study of communication being a relatively COMMUNICATION THEORY communication to be the new communication. young field of study, composed of a FRAMEWORK messages created via “through-put”, very broad constituency of disciplines. When World War I ended, the interest or what happens as the message is It is helpful to examine communication in studying communication intensified. being interpreted and re-interpreted It includes work taken from scholars of and communication theory through The social-science study was fully as it travels through people. Rhetoric, Journalism, Sociology, one of the following viewpoints: recognized as a legitimate discipline  Critical: This view considers Psychology, Anthropology, and  Mechanistic: This view considers after World War II. communication as a source of Semiotics, among others. Cognate communication as a perfect areas include biocommunication, power and oppression of individuals transaction of a message from the Before becoming simply and social groups. which investigates communicative sender to the receiver. (as seen in communication, or communication processes within and among non- the diagram above) Inspection of a particular theory on studies, the discipline was formed humans such as bacteria, animals, from three other major studies:  Psychological: This view considers this level will provide a framework on fungi and plants, and information communication as the act of sending the nature of communication as seen  Psychology is the study of human theory, which provides a mathematical a message to a receiver, and the within the confines of that theory. model for measuring communication behavior, feelings and thoughts of the receiver within and among systems.  Sociology is the study of society Theories can also be studied and upon interpreting the message. and social process, and organized according to the  Social Constructionist (Symbolic Generally, human communication is  Anthropology is the study of ontological, epistemological, and Interactionist): This view considers concerned with the making of communication as a factor which axiological framework imposed by communication to be the product of meaning and the exchange of develops, maintains, and changes the theorist. the interactants sharing and creating understanding. culture.  Ontology essentially poses the meaning. It can also be defined as, Communication studies focus on question of what, exactly, it is the One model of communication how you say something determines communication as central to the theorist is examining. One must considers it from the perspective of what the message is. human experience, which involves consider the very nature of reality. transmitting information from one  The Constructionist View assumes understanding how people behave in The answer usually falls in one of person to another. that “truth” and “ideas” are creating, exchanging, and interpreting three realms depending on whether constructed or invented through the In fact, many scholars of messages. the theorist sees the phenomena social process of communication. through the lens of a realist, communication take this as a working Communication Theory has one  Robert T. Craig saw the nominalist, or social constructionist. definition, and use Lasswell’s Maxim, Constructionist View or the “who says what to whom in which universal law posited by S. F. o Realist perspective views the Scudder (1980). constitutive view as it’s called in his world objectively, believing that channel with what effect,” as a means article, as “…an ongoing process of circumscribing the field of there is a world outside of our own The Universal Communication Law that symbolically forms and re-forms communication theory. experience and cognitions. states that, “All living entities, our personal identities.” (Craig, 125). o Nominalists see the world Among those who subscribe to the beings and creatures  The other view of communication, subjectively, claiming that communicate.” All life communicates the Transmission Model, sees transmission model are those who everything outside of one’s identify themselves with the through movements, sounds, communication as robotic and cognitions is simply names and communication sciences, and finds its reactions, physical changes, gestures, computer-like. The Transmission labels. roots in the studies of propaganda and languages, and breath. Model sees communication as a o Social constructionists straddle mass media of the early 20th century. Communication is a means of way of sending or receiving the fence between objective and survival. Examples – the cry of a child messages and the perfection of that. subjective reality, claiming that (communicating that it is hungry, hurt, But, the Constructionist View sees reality is what we create together.  Epistemology is an examination of Craig proposes seven different Unhelpful thinking styles are mental  The effectiveness of Cognitive how the theorist studies the chosen traditions which are: blocks that prevent us from achieving Behaviour Therapy remains the phenomena. In studying 1. Rhetorical: views communication our goals. They're often unconscious same across different stages of the epistemology, particularly from a as the practical art of discourse. and hard to recognize because we've lifespan. Young learners, positivist perspective, objective 2. Semiotic: views communication as been conditioned to believe them over adolescents, grown-ups, and older knowledge is said to be the result the mediation by signs. time. adults everyone can benefit from of a systematic look at the causal 3. Phenomenological: communication behavioral techniques of Cognitive Examples of this type of thinking relationships of phenomena. This is the experience of dialogue with Therapy. Also, it is flexible and can include beliefs such as "People who knowledge is usually attained others. be used in self-help, online, and fail at things must be lazy." "I'm not through use of the scientific method. 4. Cybernetic: communication is the face-to-face formats. smart enough to succeed." "I'm too Scholars often think that empirical flow of information. young/old/different/unqualified to evidence collected in an objective 5. Socio-psychological: Cognitive-Behavioral Theory states succeed." "I won't ever find a job." manner is most likely to reflect truth communication is the interaction of that human thinking determines in the findings. Theories of this ilk individuals. These thoughts are called cognitive human behaviour and are usually created to predict a 6. Socio-cultural: communication is distortions because they distort feeling. Behavioural Therapy indicates phenomenon. Subjective theory the production and reproduction of reality. If we can acknowledge and that all these cognitive components holds that understanding is based the social order. begin to transform unhelpful thinking may directly affect how learners study on situated knowledge, typically 7. Critical: communication is the styles, we have a good chance of in a classroom setting. found using interpretative process in which all assumptions changing our behaviour. These types can be challenged. Different levels of the cognitive methodology such as ethnography of metacognitive beliefs provide us model are as follows: and also interviews. Subjective with a more significant Locus of theories are typically developed to WHAT IS COGNITIVE BEHAVIOUR Control, equipping us with a  Core beliefs – are at the basic level explain or understand phenomena in THEORY? greater capacity for positive change. of the cognitive model. Aaron T. the social world. Beck considers the Core beliefs to Cognitive Behaviour be overgeneralized, rigid and global.  Axiology is concerned with what WHAT IS COGNITIVE BEHAVIOUR Theory indicates that THERAPY (OR CBT)?  Intermediate beliefs – Rules, values drive a theorist to develop a people's emotions, thoughts, theory. Theorists must be mindful of  Cognitive Behaviour Therapy is attitudes, and assumptions are at behaviour and body sensations, are the intermediate level which potential biases so that they will not linked to each other and that whatever an effective approach for treatment influence or skew their findings that helps people identify negative establishes as a person strives to people do and whatever they think, make sense of his surroundings. (Miller, 21-23). patterns of thinking and behaviors. affects how they feel. Also, changes in  CBT is an effective therapy that  Automatic thoughts – are one of these will cause changes in the particular to the circumstances in THE CONSTITUTIVE METAMODEL others. When a person feels helps people recognize and explore how their thoughts and emotions which they are created. Another way of dividing up the distressed or worried, they can fall into thinking patterns and emotional can affect their actions. After communication field emphasizes the The cognitive model asserts that the responses that can exacerbate any noticing such patterns, people may assumptions that undergird particular particular kinds of automatic thoughts, negative feelings. This theory outlines start learning how to build new theories, models, and approaches. to which humans are prone are an how an individual's mental coping strategies, behavioral Robert T. Craig suggests that the outcome of the intermediate and core processes play a critical role in the techniques and change their field of communication as a whole can beliefs held by the people. Therefore, development of their emotional state. behaviors. be understood as several different if someone's automatic thought is traditions who have a specific view on  CBT is an effective therapy that From a therapist's perspective, if we biased, then his biased thinking is due communication. By showing the includes a range of strategies that can change the way a person thinks, to his assumptions and beliefs. similarities and differences between help individuals pay attention to and then we can change the way they Behavioural Therapy indicates that these traditions, Craig argues that the change problematic behaviour interpret the world around them. This one may perceive automatic thoughts different traditions will be able to patterns or thinking styles which type of approach can help address like the plants that we grow. The engage each other in dialogue rather allows them to feel better. growth of a plant will become better by than ignore each other. unhelpful thinking styles and form an  Research suggests that it is a initial approach for the treatment of providing better soil to the plant. beneficial treatment for conditions neurotic symptoms. such as pain, anxiety, insomnia and depression.  where the outcome is opposite to in future to avoid the same of traumatic event that are far from the fact. embarrassment. his control or are not his fault. One Example: A good example of an 4. Magnification and Minimization – more example is when someone Arbitrary interpretation is when Aaron T. Beck mentioned that these incorrectly speculates that he has someone faces psychological are inaccurate interpretations of been deliberately targeted or distress and thinks in their mind erroneous evaluations which are so excluded. 'Everyone knows I am a loser.' disturbing that they end up in 7. Dichotomous Thinking – is the However, in reality, no one can find distortions. inclination to perceive things in out what others are thinking. Also, Example of Magnification: It is binary opposition, like “all or not everyone has the time to think when someone considers a small nothing,” “good or bad,” or “black or about others' failures problem as a major problem. For white.” Dichotomous patterns or achievements as all are busy in instance, a broken plate is a small of thinking can be seen as the their life. problem but someone faces propensity to get stuck at points, 2. Selective Abstraction – Aaron T. emotional distress and gets too unable to shift toward synthesis What are Cognitive Distortions? Beck states that it is the process of much angry. 8. Example: An example of demonsrating irrational beliefs and Example of Minimization: Dichotomous Thinking is to consider Aaron Beck was the first to note the inaccurate interpretations while Minimization occurs when people all the children of a class as "good" Cognitive distortions in depressed paying more attention to any specific demonstrate inaccurate or "bad" in studies. Everyone knows patients in the 1960s. Cognitive element out of context. The person interpretations and downplay that every class has a wide variety distortions hold a fundamental will ignore other more important something to be lesser than it is by of students and many of them are position in Aaron Beck's cognitive aspects of a situation, dismissing or denying its average in learning. theory of depression and then and conceptualize the entire importance. For example, a bully Cognitive Therapy or Cognitive experience based on a specific might purposefully downplay his What is included in a Typical Behavioral Therapy. detail. inappropriate actions to prevent any Treatment plan for Cognitive According to the Cognitive- Example: A student has performed outcomes for his conduct and claim Behaviour Therapy? Behavioral Therapy model huge very well in the class and everyone that it was just a joke.  Following are some of the different variety of problems occur due to the praises the student. However, one 5. Inexact labelling – is a kind types of therapy or the most popular inaccurate interpretations of the class fellow says that 'you didn't of cognitive distortion in which labels Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy irrational beliefs or meaning of a perform very well and you did much and judgments are incorrectly behavioral techniques used to trigger, traumatic event or situation. better last year.' In Selective applied around others or oneself, identify how inaccurate thinking may In 1963, Beck published his original Abstraction, the student will undergo mostly based on how such things make the problems even worse. list of 5 cognitive distortions. Later emotional distress and pay more are perceived by a person. According to Typical Cognitive- on, in 1979 he added two more focus on negative events or Example: A student bumps into Behavioral Therapy psychological distortions in his Cognitive Therapy of comments and not to what is said by another student after getting off interventions mostly involves: Depression. the entire class. the school bus. One student calls  Learning to face challenges and 3. Overgeneralization – It indicates the other student a 'complete idiot.' fears; Aaron Beck’s list of cognitive the process of coming to a general In reality, it is just a mistake that  Developing new problem-solving distortions included: conclusion about one's anyone can make. skills; 1. Arbitrary Inference / Arbitrary performance, or ability, based 6. Personalization – This is one of the  Using calming techniques and role Interpretation – Behavioural on inaccurate interpretations of just most common inaccurate playing in case of Therapy by Aaron T. Beck indicates a single incident. interpretations and distortions of potentially challenging problems; that Arbitrary interpretation is a Example: A student could not thinking in which a person takes  Gaining confidence and a better process of constructing inaccurate perform very well in one of the something personally when he is not appreciation and understanding of interpretations of experiences, assignments. Due to this, he related to it or something is not self-worth. events, or situations. Arbitrary faces psychological distress and caused by him at all. interpretation occurs in absence thinks that he would fail every Example: Personalization occurs of factual evidence to support the assignment. This is distorted when a person undergoes outcome of a traumatic event or thinking because there is also a psychological distress and blames chance that he would perform better himself for a single or a wide variety The main objective of the above Cognitive theory techniques is to replace self-defeating and unhelpful thinking styles with positive effects of more realistic and encouraging events. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy has Positive Effects as it offers effective treatment and behavioral interventions for depressed people as well as those suffering from a wide variety of emotional disorders including treatment of Anxiety, Disorders, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Bipolar Disorder, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Borderline Personality Disorder and many more.