Psychology of Communication: Introduction to Communication - PDF

PSYCHOLOGY OF choose words in such a way to Components of Communication 5. Feedback - (given by Raj); refers to COMMUNICATION: INTRODUCTION change meaning to show or POV. mes...

PSYCHOLOGY OF choose words in such a way to Components of Communication 5. Feedback - (given by Raj); refers to COMMUNICATION: INTRODUCTION change meaning to show or POV. message sent back to the speaker, TO COMMUNICATION Transactional - meaning that it is reacting to what the speaker has LESSON 1 an action, the action being the said, through non-verbals and __________________________ sending of the message and to the verbals. Silence is a form of receiver, it is exchange between feedback - example the lecturer INTRODUCTION TO two or more individuals, to create a asks question, and the students do COMMUNICATION shared understanding, which can not respond. Can either be perceived in different ways. positive/negative, What is Communication? Representational - Meaning that immediate/delayed, Communication is a process which through communication we can supportive/Critical. involves the transactional use of convey facts and information. 1. People - (Sheldon); People can be 6. Encoding & Decoding - symbols as a way to form messages Requires Meaning - the meaning sources and receivers of (Le(ncoding)onard(ecoding) ); and to generate meaning. that is attached to symbols which communication at the same time, related to meaning and making. Communication is: (SCRIPTRR) people understand. We are and this is a continuous process. encoding - producing messages + speaking about the social There are things that influence our the process of translating a thought Symbolic - that it can represent construction of meaning, since it a communication such as gender, or idea in a code, whilst decoding is something else, such as a symbol, SC, meaning is subject to time and culture, race, etc by for instance, receiving messages + is assigning sign, object, etc. Signs are place. Symbols also differ in when it comes to shaping and meaning into a code. Decoding can indicators of something specific and meaning based on relational perceiving messages. lead to misunderstanding through that is unchangeable across context, situational context. There is 2. Message - (Speech Bubble); are assumptions, inadequacy of cultures, such as fire. Symbols a verbal and non-verbal influence in words, sounds, actions, gestures, descriptions have no direct connection to what meaning. that we express to one another 7. Noise - (Television); is the they represent for instance, words when we interact. It can be both interference in the surroundings. It are symbolic - because we choose Requirements for Effective verbal and non-verbal - tone of disrupts the transmission of the specific words to refer to an object, Communication voice, facial expression, symbols. message and it affects the clarity of however, in other cultures, they In order for communication to be Can be simple or complex, long or the message. Can be physical, might refer to it in another way, effective, it has to produce favourable short and un/intentional; visual, spatial (personal space), hence why it is a symbol not a sign. outcomes. (CAF) (unintentional exmaple blushing) physiological, psychological Cultural - culture and 3. Code - (Bazinga + its meaning); "is example pain, anxiety, etc. communication, cannot be Context - It is important that the a systematic arrangement of 8. Situation - (Living Room - separated from one another, communication method is suitable symbols used to create meaning in informal); where the communication because they reinforce each other. for the context. the mind of another person or happens and takes place. There Relational - relationships affect Audience - Communication needs persons." (Pearson et al, 2013, are a range of contexts such as communication, and communication to be appropriate, depending on the p.12) There are verbal codes such informal and formal context. The affects relationships. norms of the audience, so that as language' language is code relationship also effects situation. Involves Frames - the cultural you’ll be able to connect with the symbol - so we translate the words The channel can also interfere and assumptions built-in within different audience and take into account the and grammatical phenomena into aid the situation. What is meant contexts and relationships. For audience’s POV. meaning. Language can express personal communication - feeling instance, restaurant frame, job Flexibility - By applying your point thought and feelings. It can also be comfortable in terms of interview frame. These frames in different context and adapting the non-verbal such as piercings, what communication allow coordination to take place. So message to a wider context to be we wear, etc. communication frames limit us to a able to connect to the audience. 4. Channel - (Sound waves - part of Communication Principles certain boundary to certain things physics); is the message 'conveyer'. 1. Communication begins with the within that context or relationships. The manner in which the message self: how one perceives Presentational - Meaning that moves from source to receiver themselves, and how they talk through communication we can example airwaves, soundwaves, about themselves. This is effected convey our perspective/version of light waves, etc. by how they have been treated by things/objects/facts, etc. We can other people as well. 2. Communication involves others: 8. Communication cannot be communication - sending a What are the messages that you reversed: once you've said it, it's message via VLE (not something have received from others? Did out there..., this means that we that is sent instantaneous once they understand you? How do they have to be careful about what and sent), synchronous - the instant perceive you? how we communicate, especially if message is received once instantly 3. Communication has both a we do not wish to hurt others or sent. Requires digital literacy. The content and a relational cause offence. Sometimes we hurt variety of the devices that range dimension: describes the each other. and differ greatly in comparison to behaviour that is expected. What some years ago. It can be used for kind of relationship exists between Communication Concepts positive things, but also for negative communication? Relational things unfortunately. messages can be harder to understand. How you say it, the situation, etc. 4. Communication involves choices: how to share a message - language/verbal/nonverbal, which transmission channels are used, relationships, variables involved can have a strong influence. 5. Communication is complicated: Intrapersonal Communication: is the quality of the message, the that voice inside your head, it is verbal and the non-verbal aspects, using messages to generate the transmission channels might not meaning inside our heads, we are be clear and therefore, not as constantly planning, and organising straightforward as we believe. our thoughts. How does the 6. Communication quantity does individual speaks to himself? In a not increase communication negative or in a positive manner? quality: Increased communication Interpersonal Communication: can divide people as they begin to establish relationships, fulfil needs realise how really divided and in of belonging, dyadic communication conflict they are example a and small group communication discussion programme that example families. descends into chaos. Others times Public Communication: Using lack of empathy and poor listening messages to generate meanings can lead to misunderstandings. where one speaker transmits a 7. Communication is pervasive: message to a number of physically Meaning that communication is seen receivers. always occurring around us, Mass Communication: is the example the little voice in their process of using messages to heads, this is called the inner generate meaning in a mediated dialogue. We are constantly system (the transmission channels observing people, picking up used). There is a source and large intentional or unintentional number of unseen receivers. messages and decoding them and Example TV, Radio. judging people in a way. However, Digitally Mediated later on maybe these judgements Communication (DMC): email, might be proven wrong. twitter, snapchat, Facebook, Instagram. Can be asynchronous PSYCH OF COMM activities fun can inspire people to change 7. Halo Effect Social Experiment qualities such as intelligence, skill, and LESSON 2 their behavior. – In an experiment described in a paper kindness. The purpose of this social – Adding an element of fun can inspire published in 1920, psychologist Edward experiment would be to seek if more __________________________ people to change their behavior and Thorndike asked commanding officers in attractive people are also seen as being choose the healthier alternative. the military to give ratings of various SOCIAL EXPERIMENT is a type of characteristics of their subordinates. smarter, more capable, and nicer. 4.The Marshmallow Test Social research performed in psychology to Experiment – Thorndike was interested in learning how investigate how people respond in impressions of one quality, such as What was one of the best known – During the late 1960s and early 1970s, a certain social situations. psychologist named Walter Mischel led a intelligence, bled over onto perceptions of social experiments? other personal characteristics, such as The Milgram obedience experiment is series of experiments on delayed In many of these experiments, the leadership, loyalty, and professional skill. one of the most famous social gratification. Mischel was interested in Thorndike discovered that when people experiments ever performed. In the experimenters will include learning whether the ability to delay hold a good impression of one confederates who are people who act gratification might be a predictor of future characteristic, those good feelings tend to experiment, researchers instructed like regular participants but who are life success. participants to deliver what they believed affect perceptions of other qualities. – The results suggest that this ability to wait was a painful or even dangerous actually acting the part. Such for gratification is not only an essential skill 8. False Consensus Social Experiment experiments are often used to gain – During the late 1970s, researcher Lee electrical shock to another person. In for success but also something that forms insight into social psychology early on and lasts throughout life. Ross and his colleagues performed some reality, the person pretending to be eye-opening experiments. In one shocked was an actor and the electrical phenomena. 5. The Smoky Room Social Experiment experiment, the researchers had shocks were simply pretend. Milgram's Do people really stop to appreciate the – If you saw someone in trouble, do you participants choose a way to respond to an results suggested that as many as 65% think you would try to help? Psychologists imagined conflict and then estimate how beauty of the world? How can society have found that the answer to this many people would also select the same of participants would deliver a encourage people to engage in question is highly dependent on the resolution. dangerous electrical shock because they healthy behaviors? Is there anything number of other people present. We are – The results of these experiments were ordered to do so by an authority that can be done to bring peace to much more likely to help when we are the demonstrate what is known in psychology figure. rival groups? only witness but much less likely to lend a as the false consensus effect. hand when we are part of a crowd. – No matter what our beliefs, options, or What defines a social experiment? Social psychologists have been – This behavior was identified as an behaviors, we tend to believe that the A social experiment is defined by its tackling questions like these for example of the bystander effect, or the majority of other people also agree with us failure of people to take action when there and act the same way we do. purpose and methods. Such decades, and some of the results of are other people present. experiments are designed to study their experiments just might surprise – The Diffusion of Responsibility Concept in human behavior in a social context. A Word From Verywell you. Psychology They often involved placing – The experiment is a great example of how Social psychology is a rich and varied field that offers fascinating participants in a controlled situation 1. Robbers Cave Social Experiment: much people rely on the responses of others to guide their actions. insights into how people behave in in order to observe how they respond Children playing in a forest – Why do conflicts tend to occur between – When something is happening, but no one groups and how behavior is to certain situation or events. different groups? seems to be responding, people tend to influenced by social pressures. – According to psychologist Muzafer Sherif, take their cues from the group and What are some social psychology Exploring some of these classic social intergroup conflicts tend to arise from assume that a response is not required. experiment ideas? competition for resources, stereotypes, and psychology experiments can provide a 6. Carlsberg Social Experiment glimpse at some of the fascinating A few ideas for simple social prejudices. – Have you ever felt like people have judged research that has emerged from this experiments might involve: 2. The 'Violinist in the Metro' Social you unfairly based on your appearance? Stand in a crowd and stare at a Experiment Or have you ever gotten the wrong first field of study. impression of someone based on how random spot on the ground to see if – The experiment raised some interesting What is an example of a social questions about how we not only value they looked? Unfortunately, people are all other people will stop to also look too quick to base their decisions on snap experiment? Copy someone's body language and beauty but whether we truly stop to appreciate the remarkable works of beauty judgments made when they first meet An example of a social experiment might see how they respond that are around us. people. be one that investigates the halo effect, Stand next to someone in an – These impressions based on what's on the a phenomenon in which people make 3. The Piano Stairs Social Experiment outside sometimes cause people to elevator even if there is plenty of global evaluations of other people based – How can you get people to change their overlook the characteristics and qualities on single traits. An experimenter might space to stand elsewhere daily behavior and make healthier choices? that lie on the inside. Smile at people in public and see In one social experiment sponsored by have participants interact with people – The exercise served as a great example of who are either average looking or very how many smile back Volkswagen as part of their Fun Theory why people shouldn't always judge a book initiative, making even the most mundane beautiful, and then ask the respondents Give random strangers a small prize by its cover. to rate the individual on unrelated and see how they respond PSYCH OF COMM THE ACADEMIC STUDY OF or cold); the browning of a leaf communications as, “…in human LESSON 3 COMMUNICATION (communicating that it is dehydrated, life, info does not behave as simply __________________________ thirsty per se, or dying); the cry of an as bits in an electronic stream. In Communication has existed since the animal (communicating that it is human life, information flow is far beginning of human beings, but it was Human communication is injured, hungry, or angry). Everything more like an electric current running not until the 20th century that people understood in various ways by those living communicates in its quest for from one landmine to another” began to study the process. As who identify with the field. survival.” (Lanham, 7). communication technologies This diversity is the result of Systemic: This view considers developed, so did the serious study of communication being a relatively COMMUNICATION THEORY communication to be the new communication. young field of study, composed of a FRAMEWORK messages created via “through-put”, very broad constituency of disciplines. When World War I ended, the interest or what happens as the message is It is helpful to examine communication in studying communication intensified. being interpreted and re-interpreted It includes work taken from scholars of and communication theory through The social-science study was fully as it travels through people. Rhetoric, Journalism, Sociology, one of the following viewpoints: recognized as a legitimate discipline Critical: This view considers Psychology, Anthropology, and Mechanistic: This view considers after World War II. communication as a source of Semiotics, among others. Cognate communication as a perfect power and oppression of individuals areas include biocommunication, transaction of a message from the Before becoming simply and social groups. which investigates communicative sender to the receiver. (as seen in communication, or communication processes within and among the diagram above) Inspection of a particular theory on studies, the discipline was formed non-humans such as bacteria, Psychological: This view considers this level will provide a framework on from three other major studies: animals, fungi and plants, and communication as the act of sending the nature of communication as seen Psychology is the study of human information theory, which provides a a message to a receiver, and the within the confines of that theory. behavior, mathematical model for measuring feelings and thoughts of the receiver Sociology is the study of society Theories can also be studied and communication within and among upon interpreting the message. and social process, and organized according to the systems. Social Constructionist (Symbolic Anthropology is the study of ontological, epistemological, and Interactionist): This view considers communication as a factor which axiological framework imposed by Generally, human communication is communication to be the product of develops, maintains, and changes the theorist. concerned with the making of the interactants sharing and creating culture. Ontology essentially poses the meaning and the exchange of meaning. It can also be defined as, Communication studies focus on question of what, exactly, it is the understanding. how you say something determines communication as central to the theorist is examining. One must what the message is. One model of communication human experience, which involves consider the very nature of reality. The Constructionist View assumes considers it from the perspective of understanding how people behave in The answer usually falls in one of that “truth” and “ideas” are transmitting information from one creating, exchanging, and interpreting three realms depending on whether constructed or invented through the person to another. messages. the theorist sees the phenomena social process of communication. through the lens of a realist, In fact, many scholars of Robert T. Craig saw the Communication Theory has one nominalist, or social constructionist. communication take this as a working Constructionist View or the universal law posited by S. F. o Realist perspective views the definition, and use Lasswell’s Maxim, constitutive view as it’s called in his Scudder (1980). world objectively, believing that “who says what to whom in which article, as “…an ongoing process that symbolically forms and re-forms there is a world outside of our own channel with what effect,” as a means The Universal Communication Law our personal identities.” (Craig, 125). experience and cognitions. of circumscribing the field of states that, “All living entities, The other view of communication, o Nominalists see the world communication theory. beings and creatures communicate.” All life communicates the Transmission Model, sees subjectively, claiming that Among those who subscribe to the communication as robotic and everything outside of one’s through movements, sounds, transmission model are those who computer-like. The Transmission cognitions is simply names and reactions, physical changes, gestures, identify themselves with the Model sees communication as a labels. languages, and breath. communication sciences, and finds its way of sending or receiving o Social constructionists straddle Communication is a means of roots in the studies of propaganda and messages and the perfection of that. the fence between objective and survival. Examples – the cry of a child mass media of the early 20th century. But, the Constructionist View sees subjective reality, claiming that (communicating that it is hungry, hurt, reality is what we create together.  Epistemology is an examination of Craig proposes seven different Unhelpful thinking styles are mental The effectiveness of Cognitive how the theorist studies the chosen traditions which are: blocks that prevent us from achieving Behaviour Therapy remains the phenomena. In studying 1.Rhetorical: views communication our goals. They're often unconscious same across different stages of the epistemology, particularly from a as the practical art of discourse. and hard to recognize because we've lifespan. Young learners, positivist perspective, objective 2.Semiotic: views communication as been conditioned to believe them over adolescents, grown-ups, and older knowledge is said to be the result the mediation by signs. time. adults everyone can benefit from of a systematic look at the causal 3.Phenomenological: communication behavioral techniques of Cognitive Examples of this type of thinking relationships of phenomena. This is the experience of dialogue with Therapy. Also, it is flexible and can include beliefs such as "People who knowledge is usually attained others. be used in self-help, online, and fail at things must be lazy." "I'm not through use of the scientific method. 4.Cybernetic: communication is the face-to-face formats. smart enough to succeed." "I'm too Scholars often think that empirical flow of information. young/old/different/unqualified to evidence collected in an objective 5.Socio-psychological: Cognitive-Behavioral Theory states succeed." "I won't ever find a job." manner is most likely to reflect truth communication is the interaction of that human thinking determines in the findings. Theories of this ilk individuals. These thoughts are called cognitive human behaviour and are usually created to predict a 6.Socio-cultural: communication is distortions because they distort feeling. Behavioural Therapy indicates phenomenon. Subjective theory the production and reproduction of reality. If we can acknowledge and that all these cognitive components holds that understanding is based the social order. begin to transform unhelpful thinking may directly affect how learners study on situated knowledge, typically 7.Critical: communication is the styles, we have a good chance of in a classroom setting. found using interpretative process in which all assumptions changing our behaviour. These types Different levels of the cognitive methodology such as ethnography can be challenged. of metacognitive beliefs provide us model are as follows: and also interviews. Subjective with a more significant Locus of Core beliefs – are at the basic level theories are typically developed to WHAT IS COGNITIVE BEHAVIOUR Control, equipping us with a of the cognitive model. Aaron T. explain or understand phenomena in THEORY? greater capacity for positive change. Beck considers the Core beliefs to the social world. Cognitive Behaviour be overgeneralized, rigid and global. Axiology is concerned with what WHAT IS COGNITIVE BEHAVIOUR Theory indicates that Intermediate beliefs – Rules, values drive a theorist to develop a THERAPY (OR CBT)? people's emotions, thoughts, attitudes, and assumptions are at theory. Theorists must be mindful of Cognitive Behaviour Therapy is behaviour and body sensations, are the intermediate level which potential biases so that they will not an effective approach for treatment linked to each other and that whatever establishes as a person strives to influence or skew their findings that helps people identify negative people do and whatever they think, make sense of his surroundings. (Miller, 21-23). patterns of thinking and behaviors. affects how they feel. Also, changes in Automatic thoughts – are CBT is an effective therapy that one of these will cause changes in the particular to the circumstances in THE CONSTITUTIVE helps people recognize and explore others. When a person feels which they are created. METAMODEL how their thoughts and emotions distressed or worried, they can fall can affect their actions. After Another way of dividing up the into thinking patterns and emotional The cognitive model asserts that the noticing such patterns, people may communication field emphasizes the responses that can exacerbate any particular kinds of automatic thoughts, start learning how to build new assumptions that undergird particular negative feelings. This theory outlines to which humans are prone are an coping strategies, behavioral theories, models, and approaches. how an individual's mental outcome of the intermediate and core techniques and change their Robert T. Craig suggests that the field processes play a critical role in the beliefs held by the people. Therefore, behaviors. of communication as a whole can be development of their emotional state. if someone's automatic thought is CBT is an effective therapy that understood as several different biased, then his biased thinking is due From a therapist's perspective, if we includes a range of strategies that traditions who have a specific view on to his assumptions and beliefs. can change the way a person thinks, help individuals pay attention to and communication. By showing the Behavioural Therapy indicates that then we can change the way they change problematic behaviour similarities and differences between one may perceive automatic thoughts interpret the world around them. This patterns or thinking styles which these traditions, Craig argues that the like the plants that we grow. The type of approach can help address allows them to feel better. different traditions will be able to growth of a plant will become better by unhelpful thinking styles and form an Research suggests that it is a engage each other in dialogue rather providing better soil to the plant. initial approach for the treatment of beneficial treatment for conditions than ignore each other. neurotic symptoms. such as pain, anxiety, insomnia and depression.  where the outcome is opposite to in future to avoid the same of traumatic event that are far from the fact. embarrassment. his control or are not his fault. One Example: A good example of an 4.Magnification and Minimization – more example is when someone Arbitrary interpretation is when Aaron T. Beck mentioned that these incorrectly speculates that he has someone faces psychological are inaccurate interpretations of been deliberately targeted or distress and thinks in their mind erroneous evaluations which are so excluded. 'Everyone knows I am a loser.' disturbing that they end up in 7.Dichotomous Thinking – is the However, in reality, no one can find distortions. inclination to perceive things in out what others are thinking. Also, Example of Magnification: It is binary opposition, like “all or not everyone has the time to think when someone considers a small nothing,” “good or bad,” or “black or about others' failures problem as a major problem. For white.” Dichotomous patterns or achievements as all are busy in instance, a broken plate is a small of thinking can be seen as the their life. problem but someone faces propensity to get stuck at points, 2.Selective Abstraction – Aaron T. emotional distress and gets too unable to shift toward synthesis Beck states that it is the process of much angry. 8.Example: An example of What are Cognitive Distortions? demonsrating irrational beliefs and Example of Minimization: Dichotomous Thinking is to consider Aaron Beck was the first to note the inaccurate interpretations while Minimization occurs when people all the children of a class as "good" Cognitive distortions in depressed paying more attention to any specific demonstrate inaccurate or "bad" in studies. Everyone knows patients in the 1960s. Cognitive element out of context. The person interpretations and downplay that every class has a wide variety distortions hold a fundamental will ignore other more important something to be lesser than it is by of students and many of them are position in Aaron Beck's cognitive aspects of a situation, dismissing or denying its average in learning. theory of depression and then and conceptualize the entire importance. For example, a bully Cognitive Therapy or Cognitive experience based on a specific might purposefully downplay his What is included in a Typical Behavioral Therapy. detail. inappropriate actions to prevent any Treatment plan for Cognitive Example: A student has performed outcomes for his conduct and claim Behaviour Therapy? According to very well in the class and everyone that it was just a joke. Following are some of the different the Cognitive-Behavioral praises the student. However, one 5.Inexact labelling – is a kind types of therapy or the most popular Therapy model huge variety of class fellow says that 'you didn't of cognitive distortion in which labels Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy problems occur due to the inaccurate perform very well and you did much and judgments are incorrectly behavioral techniques used to interpretations of the irrational beliefs better last year.' In Selective applied around others or oneself, identify how inaccurate thinking may or meaning of a trigger, traumatic Abstraction, the student will undergo mostly based on how such things make the problems even worse. event or situation. In 1963, emotional distress and pay more are perceived by a person. According to Typical Beck published his original list of focus on negative events or Example: A student bumps into Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy 5 cognitive distortions. Later on, in comments and not to what is said by another student after getting off psychological interventions mostly 1979 he added two more distortions in the entire class. the school bus. One student calls involves: his Cognitive Therapy of Depression. 3.Overgeneralization – It indicates the other student a 'complete idiot.' Learning to face challenges and the process of coming to a general In reality, it is just a mistake that fears; Aaron Beck’s list of cognitive conclusion about one's anyone can make. Developing new problem-solving distortions included: performance, or ability, based 6.Personalization – This is one of the skills; 1.Arbitrary Inference / Arbitrary on inaccurate interpretations of just most common inaccurate Using calming techniques and role Interpretation – Behavioural a single incident. interpretations and distortions of playing in case of Therapy by Aaron T. Beck indicates Example: A student could not thinking in which a person takes potentially challenging problems; that Arbitrary interpretation is a perform very well in one of the something personally when he is not Gaining confidence and a better process of constructing inaccurate assignments. Due to this, he related to it or something is not appreciation and understanding of interpretations of experiences, faces psychological distress and caused by him at all. self-worth. events, or situations. Arbitrary thinks that he would fail every Example: Personalization occurs interpretation occurs in absence assignment. This is distorted when a person undergoes of factual evidence to support the thinking because there is also a psychological distress and blames outcome of a traumatic event or chance that he would perform better himself for a single or a wide variety The main objective of the above Cognitive theory techniques is to replace self-defeating and unhelpful thinking styles with positive effects of more realistic and encouraging events. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy has Positive Effects as it offers effective treatment and behavioral interventions for depressed people as well as those suffering from a wide variety of emotional disorders including treatment of Anxiety, Disorders, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Bipolar Disorder, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Borderline Personality Disorder and many more. Emotional Influences on Attachment theory proposes that throughout our lives, which inevitably Communication people develop one of the following affects our relationships. Of course, three attachment styles as a result of later in life, we have more control over Emotions are physiological, interactions with early caretakers: and conscious thoughts about this behavioral, and/or communicative secure, avoidant, or anxious process. reactions to stimuli that are cognitively attachment (Feeney, Noller, & processed and experienced as Roverts, 2000). Although it seems obvious that emotional (Planlap, Fitness, & Fehr, developing a secure attachment style 2006). secure attachment is the ideal scenario, it is also avoidant attachment inevitable that not every child will have Two Basic Emotions (Evans 2011) anxious attachment the same opportunity to do so. But Disorganized attachment while we do not have control over the Primary emotions are innate emotions style we develop as babies, we can that are experienced for short periods exercise more control over our of time and appear rapidly, usually as emotions and relationships as adults if a reaction to an outside stimulus, and we take the time to develop are experienced similarly across self-awareness and communication cultures. The primary emotions are competence—both things this lesson joy, distress, anger, fear, surprise, and will help you do if you put what you disgust. learn into practice. Secondary emotions are not as innate Emotions VS Feelings as primary emotions, and they do not have a corresponding facial This process of attachment leads us to Emotions are our physical reactions expression that makes them experience some of our first intense to stimuli in the outside environment. universally recognizable. Secondary emotions, such as love, trust, joy, They can be objectively measured by emotions are processed by a different anxiety, or anger, and we learn to blood flow, brain activity, and part of the brain that requires higher associate those emotions with closely nonverbal reactions to things because order thinking; therefore, they are not bonded relationships (Planlap, they are activated through reflexive. Secondary emotions are Fitness, & Fehr, 2006). For example, neurotransmitters and hormones love, guilt, shame, embarrassment, the child who develops a secure released by the brain. pride, envy, and jealousy. attachment style and associates feelings of love and trust with forming Feelings are the conscious Evolution and Emotions interpersonal bonds will likely experience of emotional reactions. experience similar emotions as an They are our responses to thoughts Attachment theory ties into the adult entering into a romantic and interpretations given to emotions evolutionary perspective, because partnership. based on experiences, memory, researchers claim that it is in our expectations, and personality. nature, as newborns, to create social Conversely, a child who develops an bonds with our primary caretaker anxious attachment style and (Planlap, Fitness, & Fehr, 2006). This associates feelings of anxiety and drive for attachment became innate mistrust with forming interpersonal through the process of evolution as bonds will likely experience similar early humans who were more emotions in romantic relationships successful at attachment were more later in life. In short, whether we form likely to survive and loving and secure bonds or reproduce—repeating the cycle. unpredictable and insecure bonds influences our emotional tendencies Researchers have defined emotion as The hostile emotions are anger, someone who is very happy joins you. "the body's multidimensional response contempt, disgust, jealousy, and It isn't long until your spirits are lifted. to any event that enhances or inhibits envy. one's goals." The idea of emotional intelligence Anger is the emotion we feel when we came to popular awareness in the For example, your nervousness before perceive we have been wronged. 1990s. Emotional intelligence (EI) has the first date has to do with possible Contempt leads someone to feel they been defined as "the capacity for goal interference. The possibility of the are better than someone else. The recognizing our own feelings and date going poorly interferes with your emotion of disgust occurs when you those of others, for motivating desire to have a good time and make have a feeling of revulsion in reaction ourselves, and for managing emotions a new connection, possibly for a to something offensive. Jealousy and well in ourselves in our relationships." lifetime partnership. If the date goes envy are often used interchangeably, poorly, your goal of making a new but this is an error. In fact, we feel 2 domains of EI connection and finding a life partner is jealousy when we perceive that the inhibited. If your partner is showing existence or quality of an important Personal competence includes three interest in a third-party, you feel relationship is being threatened by a characteristics: self-awareness, which jealous, because your exclusive third party. is emotional self-awareness, accurate relationship with your partner is being self-assessment, and self-confidence; threatened. Sad/anxious emotions can be just self regulation, or self-control, as unpleasant as hostile emotions, trustworthiness, conscientiousness, Three Categories but they prompt us to withdraw, adaptability, and innovation; and instead of attack. motivation, which is achievement 1. joyful/affectionate orientation, commitment, initiative, and 2. hostile, and Sadness involves feeling unhappy, optimism. 3. 3. sad sorrowful, and discouraged, usually resulting from some form of loss. Social competence includes two Joyful/affectionate emotions While sadness is a normal emotional characteristics: empathy, or include happiness, love, passion, response to loss, depression is a understanding others, developing and liking. physical illness. It involves excessive others, service orientation, leveraging fatigue, insomnia, weight changes, diversity, and political awareness; and Happiness is the most universally feelings of worthlessness, and suicidal social skills, or leadership, recognized of all human emotions. thoughts. The experience of profound communication, influence, change There are many kinds of love. sadness in response to a loss is catalyst, conflict management, Essentially, it is caring for, feeling known as grief. When we perceive building bonds, collaboration and attached to, and feeling committed to danger, our minds and bodies react cooperation, and team capabilities. someone. We experience romantic with fear. When we fear not making a love, love for friends, love for family good impression on others, we members, love for God, and love for experience social anxiety. self. Love is sometimes accompanied by passion, which consists of joy and Emotional contagion is the tendency surprise, coupled with experiences of to mimic others' experiences and excitement and attraction. Liking is the expressions. If you have ever been in positive evaluation of another person. a group of people that's generally You probably like someone if you content, then someone joins who is enjoy spending time around him or her very sad, you know that it isn't long and view that person's behavior until everyone is a bit sad, as well. positively. The same is true of a so-so mood of a group, or perhaps of yourself, and Understanding Communication Central auditory processing 1. Form of Language A Hearing Disorder is the result of Disorders disorder (CAPD) impaired auditory sensitivity of the Phonology is the sound system of a physiological auditory system. A Self-Assessment A Speech Disorder is an impairment of language and the rules that govern the hearing disorder may limit the the articulation of speech sounds, sound combinations. development, comprehension, Among the Four Macro Skills fluency and/or voice. production, and/or maintenance of in Communication, what did Morphology is the system that governs speech and/or language. Hearing you learn first? An articulation disorder is the atypical the structure of words and the disorders are classified according to According to your guardian, production of speech sounds construction of word forms. difficulties in detection, recognition, what was the first word you characterized by substitutions, discrimination, comprehension, and uttered? omissions, additions or distortions that Syntax is the system governing the perception of auditory information. Did you experience speech may interfere with intelligibility. A order and combination of words to Individuals with hearing impairment delay? fluency disorder is an interruption in form sentences, and the relationships may be described as deaf or hard of Now that you’ve grown up, do the flow of speaking characterized by among the elements within a hearing. you still stutter? atypical rate, rhythm, and repetitions sentence. Do you have difficulty making in sounds, syllables, words, and Deaf is defined as a hearing disorder sounds even when you know phrases. This may be accompanied by 2. Content of Language that limits an individual's aural/oral what to say? excessive tension, struggle behavior, communication performance to the Do you overuse fillers such as and secondary mannerisms. A voice Semantics is the system that governs extent that the primary sensory input “um” and “uh” when disorder is characterized by the the meanings of words and sentences. for communication may be other than speaking? abnormal production and/or absences the auditory channel. Hard of hearing Do you have problems of vocal quality, pitch, loudness, is defined as a hearing disorder, 3. Function of Language understanding and following resonance, and/or duration, which is whether fluctuating or permanent, rapid speech? inappropriate for an individual's age which adversely affects an individual's Pragmatics is the system that ability to communicate. The and/or sex. combines the above language hard-of-hearing individual relies on the Communication Disorder components in functional and socially Speech Disorder Symptoms auditory channel as the primary appropriate communication. sensory input for communication. is an impairment in the ability to receive, send, process, and repeating words, vowels, or sounds Language Disorder Symptoms comprehend concepts or verbal, difficulty making sounds, even when Hearing Disorder Symptoms nonverbal and graphic symbol the person knows what they want to overusing fillers such as “um” being behind their peers in systems. A communication disorder say elongating or stretching words and “uh” because of the terms of oral communication may be evident in the processes of adding, omitting, or substituting words inability to recall words asking others to repeat what hearing, language, and/or speech. A or sounds jerky head movements or knowing and using fewer they said in a slower, clearer communication disorder may range in excessive blinking while talking words than their peers manner severity from mild to profound. It may frequently pausing while talking trouble understanding talking louder than is typical be developmental or acquired. concepts and ideas muffled speech and other Individuals may demonstrate one or A Language Disorder is impaired difficulty learning new words sounds any combination of communication comprehension and/or use of spoken, problems using words and withdrawal from social disorders. A communication disorder written and/or other symbol systems. forming sentences to explain settings and conversations may result in a primary disability or it The disorder may involve (1) the form or describe something difficulty understanding may be secondary to other disabilities. of language (phonology, morphology, saying words in the wrong words, especially in noisy syntax), (2) the content of language order Types of Communication Disorders (semantics), and/or (3) the function of environments difficulty understanding language in communication instructions and answering Speech disorder (pragmatics) in any combination. Central Auditory Processing questions Language disorder Disorders are deficits in the Hearing disorder information processing of audible signals not attributed to impaired peripheral hearing sensitivity or problems understanding and Diagnosis communication disorder. Therapy intellectual impairment. This following rapid speech might take place in a one-on-one or information processing involves difficulty learning songs A doctor will need to perform group setting. perceptual, cognitive, and linguistic lack of musical and singing a physical exam to diagnose functions that, with appropriate skills communication disorders. A speech-language pathologist will interaction, result in effective receptive difficulty learning a new This exam will involve work with the rehabilitation team, communication of auditorily presented language examining a person’s mouth, including a physical and occupational stimuli. Specifically, CAPD refers to problems paying attention ears, and nose. If the doctor therapist, to address other relevant limitations in the ongoing getting easily distracted suspects a communication skills before or in parallel with speech transmission, analysis, organization, disorder, they will work with therapy sessions. Underlying causes, transformation, elaboration, storage, Who is at risk of communication other specialists, such as such as infections, will also require retrieval, and use of information disorders? neurologists and treatment. contained in audible signals. speech-language Communication disorders are pathologists, to make an Treatment often involves the entire CAPD may involve the listener's active common in children. Nearly 1 accurate diagnosis. family, other healthcare professionals, and passive (e.g., conscious and in 12 childrenTrusted Source and teachers for a highly unconscious, mediated and in the U.S. have some form of Common tests include: individualized approach. unmediated, controlled and automatic) communication disorder. The ability to do the following: rates are highest among hearing tests Depending on the goal, a children aged 3–6 years and neurological exam speech-language pathologist may attend, discriminate, and drop at an older age. nasopharyngolaryngoscopy, remediate and promote skills or teach identify acoustic signals; According to a 2016 which uses a flexible alternative forms of communication, transform and continuously studyTrusted Source, there is fiber-optic tube with a camera such as augmentative and alternative transmit information through strong evidence that to view the voice box communication (AAC) or sign both the peripheral and language disorders run in psychometric testing to language. central nervous systems; families. Family history is, assess thinking performance filter, sort, and combine therefore, a significant risk and logical reasoning abilities Summary information at appropriate factor for developing psychological testing to perceptual and conceptual communication disorders. assess cognitive abilities Communication disorders are a variety levels; The same study suggests that psychiatric evaluation, if of disorders that affect any aspect of store and retrieve information males are more likely to emotional and behavioral communication. They can occur at any efficiently; develop language disorders problems are also present age, and there are various possible restore, organize, and use than females. speech and language causes, although the cause is often retrieved information; Certain conditions put a assessments unknown. segment and decode acoustic person at risk of imaging tests, such as an stimuli using phonological, communication disorders MRI or CT scan Communication disorders commonly semantic, syntactic, and such as aphasia, apraxia, and appear in children in the early phase pragmatic knowledge; and dysarthria. The National Doctors may also compare a child’s of their development, whereas adults attach meaning to a stream of Aphasia Association notes language with age and communication often acquire communication acoustic signals through use that 25–40% of people who milestones and checklists disorders from other conditions, such of linguistic and nonlinguistic have experienced a stroke as stroke or brain injury. contexts. will have aphasia. Treatment A 2021 study also found that The best way to treat communication CAPD Disorder Symptoms a more severe traumatic brain The treatment for communication disorders in children is through early injury puts a person at a disorders involves working with a intervention. Early detection and difficulty localizing sounds higher risk of receiving a speech-language pathologist. The treatment can help address the child’s difficulty understanding words communication disorder specific approach will depend on the developmental needs and prevent that people say too fast or diagnosis. type and severity of the further delays. against a noisy background