Psychology - 13th Edition by Myers & DeWall PDF

******ebook converter DEMO Watermarks******* Download more at Learnclax.com ******ebook converter DEMO Watermarks******* Download more at Learnclax.com  Psychology THIRTEENTH EDITION...

******ebook converter DEMO Watermarks******* Download more at Learnclax.com ******ebook converter DEMO Watermarks******* Download more at Learnclax.com  Psychology THIRTEENTH EDITION David G. Myers Hope College Holland, Michigan C. Nathan DeWall University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky ******ebook converter DEMO Watermarks******* Download more at Learnclax.com S ENIOR VICE P RESIDENT, C ONTENT S TRATEGY : Charles Linsmeier P ROGRAM D IRECTOR , S OCIAL S CIENCES : Shani Fisher S ENIOR E XECUTIVE P ROGRAM M ANAGER : Carlise Stembridge D EVELOPMENT M ANAGER , S OCIAL S CIENCES : Christine Brune D EVELOPMENT E DITORS : Nancy Fleming, Trish Morgan, Danielle Slevens A SSISTANT E DITOR : Anna Munroe E XECUTIVE M ARKETING M ANAGER : Katherine Nurre M ARKETING A SSISTANT: Steven Huang D IRECTOR OF M EDIA E DITORIAL & A SSESSMENT, S OCIAL S CIENCES : Noel Hohnstine E XECUTIVE M EDIA E DITOR , P SYCHOLOGY : Laura Burden A SSISTANT M EDIA E DITOR : Conner White S UPPLEMENTS E DITOR : Betty Probert D IRECTOR , C ONTENT M ANAGEMENT E NHANCEMENT: Tracey Kuehn S ENIOR M ANAGING E DITOR : Lisa Kinne S ENIOR C ONTENT P ROJECT M ANAGER : Won McIntosh D IRECTOR OF D IGITAL P RODUCTION : Keri deManigold E XECUTIVE M EDIA P ROJECT M ANAGER : Chris Efstratiou S ENIOR M EDIA P ROJECT M ANAGER : Eve Conte S ENIOR W ORKFLOW S UPERVISORS : Susan Wein, Paul W. Rohloff P RODUCTION S UPERVISOR : Lawrence Guerra E XECUTIVE P ERMISSIONS E DITOR : Robin Fadool P HOTO R ESEARCHER AND L UMINA P ROJECT M ANAGER : Donna Ranieri D IRECTOR OF D ESIG N , C ONTENT M ANAGEMENT: Diana Blume D ESIG N S ERVICES M ANAGER : Natasha Wolfe ******ebook converter DEMO Watermarks******* Download more at Learnclax.com D ESIG N M ANAGER , C OVER : John Callahan I NTERIOR D ESIG N : Maureen McCutcheon L AYOUT D ESIG N : Lee Ann McKevitt C OVER D ESIG N : John Callahan A RT M ANAGER : Matthew McAdams I NTERIOR I LLUSTRATIONS : Shawn Barber, Keith Kasnot, Matthew McAdams, Evelyn Pence, and Don Stewart C OMPOSITION : Lumina Datamatics, Inc. C OVER P HOTO : Eva-Katalin/Getty Images Library of Congress Control Number: 2020939978 ISBN-13: 978-1-319-34797-0 (e-Pub) © 2021, 2018, 2015, 2013 by Worth Publishers All rights reserved. 1 2 3 4 5 6 25 24 23 22 21 20 David Myers’ royalties from the sale of this book are assigned to the David and Carol Myers Foundation, which exists to receive and distribute funds to other charitable organizations. Worth Publishers ******ebook converter DEMO Watermarks******* Download more at Learnclax.com One New York Plaza Suite 4600 New York, NY 10004-1562 www.macmillanlearning.com To John Sargent, with gratitude for his enduring friendship and support, and his example of progressive corporate leadership. DM To Barb Gillilan: A loving aunt, skilled nurse, and inspiration to many. ND ******ebook converter DEMO Watermarks******* Download more at Learnclax.com  About the Authors David Myers received his B.A. in chemistry from Whitworth University, and his psychology Ph.D. from the University of Iowa. He has spent his career at Michigan’s Hope College, where he has taught dozens of introductory psychology sections. Hope College students have invited him to be their commencement speaker and voted him “outstanding professor.” His research and writings have been recognized by the Gordon Allport Intergroup Relations Prize, an Honored Scientist award from the Federation of ******ebook converter DEMO Watermarks******* Download more at Learnclax.com Associations in Behavioral & Brain Sciences, an Award for Distinguished Service on Behalf of Social-Personality Psychology, a Presidential Citation from APA Division 2, election as an American Association for the Advancement of Science Fellow, and three honorary doctorates. With support from National Science Foundation grants, Myers’ scientific articles have appeared in three dozen scientific periodicals, including Science, American Scientist, Psychological Science, and American Psychologist. In addition to his scholarly and textbook writing, he digests psychological science for the general public. His writings have appeared in four dozen magazines, from Today’s Education to Scientific American. He has authored five general audience books, including The Pursuit of Happiness and Intuition: Its Powers and Perils. And he blogs about psychology and life at TalkPsych.com. David Myers has chaired his city’s Human Relations Commission, helped found a thriving assistance center for families in poverty, and spoken to hundreds of college, community, and professional groups worldwide. Drawing on his experience, he also has written articles and a book (A Quiet World) about hearing loss, and he is advocating a transformation in American assistive listening technology (see HearingLoop.org). For his leadership, he has received awards from the American Academy of Audiology, the hearing industry, and the Hearing Loss Association of America. ******ebook converter DEMO Watermarks******* Download more at Learnclax.com David and Carol Myers met and married while undergraduates, and have raised sons Peter and Andrew, and a daughter, Laura. They have one grandchild, Allie (see p. 177). Nathan DeWall is professor of psychology at the University of Kentucky. He received his bachelor’s degree from St. Olaf College, a master’s degree in social science from the University of Chicago, and a master’s degree and Ph.D. in social psychology from Florida State University. DeWall received the College of Arts and Sciences Outstanding Teaching Award, which recognizes excellence in undergraduate and graduate teaching. The Association for Psychological Science identified DeWall as a “Rising Star” early in his career for “making significant contributions to the field of psychological science.” ******ebook converter DEMO Watermarks******* Download more at Learnclax.com He is in the top 1 percent of all cited scientists in psychology and psychiatry on the Institute for Scientific Information list, according to the Web of Science. DeWall conducts research on close relationships, self-control, and aggression. With funding from the National Institutes of Health, the National Science Foundation, and the John Templeton Foundation, he has published over 200 scientific articles and chapters. DeWall’s research awards include the SAGE Young Scholars Award from the Foundation for Personality and Social Psychology, the Young Investigator Award from the International Society for Research on Aggression, and the Early Career Award from the International Society for Self and Identity. His research has been covered by numerous media outlets, including Good Morning America, The Wall Street Journal, Newsweek, The Atlantic Monthly, The New York Times, The Los Angeles Times, Harvard Business Review, USA Today, National Public Radio, the BBC, and The Guardian. He has lectured nationally and internationally, including in Hong Kong, China, the Netherlands, England, Greece, Hungary, Sweden, Australia, and France. Nathan is happily married to Alice DeWall and is the proud father of Beverly “Bevy” and Ellis. He enjoys playing with his two golden retrievers, Finnegan and Atticus. As an ultramarathon runner, he completed numerous races, including the Badwater 135 in 2017 (dubbed “the World’s toughest foot race”). In his spare time now, he writes novels, watches sports, and plays guitar and ******ebook converter DEMO Watermarks******* Download more at Learnclax.com sings in a rock band called Roar Shock. ******ebook converter DEMO Watermarks******* Download more at Learnclax.com  Brief Contents Instructor Preface Student Preface: Student Success—How to Apply Psychology to Live Your Best Life PROLOGUE The Story of Psychology 1. Thinking Critically With Psychological Science 2. The Biology of Mind 3. Consciousness and the Two-Track Mind 4. Nature, Nurture, and Human Diversity 5. Developing Through the Life Span 6. Sensation and Perception 7. Learning 8. Memory 9. Thinking and Language 10. Intelligence 11. What Drives Us: Hunger, Sex, Belonging, and Achievement 12. Emotions, Stress, and Health 13. Social Psychology 14. Personality 15. Psychological Disorders ******ebook converter DEMO Watermarks******* Download more at Learnclax.com  16. Therapy Appendix A: The Story of Psychology: A Timeline Appendix B: Career Fields in Psychology Appendix C: Psychology at Work Appendix D: Complete Chapter Reviews Appendix E: Answers to the Retrieval Practice and Master the Material Questions Glossary References Name Index Subject Index ******ebook converter DEMO Watermarks******* Download more at Learnclax.com  Contents Instructor Preface Student Preface: Student Success—How to Apply Psychology to Live Your Best Life PROLOGUE The Story of Psychology What Is Psychology? Psychology Is a Science Critical Thinking THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: The Scientific Attitude Psychological Science Is Born Psychological Science Matures Contemporary Psychology Use Psychology to Become a Stronger Person—and a Better Student CHAPTER 1 Thinking Critically With Psychological Science Research Strategies: How Psychologists Ask and Answer Questions The Need for Psychological Science Psychological Science in a Post-Truth World ******ebook converter DEMO Watermarks******* Download more at Learnclax.com  The Scientific Method THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: Correlation and Causation Psychology’s Research Ethics Statistical Reasoning in Everyday Life Describing Data Significant Differences CHAPTER 2 The Biology of Mind Neural and Hormonal Systems Biology, Behavior, and Mind The Power of Plasticity Neural Communication The Nervous System The Endocrine System Tools of Discovery, Older Brain Structures, and the Limbic System The Tools of Discovery: Having Our Head Examined Older Brain Structures The Limbic System The Cerebral Cortex Structure of the Cortex Functions of the Cortex THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: Do We Use Only 10 Percent of Our ******ebook converter DEMO Watermarks******* Download more at Learnclax.com  Brain? Responses to Damage The Divided Brain CHAPTER 3 Consciousness and the Two-Track Mind Basic Consciousness Concepts Defining Consciousness Cognitive Neuroscience Selective Attention Dual Processing: The Two-Track Mind Sleep and Dreams Biological Rhythms and Sleep Why Do We Sleep? Sleep Deprivation and Sleep Disorders Dreams Drugs and Consciousness Tolerance and Addiction in Substance Use Disorders THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: Tolerance and Addiction Types of Psychoactive Drugs Influences on Drug Use CHAPTER 4 Nature, Nurture, and Human Diversity ******ebook converter DEMO Watermarks******* Download more at Learnclax.com  Behavior Genetics: Predicting Individual Differences Genes: Our Codes for Life Twin and Adoption Studies Temperament and Heredity Heritability Gene–Environment Interaction Evolutionary Psychology: Explaining Human Nature and Nurture Natural Selection and Adaptation Evolutionary Success Helps Explain Similarities An Evolutionary Explanation of Human Sexuality Cultural and Gender Diversity: Understanding Nature and Nurture How Does Experience Influence Development? Cultural Influences Gender Development THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: Gender Bias in the Workplace THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: Sexual Aggression Reflections on Nature, Nurture, and Their Interaction CHAPTER 5 Developing Through the Life Span Developmental Issues, Prenatal Development, and the Newborn Developmental Psychology’s Major Issues Prenatal Development and the Newborn ******ebook converter DEMO Watermarks******* Download more at Learnclax.com  Infancy and Childhood Physical Development Cognitive Development Social Development THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: Parenting Styles—Too Hard, Too Soft, Too Uncaring, and Just Right? Adolescence Physical Development Cognitive Development Social Development Emerging Adulthood Adulthood Physical Development Cognitive Development Social Development CHAPTER 6 Sensation and Perception Basic Concepts of Sensation and Perception Processing Sensations and Perceptions Transduction Thresholds THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: Subliminal Sensation and ******ebook converter DEMO Watermarks******* Download more at Learnclax.com  Subliminal Persuasion Sensory Adaptation Perceptual Set Context, Motivation, and Emotion Vision: Sensory and Perceptual Processing Light Energy and Eye Structures Information Processing in the Eye and Brain Perceptual Organization Perceptual Interpretation The Nonvisual Senses Hearing The Other Senses Sensory Interaction ESP—Perception Without Sensation? CHAPTER 7 Learning Basic Learning Concepts and Classical Conditioning How Do We Learn? Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Skinner’s Experiments Skinner’s Legacy ******ebook converter DEMO Watermarks******* Download more at Learnclax.com  Contrasting Classical and Operant Conditioning Biology, Cognition, and Learning Biological Constraints on Conditioning Cognition’s Influence on Conditioning Learning by Observation THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: The Effects of Viewing Media Violence CHAPTER 8 Memory Studying and Encoding Memories Studying Memory Encoding Memories Storing and Retrieving Memories Memory Storage Memory Retrieval Forgetting, Memory Construction, and Improving Memory Forgetting Memory Construction Errors THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: Can Memories of Childhood Sexual Abuse Be Repressed and Then Recovered? Improving Memory CHAPTER 9 ******ebook converter DEMO Watermarks******* Download more at Learnclax.com  Thinking and Language Thinking Concepts Problem Solving: Strategies and Obstacles Forming Good (and Bad) Decisions and Judgments THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: The Fear Factor Thinking Creatively Do Other Species Share Our Cognitive Skills? Language and Thought Language Structure Language Acquisition and Development The Brain and Language Do Other Species Have Language? Thinking and Language CHAPTER 10 Intelligence What Is Intelligence? Spearman and Thurstone’s Intelligence Theories The Cattell-Horn-Carroll Intelligence Theory Theories of Multiple Intelligences Emotional Intelligence Intelligence Assessment and Dynamics ******ebook converter DEMO Watermarks******* Download more at Learnclax.com  Early and Modern Tests of Mental Abilities Principles of Test Construction Extremes of Intelligence Intelligence Across the Life Span THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Studies Genetic and Environmental Influences on Intelligence Heredity and Intelligence Environment and Intelligence Gene–Environment Interactions Group Differences in Intelligence Test Scores CHAPTER 11 What Drives Us: Hunger, Sex, Belonging, and Achievement Basic Motivational Concepts Instincts and Evolutionary Theory Drives and Incentives Arousal Theory A Hierarchy of Needs Hunger The Physiology of Hunger The Psychology of Hunger THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: The Challenges of Obesity and ******ebook converter DEMO Watermarks******* Download more at Learnclax.com  Weight Control Sexual Motivation The Physiology of Sex The Psychology of Sex Sexual Orientation Sex and Human Relationships Affiliation and Achievement The Need to Belong Achievement Motivation CHAPTER 12 Emotions, Stress, and Health Introduction to Emotion Emotion: Arousal, Behavior, and Cognition Embodied Emotion THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: Lie Detection Expressing Emotion Detecting Emotion in Others Gender, Emotion, and Nonverbal Behavior Culture and Emotional Expression The Effects of Facial Expressions Experiencing Emotion Anger ******ebook converter DEMO Watermarks******* Download more at Learnclax.com  Happiness Stress and Illness Stress: Some Basic Concepts Stress and Vulnerability to Disease THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: Stress and Health Health and Coping Coping With Stress Reducing Stress CHAPTER 13 Social Psychology Social Thinking The Fundamental Attribution Error Attitudes and Actions Persuasion THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: How to Be Persuasive Social Influence Conformity: Complying With Social Pressures Obedience: Following Orders Lessons From the Conformity and Obedience Studies Group Behavior THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: The Internet as Social Amplifier Antisocial Relations ******ebook converter DEMO Watermarks******* Download more at Learnclax.com  Prejudice Aggression Prosocial Relations Attraction Altruism From Conflict to Peace CHAPTER 14 Personality Introduction to Personality and Psychodynamic Theories What Is Personality? Psychodynamic Theories Humanistic Theories and Trait Theories Humanistic Theories Trait Theories THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: The Stigma of Introversion Social-Cognitive Theories and the Self Social-Cognitive Theories Exploring the Self CHAPTER 15 Psychological Disorders Introduction to Psychological Disorders Defining Psychological Disorders ******ebook converter DEMO Watermarks******* Download more at Learnclax.com  Understanding Psychological Disorders Classifying Disorders—and Labeling People Risk of Harm to Self and Others Rates of Psychological Disorders Anxiety-Related Disorders Anxiety Disorders Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders Understanding Anxiety-Related Disorders Depressive Disorders and Bipolar Disorders Major Depressive Disorder Bipolar Disorders Understanding Depressive Disorders and Bipolar Disorders Schizophrenia Symptoms of Schizophrenia Onset and Development of Schizophrenia Understanding Schizophrenia Dissociative, Personality, and Eating Disorders Dissociative Disorders Personality Disorders Eating Disorders ******ebook converter DEMO Watermarks******* Download more at Learnclax.com  Neurodevelopmental Disorders Intellectual Disability Autism Spectrum Disorder Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: ADHD—Normal High Energy or Disordered Behavior? CHAPTER 16 Therapy Introduction to Therapy and the Psychological Therapies Treating Psychological Disorders Psychoanalysis and Psychodynamic Therapies Humanistic Therapies Behavior Therapies Cognitive Therapies Group and Family Therapies Evaluating Psychotherapies Is Psychotherapy Effective? Which Psychotherapies Work Best? How Do Psychotherapies Help People? How Does Human Diversity Influence Psychotherapy? Who Seeks Psychotherapy and Who Provides It? What Are Some Important Ethical Principles in Psychotherapy? ******ebook converter DEMO Watermarks******* Download more at Learnclax.com  The Biomedical Therapies and Preventing Psychological Disorders THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: Therapeutic Lifestyle Change Drug Therapies Brain Stimulation Psychosurgery Preventing Psychological Disorders and Building Resilience Appendix A: The Story of Psychology: A Timeline Appendix B: Career Fields in Psychology Appendix C: Psychology at Work Appendix D: Complete Chapter Reviews Appendix E: Answers to the Retrieval Practice and Master the Material Questions Glossary References Name Index Subject Index ******ebook converter DEMO Watermarks******* Download more at Learnclax.com  Instructor Preface APA Introductory Psychology Initiative, and Learning Goals and Outcomes for the Psychology Major Myers/DeWall Research and Critical Thinking Story What’s New in the Thirteenth Edition? LaunchPad and Achieve Read & Practice Resources Myers and DeWall’s Eight Guiding Principles In Appreciation From its first edition, this text has focused on teaching critical thinking, and helping students understand the research underlying psychological discoveries. We’ve expanded that focus in this new edition. (See p. xii to learn more about the Myers/DeWall research and critical thinking story.) This new edition offers 2100 research citations dated 2015–2020, making these the most up-to-date introductory psychology course resources available. With so many exciting new findings, and every chapter updated with current new examples and ideas, students will see the importance and value of psychological research, and how psychology can help them make sense of the world around them. For example, we discuss new research on how the COVID-19 pandemic may affect: our need to belong (Chapter 11), the social responsibility norm and prejudice (Chapter 13), and suicidal behavior (Chapter 15). The abundant, high quality teaching and learning resources in LaunchPad and in ******ebook converter DEMO Watermarks******* Download more at Learnclax.com Achieve Read & Practice, carefully matched to the text content, help students succeed, and help make life easier and more enjoyable for instructors. Our integrated resources help bring students to class better prepared, and offer instructors more ways to engage them. APA Introductory Psychology Initiative, and Learning Goals and Outcomes for the Psychology Major As of our press date, the American Psychological Association (APA) was scheduled to release the results of its Introductory Psychology Initiative (IPI) in August, 2020 in hopes of improving “the quality of the introductory psychology experience” (APA.org/Ed/Precollege/Undergrad/Introductory- Psychology-Initiative). The APA IPI, with its five “Integrative Themes” and six “Student Learning Outcomes,” encourages instructors to integrate these themes throughout the course, with regular opportunities for practicing, thinking, and communicating about them, and regular assessment of student understanding. In summary, the APA IPI encourages instructors to use the five Integrative Themes to help students (1) adapt their thinking in response to empirical evidence; (2) recognize general principles but individual differences; (3) acknowledge biological, psychological, and social-cultural influences; (4) be aware of perceptual and thinking errors; and (5) apply psychology’s ******ebook converter DEMO Watermarks******* Download more at Learnclax.com principles to improve their own lives. The six Learning Outcomes charge students to (1) fully understand the five themes; (2) apply psychology in their daily lives; (3) use empirical evidence in judgments and decision making; (4) evaluate claims using psychological science; (5) design, carry out, and evaluate research studies; and (6) know ethical principles for research and therapy. Psychology, Thirteenth Edition, and its resources offer a perfect match for those interested in following these new guidelines, with full text coverage of relevant content, and abundant student and classroom activities and assessment opportunities (see TABLE 1 and TABLE 2). TABLE 1 APA 2020 Introductory Psychology Initiative’s *Expected Integrative Themes APA’s Five “Integrative Themes” APA’s “Sample Concepts or Ideas” a. Psychological science relies on empirical Experimental methods evidence, adapts as new data develop. Statistics Memory models Subliminal perception Therapy interventions b. Psychology explains general principles that Intelligence govern behavior, while recognizing individual Resilience differences. Personality testing Supertasters Synesthesia c. Psychological, biological, social, and cultural Psychological disorders factors influence mental processes and behavior. Aging Health and wellness Attachment ******ebook converter DEMO Watermarks******* Download more at Learnclax.com  Personality theories d. Our perceptions filter experience of the world Perceptual illusions through an imperfect personal lens. Schemas Cognitive errors Self-serving bias Ingroup bias e. Applying psychological principles can change our Psychotherapy lives in positive ways. Study skills Coping Conflict resolution Behavioral change *NOTE that these are the expected integrative themes—from the July 2019 APA Summit on Introductory Psychology. As of our press date, final recommendations were scheduled to be released in August, 2020. For final Integrative Themes, please see APA.org/Ed/Precollege/Undergrad/Introductory-Psychology-Initiative. TABLE 2 Psychology, Thirteenth Edition, Corresponds to APA 2020 Introductory Psychology Initiative’s *Expected Student Learning Outcomes APA’s Six Student Psychology, Thirteenth Edition, Coverage Learning Outcomes 1. Identify basic This first outcome is content-based, challenging students to demonstrate the five concepts and “Integrative Themes” outlined in Table 1. Psychology, Thirteenth Edition, offers a research findings, compelling and complete survey of the field, including all of the “Sample Concepts or and give Ideas” outlined in Table 1. examples of psychology’s integrative themes. 1. The empirical approach is introduced as a key term on p. 2, and the reality that a. Psychological psychology is a science and that research matters is emphasized throughout the science relies text. See Preface section “Myers/DeWall Research and Critical Thinking Story” (p. on empirical xii). evidence and In addition, David Myers regularly blogs at TalkPsych, where he shares the most adapts as new exciting new psychological science discoveries, how the field is adapting in ******ebook converter DEMO Watermarks******* Download more at Learnclax.com  data develop. response, and how psychology helps explain the rapidly changing world around us. 1. Since the first edition of this text, one of Myers and DeWall’s “Eight Guiding b. Psychology Principles” has been “to convey respect for human unity and diversity.” Readers explains will learn about human kinship in our shared biology and need for affiliation; our general shared mechanisms for learning and remembering, emotional expression, and the principles that stress response; and our shared vulnerability to perceptual and thinking errors. Yet govern they will learn much about our individual diversity—in development and aptitudes, behavior, temperament and characteristics, sexual orientation and gender identity, attitudes while and motivations, disorder and health—and about cultural and other group recognizing variations. individual differences. 1. The biopsychosocial approach is introduced in the Prologue and carried through c. Psychological, the rest of the book, with regular narrative reflections on the biological, biological, psychological, and social/cultural factors influencing our understanding of social, and behavior and mental processes. The text includes flow charts outlining the cultural biopsychosocial influences on key topics, including development, aging, disordered factors drug use, learning, sexual motivation, aggressive behavior, personality, and influence psychological disorder. mental processes and behavior. 1. The Chapter 6 discussion of “Processing Sensations and Perceptions” outlines the d. Our impressive strengths and numerous weaknesses in our ability to detect and interpret perceptions incoming stimuli. Other coverage of our “imperfect personal lens” includes: filter our cognitive errors (Chapter 9), ingroup bias (Chapter 13), and self-serving bias experiences of (Chapter 14). the world through an imperfect personal lens. 1. This edition has a new student preface—Student Success: How to Apply Psychology e. Applying to Live Your Best Life. This preface offers brief discussions of “Thinking Critically psychological and Scientifically,” “Self-Control and Self-Improvement,” “Time Management and principles can Study Tips,” “Social Life,” and “Finding Meaning and Pursuing Goals.” change our New “Ask Yourself” questions appear throughout each chapter to help students lives in apply what they are learning to improve their own lives. This helps make the positive ways. material more meaningful and memorable. Self-applications are built into the narrative throughout the text, including “Use Psychology to Become a Stronger Person—and a Better Student” in the Prologue, ******ebook converter DEMO Watermarks******* Download more at Learnclax.com  tips for getting a “Better Night’s Sleep” in Chapter 3, goal-setting to “Change Your Own Behavior” in Chapter 7, “Goal-Setting” strategies in Chapter 11, “Improving Memory” in Chapter 8, ways to “boost the creative process” in Chapter 9, building a “Growth Mindset” in Chapter 10, “Tips for Weight Management” in Chapter 11, “Connecting and Social Networking” in Chapter 11, “Evidence-Based Suggestions for a Happier Life” in Chapter 12, guidance for coping with stress in Chapter 12, “How to Be Persuasive” in Chapter 13, “Cognitive Therapy Techniques” in Chapter 16, “When should a person seek therapy and what should people look for when selecting a therapist?” in Chapter 16, “Therapeutic Lifestyle Change” in Chapter 16, and tips for finding “flow” in Appendix C. In the “Assess Your Strengths” activities in LaunchPad, students apply what they are learning from the text to their own lives and experiences by considering key “strengths.” Students assess themselves on the strength (critical thinking, quality of sleep, self-control, relationship strength, and more), then get guidance for nurturing that strength in their own lives. The value of community psychology and preventive mental health work is discussed in the Prologue, Chapter 16, and Appendix B. Related discussions include: the social toxicity of extreme income inequality (Chapter 12), the importance of community communication (Chapter 13), and the relationship of poverty and empowering communities to mental disorders (Chapter 15). 2. Apply Since the first edition of the text, one of the “eight guiding principles” has been “to psychological provide applications of principles.” The authors strive throughout to make principles to psychology meaningful and memorable to students by showing how it relates to everyday life. their lives. (See above examples.) 3. Draw There are “Thinking Critically About…” infographics, with associated activities in appropriate, LaunchPad, for every chapter to guide students to consider available empirical logical, and evidence before drawing conclusions. Topics include parenting styles, gender bias, objective sexual aggression, effects of violence-viewing, lie detection, and introversion. conclusions Chapter 9 outlines the obstacles to effective decision making, judgment, and about behavior problem solving, including confirmation bias, fixation, mental set, and mental representativeness and availability heuristics, overconfidence, belief perseverance, processes from and framing. empirical evidence. 4. Evaluate “To teach critical thinking” has been the first of the “Eight Guiding Principles” that misconceptions have guided Myers and DeWall’s work on this text since the first edition. or erroneous Table 4 in the Preface (p. xiv) outlines coverage of “Critical Examinations of Pop behavioral claims Psychology,” “Thinking Critically With Psychological Science,” and “Scientific based on Detective Stories.” evidence from Chapter 1 offers a new section on “Psychological Science in a Post-Truth World,” ******ebook converter DEMO Watermarks******* Download more at Learnclax.com  psychological which is accompanied by Myers’ new tutorial animation “Thinking Critically in Our science. Post-Truth World” in LaunchPad, and also at tinyurl.com/PostTruthMyers. There is coverage integrated throughout of misconceptions related to diversity, including prejudice toward various “outgroups,” and the value in embracing diverse perspectives (see p. xii). 5. Design, conduct, “How Would You Know?” research activities for each chapter in LaunchPad allow or evaluate basic students to play the role of researcher as they design and interpret studies. Students psychological consider possible confounding factors and other issues that affect interpretation of research. results. Students learn about how key decision points can alter the meaning and value of a psychological study, and they develop scientific literacy skills in the process. Topics include “How Would You Know If a Cup of Coffee Can Warm Up Relationships?,” “How Would You Know If People Can Learn to Reduce Anxiety?”, and “How Would You Know If Schizophrenia Is Inherited?” New research-oriented iClicker questions, based on research presented in the text, are available for each chapter, helping build student understanding of research design and interpretation. 6. Describe ethical The Chapter 1 section “Research Strategies: How Psychologists Ask and Answer principles that Questions” includes discussion of “Psychology’s Research Ethics,” with a new guide section on “Ensuring Scientific Integrity” as well as coverage of “Studying and psychologists in Protecting Animals,” “Studying and Protecting Humans,” and “Values in research and Psychology.” therapy. Chapter 16, Therapy, has new coverage of Ethical Principles in Psychotherapy and the Ethics of Research on Mental Illness. *NOTE that these are the expected Student Learning Outcomes—from the July 2019 APA Summit on Introductory Psychology. As of our press date, final recommendations were scheduled to be released in August, 2020. For final Student Learning Outcomes, please see APA.org/Ed/Precollege/Undergrad/Introductory-Psychology-Initiative. In addition, APA’s 2013 Learning Goals and Outcomes, from their Guidelines for the Undergraduate Psychology Major, Version 2.0, were designed to gauge progress in students graduating with psychology majors. (See apa.org/ed/precollege/about/psymajor-guidelines.pdf.) Many psychology departments use these goals and outcomes to help establish their own ******ebook converter DEMO Watermarks******* Download more at Learnclax.com benchmarks for departmental assessment purposes. TABLE 3 outlines the way Psychology, Thirteenth Edition, can help you and your department to address the APA’s Learning Goals and Outcomes. There is a detailed APA Correlation Guide in LaunchPad’s Instructor Resources for this thirteenth edition. In addition, all of the Test Bank items for this text are coded for the APA Outcomes. TABLE 3 Psychology, Thirteenth Edition, Corresponds to APA Learning Goals Relevant Feature APA Learning Goals from Psychology, Knowledge Scientific Ethical and Communication Professional Thirteenth Edition Base in Inquiry Social Development Psychology and Responsibility Critical in a Diverse Thinking World Text content Myers/DeWall research and critical thinking story “Thinking Critically About…” infographics and their new LaunchPad activities “Learning Objective Questions” previewing main sections “Retrieval Practice” self-tests throughout New “Ask Yourself” ******ebook converter DEMO Watermarks******* Download more at Learnclax.com questions integrated throughout “Try this” style activities integrated throughout the text and LaunchPad resources “Mastering the Material” self-tests “Psychology at Work” appendix “The Story of Psychology” timeline (Appendix A) “Career Fields in Psychology” appendix, with “Pursuing a Psychology Career” online appendix LearningCurve adaptive quizzing “Assess Your Strengths” activities in LaunchPad “How Would You Know?” research activities in LaunchPad New research- oriented iClicker questions Myers/DeWall Research and Critical ******ebook converter DEMO Watermarks******* Download more at Learnclax.com Thinking Story 2100 References Dated 2015–2020 The most important task for us as your authors is to report the current state of psychology, including each sub-discipline’s latest research insights. Thus, you will find 2100 references in this edition dated 2015–2020. A lot has changed since 2014: Barack Obama is no longer the U.S. president, #MeToo and the COVID-19 pandemic have happened, a little-known app called Instagram now has over a billion users, and efforts to improve replicability in psychological science have ramped up dramatically. The end-of-book References section highlights these 2100 recent citations in blue. The work of writing this text is mostly reading: With thousands of studies published each year, it takes a daily effort to keep up with all that is happening in our exciting field. In winnowing new research findings, we consider: Reliability: Does either replication or the inherent scale of the finding make it trustworthy? Importance: Is this, for psychology, a significant new finding? And is this something an educated person needs to know? Clarity: Is this something our readers could understand and remember? The new findings met these high standards for inclusion. Each confirms key ******ebook converter DEMO Watermarks******* Download more at Learnclax.com concepts or informs the way we present them. The remaining thousands of reference citations include important classic studies that have formed the structure of our discipline. We all want students to walk away with the most accurate, current understandings of psychology to apply in their own lives and work. Having the latest research engages students so much more effectively. Here are two examples of new research areas—from just the last couple of years—that are important for students’ understanding of psychological science and its application in their lives. 1. People often spurn those with differing worldviews, yet the recent scientific evidence we share in this new edition demonstrates value in embracing diverse perspectives: Diverse scientific teams make more scientific breakthroughs (AlShebli et al., 2018; see Chapter 13, under Antisocial Relations). Children raised with competent, secure, and nurturing care can flourish regardless of parents’ gender and sexual orientation (Calzo et al., 2019; see Chapter 5, under Infancy and Childhood). People who identify as transgender have a more positive therapeutic experience when therapists affirm them (Bettergarcia & Israel, 2018; see Chapter 16, under Evaluating Psychotherapies). Politically conservative and liberal people are similarly biased against those who hold differing political views (Ditto et al., 2019a,b; see Chapter 1, under Research Strategies: How Psychologists Ask and Answer Questions). ******ebook converter DEMO Watermarks******* Download more at Learnclax.com  Social media communication often occurs in an ideological vacuum, in which we surround ourselves with mostly like-minded individuals (Hills, 2019; see Chapter 13, under Social Influence). 2. Social media use has soared, and the new research we present in Chapters 1 and 11 explores correlational, longitudinal, and experimental studies of its possible effects, such as on depression and suicidal thoughts in teen girls. Other new, student-relevant research explores navigating our “post-truth” world, understanding how gene–environment interactions affect us, distinguishing substance use from abuse, weighing parent/peer influences on our development, appreciating our unique sensory and perceptual windows on the world, figuring out how to learn and remember most effectively, successfully connecting socially with others to build our health and well-being, understanding gender identity and sexual orientation, learning about our hunger and sexual motivations, coping with stress and determining how to thrive, recognizing inborn personality variations, dealing with the challenges of mental illness, appreciating neurodiversity (including those on the autism spectrum, and those challenged by ADHD, a learning disorder, or brain injury), finding hope in psychological and biomedical therapies, and seeking “flow” in our daily lives and work. ******ebook converter DEMO Watermarks******* Download more at Learnclax.com Expanded Focus on Critical Thinking and Research Throughout the text, we help students think critically. By examining sources and evidence, students can apply psychology’s concepts to their own lives and to their studies—using evidence-based principles to boost their relationships, academic success, stress-management, and so much more (see TABLE 4). “To teach critical thinking” has been the first of the “Eight Guiding Principles” that have guided our work on this text since the first edition. (See p. xxvii.) The first subsection in the text’s Prologue is headed “Psychology Is a Science,” and Chapter 1 takes a critical-thinking approach to introducing students to psychology’s research methods. “Critical thinking” is a key term on p. 3 and is encouraged throughout the text and its resources. New resources include: a new Student Preface, “Student Success: How to Apply Psychology to Live Your Best Life,” which includes discussion of “Thinking Critically and Scientifically.” a new Chapter 1 section on “Psychological Science in a Post-Truth World” (accompanied by my [DM’s] new tutorial animation, “Thinking Critically in Our Post-Truth World” in LaunchPad, and also at tinyurl.com/PostTruthMyers), new Chapter 1 coverage of “Ensuring Scientific Integrity,” new Chapter 16 coverage of Ethical Principles in Psychotherapy and the Ethics of Research on Mental Illness, new research-oriented iClicker questions for each chapter, contributed by Jennifer Zwolinski (University of San Diego), and ******ebook converter DEMO Watermarks******* Download more at Learnclax.com  new “Thinking Critically About…” infographic activities (along with our popular “How Would You Know” research design activities) for every chapter in LaunchPad. TABLE 4 Critical Thinking and Scientific Inquiry Critical thinking coverage and in-depth stories of psychology’s process of scientific inquiry can be found on the following pages: Thinking Critically About … How much credit or blame do Natural endorphins discovery, p. infographics: parents deserve?, pp. 143–144 59 The Scientific Attitude, p. 4 Sensory restriction, pp. 235–236 Our divided brain, pp. 82–85 Correlation and Causation, p. 34 Can hypnosis be therapeutic? What affects our sleep patterns, Do We Use Only 10 Percent of Our Alleviate pain?, pp. 246–247 and why do we sleep?, pp. 99–101 Brain?, p. 80 Is there extrasensory perception?, Why we dream, pp. 106–109 Tolerance and Addiction, p. 111 pp. 253–255 Twin and adoption studies, pp. Gender Bias in the Workplace, p. Do other species have language?, 128–130 153 pp. 346–348 How a child’s mind develops, pp. Sexual Aggression, p. 159 Do violent video games teach 174–175 Parenting Styles—Too Hard, Too social scripts for violence?, pp. How do we see in color?, pp. Soft, Too Uncaring, and Just 499–500 225–226 Right?, p. 187 Is Freud credible?, pp. 523–526 Parallel processing, p. 228 Subliminal Sensation and Is repression a myth?, p. 524 How can hypnosis provide pain Subliminal Persuasion, p. 215 How valid is the Rorschach test?, relief?, pp. 246–247 The Effects of Viewing Media pp. 526–527 How are memories constructed?, Violence, p. 289 Is psychotherapy effective?, pp. pp. 294–301 Can Memories of Childhood 612–615 How do we store memories in our Sexual Abuse Be Repressed and Evaluating alternative therapies, brain?, pp. 302–307 Then Recovered?, p. 320 p. 616 Do other species exhibit The Fear Factor, p. 331 Thinking Critically With language?, pp. 346–348 Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Psychological Science: Aging and intelligence, pp. Studies, p. 367 “Critical thinking” introduced as a 368–369 The Challenges of Obesity and key term, p. 3 Why do we feel hunger?, pp. Weight Control, p. 392 Psychological science in a post- 387–389 Lie Detection, p. 424 truth world, pp. 13–14 What determines sexual Stress and Health, p. 451 The limits of intuition and orientation?, pp. 401–404 How To Be Persuasive, p. 474 common sense, p. 22 The pursuit of happiness: Who is The Internet as Social Amplifier, p. The scientific method, pp. 25–39 happy, and why?, pp. 434–440 486 Exploring cause and effect, pp. How does stress contribute to The Stigma of Introversion, p. 534 31–37 heart disease?, p. 450 ******ebook converter DEMO Watermarks******* Download more at Learnclax.com  ADHD—Normal High Energy or Regression toward the mean, p. 33 How is social support linked with Disordered Behavior?, p. 595 Correlation and causation, p. 34 health?, pp. 457–459 Therapeutic Lifestyle Change, p. Random assignment, p. 35 Why do people fail to help in 621 Independent and dependent emergencies?, pp. 508–510 Critical Examinations of Pop variables, pp. 36–37 Self-esteem versus self-serving Psychology: Choosing the right research bias, pp. 547–549 The need for psychological design, p. 38 What causes depressive disorders science, pp. 22–24 Statistical reasoning, pp. 44–48 and bipolar disorders?, pp. Perceiving order in random Describing data, pp. 44–46 574–578 events, pp. 23–24 Making inferences, pp. 47–48 Do prenatal viral infections Do we use only 10 percent of our The evolutionary perspective on increase the risk of brain?, p. 80 human sexuality, pp. 138–140 schizophrenia?, p. 582 Near-death experiences, p. 118 Scientific Detective Stories: Is psychotherapy effective?, pp. Critiquing the evolutionary Superforecasters avoid 612–615 perspective, pp. 139–140 overconfidence, p. 23 Big data enables naturalistic observation, p. 28 Girls’ social media use and risk of depression and self-harm, pp. 35–36 What’s New in the Thirteenth Edition? In addition to our thorough, line-by-line updating of every chapter, and our ongoing efforts to make no assumptions about student readers’ gender identity, sexual orientation, culture, relationship or family status, age, economic background, or physical ability, we offer much that is new in this thirteenth edition: 1. Over 2100 research citations dated 2015–2020. Our ongoing scrutiny of dozens of scientific periodicals and science news sources, enhanced by commissioned reviews and countless emails from instructors and students, enables integrating our field’s most important, thought- ******ebook converter DEMO Watermarks******* Download more at Learnclax.com  provoking, and student-relevant new discoveries. Part of the pleasure that sustains this work is learning something new every day! See MacmillanLearning.com for a chapter-by-chapter list of significant Content Changes. 2. More support for teaching that psychology is a science, and that critical thinking and research matter! (See “Expanded Focus on Critical Thinking and Research,” p. xiii.) 3. NEW Student Preface—Student Success: How to Apply Psychology to Live Your Best Life. When we ask our teaching colleagues to share the most important lessons they wish to impart to students, they often tell us they want to teach students to think critically, and to apply psychology to their own lives so that they can live better and be more successful. This brief new Student Success preface, which previews relevant resources in the text and in LaunchPad, helps get students on the right path with sections on Thinking Critically and Scientifically, Self-Control and Self-Improvement, Time Management and Study Tips, Social Life, and Finding Meaning and Pursuing Goals. 4. Improved, updated coverage of gender identity and sexual orientation. A lot has changed in the field of psychology since the last edition was written, especially in the fast-moving subfields of human sexuality and gender psychology. We sought extra reviews from experts and instructors and made extensive updates to this coverage. In Chapter 4, Chapter 11, and elsewhere, we’ve worked to be appropriately inclusive ******ebook converter DEMO Watermarks******* Download more at Learnclax.com  and fully up-to-date in our presentation—representing the abundance of current research in this area, but also encompassing the lived experiences of many people, which may not yet be well represented in the literature. 5. Ask Yourself Questions. New “Ask Yourself” questions appear periodically throughout each chapter to help students apply what they are learning to their own lives. This helps make the material more meaningful, and more memorable. These questions are repeated in the Lecture Guides, for use as classroom discussion starters. We continue to offer “Assess Your Strengths” personal self-assessments in LaunchPad, allowing students to actively apply key principles to their own experiences and develop their strengths. 6. “Thinking Critically About …” Infographic Activities. All of these infographics in the text have been revised and updated for the new edition, with two entirely new pieces on “Sexual Aggression” (Chapter 4) and “How to Be Persuasive” (Chapter 13; see FIGURE 1). They are also now accompanied by new corresponding activities in LaunchPad. 7. Active Learning. Our Instructor’s Resources have long been considered the “gold standard” in the field, and they nicely support students’ active learning in class. There are additional NEW Classroom Exercises, Student Projects, Demonstrations, and Lecture/Discussion Topics that work well for think-pair-share, small-group, and large-group activities. These new activities for each chapter cover diversity in psychology and were created by Salena Brody (University of Texas, Dallas). 8. New research and research design-oriented iClicker questions. We have new iClicker questions for each chapter, written by Jennifer ******ebook converter DEMO Watermarks******* Download more at Learnclax.com  Zwolinski (University of San Diego), that help engage students on research topics, such as designing an effective study, understanding the component parts of key research that’s presented in the text, and weighing the implications of research results. Sample “Ask Yourself” questions Here are two samples, taken from Chapter 5, Developing Through the Life Span, and Chapter 12, Emotions, Stress, and Health. ******ebook converter DEMO Watermarks******* Download more at Learnclax.com  FIGURE 1 Sample “Thinking Critically About” infographic ******ebook converter DEMO Watermarks******* Download more at Learnclax.com Why Should I Use Psychology, Thirteenth Edition, and Its Resources? There are several reasons we think you should consider using this text and its resources for your classes: 1. These resources are top quality. Our resources offer up-to-date, carefully checked content and assessment you can rely on, with a study system that follows best practices from learning and memory research. This new thirteenth edition includes 2100 citations dated 2015–2020, representing the field’s most important, thought-provoking, and student-relevant new discoveries. We have worked with dozens of helpful reviewers, and with our editors we have run the text manuscript through eight drafts. Our dedicated Media and Test Bank authors and editors have focused similar intensity on their work. (For example, our 10,000 Test Bank questions go through four stages of checking to ensure there is appropriate, useful coverage for each new edition, and that different levels and kinds of questions have been included.) 2. This text and its resources make life easier for instructors. We’ve imagined the worst-case scenario of being asked to teach a course on a Friday and being ready to teach on a Monday. Step 1: Assign a book students tell us they love! Step 2: You have what you need with LaunchPad’s full course solution (e-book, LearningCurve adaptive quizzing and other assessments, iClicker questions, classroom activities and other Instructor Resources, abundant videos, and numerous engaging student ******ebook converter DEMO Watermarks******* Download more at Learnclax.com  tutorials and activities for each chapter—all reporting to an easy-to-use gradebook). Or you may opt for the simplified (and extra-affordable) Achieve Read & Practice (e-book and LearningCurve adaptive quizzing, reporting to a gradebook with analytics on student performance). These engaging, integrated, top-notch options are both ready to use as is, with a default courses set up, or you can readily tweak them to suit your needs. Our popular LearningCurve adaptive quizzing system has been shown to bring students to class better prepared, and help them do better in class. We’ve included callouts from the text pages to especially pertinent, helpful online resources. (See FIGURE 2 for a sample.) FIGURE 2 Sample LaunchPad callout from Chapter 1 3. Macmillan Learning offers students affordable options. The digital-only, rental, or looseleaf options compete with Open Educational Resources (OER) printouts on price, and far surpass OER on success in the course for students, and ease of use and success for instructors. 4. We wrote this text to be inclusive of diverse student readers. From the first edition, we have endeavored to make no assumptions in terms of students’ gender identity, sexual orientation, culture, relationship or family status, age, economic background, or physical ability. The text ******ebook converter DEMO Watermarks******* Download more at Learnclax.com  includes abundant, integrated coverage of psychology’s diversity, and plenty of everyday life applications to draw all students into the content. Since this text’s first edition, one of its Eight Guiding Principles has been “To convey respect for human unity and diversity.” This edition offers an even more thoroughly cross-cultural perspective on psychology, with a world-based presentation for our worldwide student readers. We have included important new research and fresh examples from around the world in our efforts to help students understand human behavior in a broad sense, and to expose students to the world beyond their own culture. Salena Brody (University of Texas, Dallas) created new classroom activities for each chapter covering diversity in psychology topics, and she revised our newly illustrated Timeline (Appendix A) to reflect the many contributions from women and people of color to the history of psychology. (See TABLE 5, The Psychology of Gender, Gender Identity, and Sexuality, and TABLE 6, The Psychology of Cultural Diversity and Inclusion.) TABLE 5 The Psychology of Gender, Gender Identity, and Sexuality Coverage of the psychology of gender, gender identity, and sexuality can be found on the following pages: Absolute thresholds, p. Gender, pp. 150–162 Love, romantic, pp. Sexual attraction, pp. 214 anxiety and, p. 573 206–207, 506 155, 161, 248, 393, Adulthood, physical biological companionate, pp. 399–400, 504–505 changes, pp. 199–200 influences on, pp. 506–507 Sexual development Aggression, pp. 151, 497, 154–157 passionate, p. 506 variations, pp. 156–157 498–499 child raising and, p. Male answer syndrome, Sexual dysfunctions, p. father absence and, 158 p. 152 396 p. 498 communication Marriage, pp. 148, 175, Sexual fantasies, pp. 113, pornography and, p. and, pp. 152, 154 197, 206, 408, 457 394, 397–398 ******ebook converter DEMO Watermarks******* Download more at Learnclax.com  498 definition, p. 151 same-sex, pp. 25, Sexual fluidity of sexual, pp. 158–159 prejudice, p. 491 175, 332, 492, 513 women, pp. 401, 404 testosterone and, “missing women,” Matchmaking, modern, Sexual orientation, pp. pp. 496–497, 500 p. 491 pp. 410, 503 399–405 Alcohol use social-cultural Mating preferences, asexual, pp. 393, the brain and, p. 113 influences on, pp. evolutionary 399–400, 401 sexual 157–160 perspective, pp. 138–139 bisexual, pp. 160, aggression/disinhibition workplace bias and, Maturation, brain, p. 190 399–400, 404, 492, and, p. 398 p. 153 Media violence effects, 618 sexual consent and, Gender bias, pp. 153, 491 pp. 289, 498–499 heterosexual, pp. p. 398 Gender Memory, episodic, p. 303 138–139, 243, sexual regret and, p. differences/similarities, Menarche, pp. 155–156 399–401, 405, 503, 112 pp. 151–154 earlier, and 504 sexual response in aggression, p. 151 emerging pansexual, pp. 400, expectations and, p. evolutionary adulthood, p. 197 405 113 perspectives on, pp. early, and stress, p. same-sex, pp. 25, 28, women’s 138–140 156 138, 159, 160, 175, heightened risk, p. intelligence and, pp. Menopause, p. 199 183, 195, 206, 214, 112 375–376 Midlife crisis, p. 205 399–404, 443, 492, Alcohol use disorder, pp. rumination and, p. Moral reasoning, p. 192 503, 513, 525, 553, 112, 151, 573 576 Narcissism, p. 548 557, 590, 618 Altruism, p. 509 sexuality and, p. 138 Natural selection and Sexual response cycle, Androgyny, p. 158 in social mating preferences, pp. pp. 394–395 Anger, p. 433 connectedness, pp. 138–139 Sexuality, pp. 393–399 Antisocial personality 152, 154 Nonbinary gender male-female disorder, pp. 587–589 in social power, pp. identity, p. 158 differences in, p. 138 Attention- 152, 153 Obedience, p. 479 natural selection deficit/hyperactivity Gender dysphoria, p. 160 Obesity and depression, and, pp. 138–140 disorder (ADHD), pp. 151, Gender identity, pp. 158, p. 392 Sexualization of girls, p. 595 160 Older-brother effect, 399 Attraction, pp. 502–507 androgyny in, p. 158 same-sex attraction, pp. Sexually transmitted Autism spectrum binary/nonbinary, 403–404 infections, pp. 396–397 disorder, pp. 356, 593 p. 158 Ostracism, p. 409 Smell, sense of, pp. Beauty ideals, pp. cisgender, p. 160 Pain, women’s greater 249–250 504–505 gender dysphoria, p. sensitivity to, p. 244 Social clock, p. 205 Bipolar disorders, p. 573 160 Pansexual identity, p. Social media Body image, p. 590 parental and 400 use/texting, p. 152 Bystander effect, p. 509 cultural influences Paraphilias, p. 396 Social scripts Cohabitation and on, p. 158 Parent relationships, in pornography and, marriage, p. 206 social learning adolescence, p. 196 pp. 498–499 Color vision, p. 225 theory of, p. 158 Parenting-related sexual behavior Conscientiousness, p. transgender, pp. gender differences, p. 156 and, pp. 140, 289, ******ebook converter DEMO Watermarks******* Download more at Learnclax.com 377 160–161 Perceptual set, p. 218 399, 498–499 Depression, pp. 570–578 Gender roles, pp. 157–158 Physical attractiveness, Spermarche, p. 155 higher vulnerability changing cultural pp. 504–505 Stereotype threat, p. 379 of women and girls, expectations of, pp. Pornography, pp. 138, Stress and the immune pp. 573, 576 157–158, 161 397–398, 499 system, p. 447 rumination and, p. Gender schema theory, Posttraumatic stress Stress responses, p. 446 576 p. 160 disorder, p. 566 Suicide, p. 557 substance abuse Gender typing, p. 158 Poverty, role in Teen pregnancy, pp. and, p. 121 Gendered brain, pp. 152, psychological disorders, 398–399 teenage girls and, p. 398, 402 p. 561 Tend-and-befriend, p. 195 Generalized anxiety Prejudice, gender, pp. 446 Divorce, pp. 206, 408 disorder, p. 563 152, 491 Testosterone, pp. Dream content, p. 106 Generic pronoun “he,” p. Puberty, p. 190 155–156, 199, 248, 375, Dual parenting, p. 183 349 Relationship equity, p. 394, 397, 403, 433, Eating disorders, pp. 151, Grief, p. 209 507 496–497, 500, 506 590–591 Happiness, p. 439 REM sleep, arousal replacement substance use and, Hearing loss, p. 241 during, p. 97 therapy, p. 394 p. 121 HIV/AIDS, women’s Rumination, p. 576 #TimesUp, p. 486 Emotion, pp. 426–428 vulnerability to, pp. Savant syndrome, p. 356 Touch, p. 243 ability to detect, pp. 396–397 Schizophrenia, pp. Transgender 426–427 Hormones 580–581 community expressiveness, pp. sex, pp. 64, 154–155, Self-injury, p. 559 acceptance and 151, 152, 427–428 156, 199, 248, 375, Sex and gender, defined, rates of identification of as 394–395, 397, 403, p. 151 psychological masculine or 433, 496–497, 500, Sex chromosomes, pp. disorder, pp. 443, feminine, p. 427 506 154–155 553 Empathy, pp. 427–428, sexual behavior Sex drive, gender gender dysphoria, p. 593 and, pp. 394–395 differences in, p. 138 160 Empty nest, p. 157 sexual development Sex reassignment identity, pp. 160–161 Estrogens, pp. 155, 394 and, pp. 154–157, surgery, pp. 375, preferred pronouns Evolutionary 190 156–157, 160 and, p. 349 explanation of human Hypersexuality in video Sexual abuse, pp. 156, prevalence, p. 161 sexuality, pp. 138–140 games, p. 399 184–185, 319–321, 458, social acceptance External stimuli, pp. Imagined stimuli, p. 398 523, 527, 590 rates, p. 160 397–398 Intelligence Sexual activity social identity, p. Faith factor and gender differences aging and, pp. 195 longevity, pp. 464–465 in, pp. 375–376 199–200 therapy, Father care, p. 183 stereotype threat in, teen, pp. 398–399 expectations, p. 618 Father presence p. 379 Sexual aggression, pp. Trauma and earlier early menarche and, Intersex, pp. 151, 156–157 112, 140, 158–159, 495, death for women, p. 185 p. 156 Leadership, 499 Violent crime, p. 151 lower sexual transformational, pp. C- alcohol and, p. 112 Vulnerability to ******ebook converter DEMO Watermarks******* Download more at Learnclax.com  activity and, p. 399 9, C-12 assault and, pp. 112, psychological disorders, pregnancy rates Leadership styles, pp. 158–159, 315, 397, p. 151 and, p. 399 153, C-11–C-14 495, 524, 565 Weight loss, p. 366 Fertility, decline with LGBTQ community effects on well- Women in psychology’s age, p. 199 friendly contact being, p. 159 history, pp. 6–7, A-1–A-6 Freud’s views engenders positive harassment and, p. evaluating, pp. attitudes, p. 513 159 468–470 harassment of, pp. #MeToo and, p. 140 Oedipus/Electra 159, 160 pornography and, complexes, pp. prejudice against, p. pp. 39, 397, 499 520–521 492 reducing, p. 159 of gender identity stigma against survivors of, pp. 159, development, p. 521 transgender/gender 495 of gender roles, p. nonconforming victim blaming for, 518 people, p. 443 p. 159 penis envy, p. 522 stress effect on Sexual arousal, gender transgender/gender and gay-straight nonconforming differences, p. 402 people, p. 443 suicide risk, pp. 492, 557 therapy, expectations, p. 618 TABLE 6 The Psychology of Cultural Diversity and Inclusion Coverage of the psychology of cultural diversity and inclusion can be found on the following pages: Academic achievement, Deindividuation, p. 484 Leadership style, cultural Psychotherapy pp. 143–144, 366, 374, Depression influences on, pp. C- culture, values, and 376–380, 489, 514, 546 “big data” searches, 12–C-13 identity in, p. 618 Achievement motivation, pp. 28–29 Leaving the nest, pp. online, pp. 609, 619 p. 413 risk of, pp. 573–574, 196–198, 207 therapeutic alliance Adolescence 577 Life cycle, p. 167 and, p. 617 drug use and, pp. suicide and, pp. Life satisfaction, pp. Puberty and adult 120, 122 557–558 438–439 independence, p. 197 onset and end of, p. Developmental Life span and well-being, Race-influenced 189 similarities across pp. 207–209 perceptions, pp. 329, 490 positive parent-teen cultures, pp. 150, 167 Marriage, pp. 11, 139, Racial and ethnic relationships in, p. Discrimination 146–148, 490, 492, similarities, pp. 376–378 196 defined, p. 488 506–507 Racism ******ebook converter DEMO Watermarks******* Download more at Learnclax.com  sleep and, pp. 99, ingroup networking Mating preferences, pp. Google search data, 102 and, p. 493 138–139 p. 28 Aggression, pp. 132, unconscious Media violence, effects Oprah Winfrey and, 495–500 prejudices and, p. of, pp. 289, 499–500 p. 257 media violence and, 489 Memory, self-reference ostracism and, p. pp. 289, 500 Diversity effect and, p. 301 409 psychological benefits of, pp. 490, Menopause, p. 199 representativeness disorders and, p. 554 515, C-12 Mere exposure effect, p. heuristic and, p. 329 sexual, p. 159 in psychology, pp. 7, 502 scapegoat theory Aging population, p. 200 490, A-1–A-6 Microaggressions, p. 489 and, pp. 493–494 Anger, p. 433 psychotherapy and, Mirror-image social inequalities Animal research ethics, p. 618 perceptions, p. 512 and divisions and, p. 40 Divorce, pp. 206, 408, Morality, development pp. 492–493 Attraction: 457, 507 of, p. 192 Religious involvement matchmaking, pp. Dreaming, blindness Motivation: hierarchy of and longevity, p. 464 138–139, 506 and, p. 106 needs, pp. 385, 409 Representativeness Attribution, political Drug use, pp. 110, Motor development, heuristic, p. 329 effects of, pp. 468–469 121–123 massage and, p. 173 Resilience, pp. 158, 184, Beauty ideals, pp. Emerging adulthood, p. Naturalistic observation, 374, 628–629 504–505 197 pp. 28–29 Risk assessment, pp. 329, Behavioral effects of Emotion Need to belong, social 490 culture, pp. 11–12, emotion-detecting identity and, p. 407 Same-sex attraction, 145–150 ability, pp. 425, Neurodiversity, pp. 593, cultural attitudes Bicultural identity, p. 195 428–430 C-5 toward, p. 400 Biopsychosocial expressing, pp. Neurotransmitters: Scapegoat theory, pp. approach, pp. 12–13 428–430 curare, p. 60 493–494 to aggression, pp. Enemy perceptions, p. Obedience, pp. 478–481 Schizophrenia, pp. 495–500 512 Holocaust and, pp. 581–582 to aging, pp. Family self, p. 149 478, 480 Self-esteem, pp. 385, 207–209 Father presence, pp. 183, Obesity 546–547, 549 to development, pp. 399, 498 sleep loss and, p. Self-serving bias, pp. 161–162 Fear, pp. 330–331 392 547, 548 to drug use, pp. Flow, pp. 439, C-1 worldwide rates of, Separation anxiety, p. 120–123 Foot-in-the-door p. 392 183 to emotion, p. 305 phenomenon, p. 471 Observational learning, Sex drive, p. 138 to learning, p. 278 Framing and nudging, p. effects of television and Sexual activity to pain, pp. 343–345 333 aggression, pp. 284, adolescent, pp. to personality, pp. Fundamental attribution 288–289 398–399 541–542 error, pp. 468–469 Optimism, pp. 439, 456, middle and late to psychological Gender 546, adulthood, pp. disorders, pp. aggression and, pp. Ostracism, racial, p. 409 199–200 553–554, 590 151, 158–159 Other-race effect, pp. Sexual aggression ******ebook converter DEMO Watermarks******* Download more at Learnclax.com  to sexual as cisgender or 494–495 cultural differences motivation, pp. transgender, pp. Pace of life, pp. 29, 146 in, p. 159 397–398 160–161 Pain pornography and, p. Body image, p. 590 cultural norms, pp. physical and social, 499 Categorization, pp. 138–140, 157–162 p. 409 Sexual orientation, p. 330–331 discrimination, pp. social-cultural 399 Categorizing mixed-race 153, 491 influences on, p. 245 parenting and, p. people, pp. 377, 494 equality, pp. 140, Parent and peer 183 Child raising, pp. 145, 376, relationships, pp. Similarities, pp. 136–137, 149–150, 196 “missing women,” 196–197 150 Collectivism, pp. 146–148 p. 491 Participative Sleep attribution and, p. prejudice, pp. 152, management, p. C-13 loss, p. 102 148 491 Peacemaking patterns, p. 99 conformity and, pp. social power, pp. conciliation, pp. 515 Social clock, p. 205 477–478 152–153 contact, pp. 511–512 Social-cultural intimacy and, p. 196 Gender roles, pp. 153, cooperation, pp. perspective, p. 13 moral reasoning 157–158, 161–162, 518 513–514 Social identity, p. 195 and, p. 192 division of labor superordinate Social inequalities and self-esteem and, pp. and, pp. 145, goals, pp. 513–514 divisions, pp. 492–493 147, 385, 438–439 157–158 Personal control, pp. Social influence, pp. therapy and, p. 618 General adaptation 407, 481 475–478 within-culture syndrome, pp. 445–446 lack of, pp. 373, Social loafing, pp. differences in, p. 147 Grief, expressions of, pp. 453–454 483–484 Conflict, pp. 511–515 209, 423, 458, self-control and, p. Social networking, pp. enemy perceptions, Group polarization, pp. 455 410–412 p. 512 484–487 tyranny of choice Social support, pp. mirror-image Groupthink, p. 487 and, p. 454 457–459 perceptions, p. 512 Happiness, pp. 437, Personality, pp. 534, Social trust, p. 149 Conformity, p. 478 438–439 541–542 Spirituality, pp. 464–465 Cooperative learning, Hate crimes, p. 494 Big Five dimensions Stereotype threat, p. 379 pp. 513–514 Hate speech, pp. 287, and, p. 536 Stereotypes, pp. 150, 160, Corporal punishment 484, 490 Physical attractiveness, 218, 329, 400, 488–489, practices, pp. 273–274 HIV/AIDS, pp. 396–397 pp. 504–505 495, 525 Creativity and Human diversity/kinship, “Post-truth” beliefs, pp. Stress intercultural experience, pp. 145–150 24–25 acculturative, p. 443 p. 336 Identity, forming social, persuasion and, pp. gender Cultural norms, pp. p. 195 473–474 nonconformity and, 145–150, 158–161, 475 Immigration, pp. 24, 286, Power, men and women, p. 443 Cultural values 343–344, 378, 433, 454, p. 152 health child raising and, 494, 513, 560 Power of individuals, pp. consequences, pp. pp. 149–150 Implicit bias, pp. 481–482 443, 448–449, 451 moral reasoning 489–490, p. 545 Prejudice, pp. 488–495 racism and, p. 443 ******ebook converter DEMO Watermarks******* Download more at Learnclax.com  and, p. 192 Individualism, pp. against immigrants same-sex psychotherapy and, 146–148, 195, 360, 429, and refugees, pp. 24, orientation and, p. pp. 616–619 433, 457, 478, 484 286, 378, 433, 494 443 Culture moral reasoning against Jews, pp. social support and, child raising and, and, p. 192 130, 194, 286, 470, p. 457 pp. 149–150 personal 480–481 transgender people context effects and, achievement and, against Muslims, and, p. 443 pp. 218–219 pp. 147, 385, 413, pp. 433, 494, 495, Substance use defined, pp. 11, 145 438–439 512 cultural drug use and, p. 110 psychotherapy and, contact, expectations, p. 110 emotional pp. 577, 610, 618 cooperation, and, rates of, pp. 112, expression and, pp. rejection and, p. 409 pp. 512–514 114, 115–116, 122 428–430 self-esteem and, pp. explicit, p. 489 Suicide and nonsuicidal experiencing other, 147, 385, 438–439, forming categories, self-injury, pp. 557–559 p. 336 531 pp. 494–495 Taste preferences, p. 390 intelligence test self-reference effect gender, pp. 152–153, Teen sexuality, pp. bias and, pp. and, p. 301 491 398–399 378–379 Ingroup bias, p. 493 gender Terrorism similarity, pp. Intelligence, pp. 354, nonconformity, pp. fear/aggression 11–12, 505 375–378 349, 443, 553 and, p. 493 smiling and, p. 430 aging and, pp. group polarization group polarization variation over time, 368–369 and, pp. 485–486 and, p. 485 pp. 146, 197–198 nutrition effects on, implicit, p. 489 vivid cases and, p. violence and, p. 498 p. 378 Kenneth Clark and 495 Culture and the self, pp. racial and ethnic Mamie Phipps Clark Testing bias, pp. 378–379 146–148 differences, pp. and, p. 42 Therapy, p. 618 Culture shock, pp. 146, 376–378 LGBTQ, pp. 286, 349, Trait stability, p. 536 443 Intelligence testing, 443, 492, 553 adaptation and, p. Culture-specific pp. 360–362 major depressive 536 disorders, p. 554 bias, pp. 378–379 disorder and, p. 570 Trauma, pp. 106, 134, amok, p. 554 stereotype threat, p. own-age bias, p. 494 184–185, 443, 524, 565 eating disorders, pp. 379 racial and ethnic, Universal emotions, pp. 554, 590–591 Intergroup contact, pp. pp. 489–491 428–429 susto, p. 554 512–513 representativeness Universal expressions, taijin kyofusho, p. Internet as social heuristic and, p. 329 pp. 11, 428–429 554 amplifier, pp. 485–486 risk of disorder and, Video-game playing, Deaf culture, pp. 81–82, Job satisfaction, pp. C-9, p. 553 compulsive, p. 111 85, 240–241, 342, C-12 roots of, pp. 492–495 Violence, media models 344–345, 377 Just-world phenomenon, social stress and, p. for, pp. 498–499 Development pp. 492–493 443 Weight, p. 392 adolescence, pp. Language development Prejudice prototypes, pp. WEIRD cultures, pp. 11, 189–190, 196–197 bilingualism and, 326–327 68 ******ebook converter DEMO Watermarks******* Download more at Learnclax.com  attachment, pp. pp. 348–350 Prosocial behavior, pp. Well-being, pp. 438–439 180–181, 183, classifying people 286, 508, 510–511 See also Chapter 4: 184–185 and objects, p. 160 Psychological disorders Nature, Nurture, and child raising, pp. critical periods and, definitions of Human Diversity, and 149–150 pp. 343–344 “normality,” pp. Chapter 13: Social cognitive persistence of 552–553 Psychology. development, p. 179 childhood dissociative identity moral development, language, p. 174 disorder, p. 586 pp. 192–193 second languages eating disorders, pp. parenting styles, pp. and, pp. 343–344, 590–591 143–144, 186–188 346, 349–350 rates of, pp. 560–561 social development, sign language, pp. schizophrenia, pp. pp. 194–196 342, 344 554, 581–582 universal grammar, somatic symptoms, p. 341 p. 566 verbal interaction stress and, p. 554 encouraged in, p. suicide and, p. 557 150 susto, p. 554 taijin kyofusho, p. 554 treatment of, p. 618 5. These resources teach critical thinking. See p. xiii and Table 4 for details and a deeper list of coverage. 6. This text offers excellent neuroscience coverage, maps almost exactly to the MCAT Behavioral Sciences Section, and is perfect for nursing and premed students. We have continued to improve our strong neuroscience, behavior genetics, and evolutionary psychology coverage in this new edition, reflecting the dynamic nature of these subfields. See TABLE 7 and TABLE 8 for a list of topics covered. Psychology, Thirteenth Edition, also maps well onto the MCAT’s behavioral sciences section. Since 2015, the MCAT has devoted 25 percent of its questions to the “Psychological, Social, and Biological Foundations of Behavior.” The new ******ebook converter DEMO Watermarks******* Download more at Learnclax.com  section’s topics match up almost exactly with the topics in this text. See TABLE 9 for a sample. For a complete pairing of the MCAT behavioral science topics with this book’s contents, see the MCAT Correlation Guide provided in LaunchPad’s Instructor Resources. In addition, the Test Bank questions for Psychology, Thirteenth Edition, are keyed to the MCAT behavioral science section’s topics. TABLE 7 Neuroscience In addition to the coverage found in Chapter 2, neuroscience can be found on the following pages: Aggression, pp. 496–497 Dual processing, pp. Meditation, pp. 88–89, Pain, pp. 243–245 Aging: physical exercise 92–93, 193, 228, 247 246, 439, 461–464 controlling pain, pp. and the brain, p. 202 Electroconvulsive mindfulness and 246–247 Animal cognition, pp. therapy, pp. 625–626 mindfulness experienced and 337–338 Emotion and cognition, meditation, pp. imagined pain, pp. Animal language, pp. pp. 418–422 463–464 245, 285–286 346–347 Fear-learning, pp. 264, Memory phantom limb pain, Antisocial personality 568–569 emotional p. 245 disorder, pp. 588–589 Fetal alcohol syndrome memories, pp. Parallel processing, pp. Arousal, pp. 397–398 and brain abnormalities, 304–305 93, 228, 294 Attention-deficit pp. 170–171 explicit and implicit Perception hyperactivity disorder Frequent head trauma, memories, pp. brain damage and, (ADHD) and the brain, p. risks of, pp. 73–74 296–298 p. 228 595 Functional connectivity, physical storage of, color vision, pp. Autism spectrum p. 81 pp. 302–306 225–226 disorder (ASD), pp. Hallucinations, p. 97 sleep and, p. 100 feature detection, p. 592–594 hallucinogens and, synaptic changes 227 Biofeedback, p. 461 pp. 79, 117–119 and, pp. 305–306 transduction, pp. Biological psychology, near-death Mirror neurons, pp. 212–213 p. 52 experiences and, p. 284–286 visual information Biopsychosocial 188 Neurocognitive disorders processing, pp. approach, pp. 12–13 psychological and Alzheimer’s disease, 222–225 to aggression, pp. disorders and, p. 560 pp. 204, 292, 250, 306 Perceptual organization, 495–500 schizophrenia and, Neurodevelopmental pp. 229–235 to aging, pp. pp. 36, 578–581, 622 disorders, pp. 592–594 Personality 207–209 sleep and, pp. 97, Neurodiversity, pp. 593, Big Five and, pp. to Alzheimer’s, pp. 107 C-5 535–537 ******ebook converter DEMO Watermarks******* Download more at Learnclax.com  100, 202, 204–205, Hormones, pp. 63–64 Neurogenesis, pp. 82, brain imaging and, 307, 459 abuse and, p. 185 202, 461, 624, 625 p. 533 to development, pp. appetite and, pp. Neuroplasticity, pp. Posttraumatic stress 161–162 388–389 53–54 disorder (PTSD) and the to disordered drug in autism spectrum aging and, pp. limbic system, pp. use, pp. 120–123 disorder, treatment 202–203 565–566 to dreams, pp. of, p. 594 growth mindset Priming 106–109 development and, and, p. 374 in memory, pp. to emotion, pp. pp. 154–157, 173, as response to 307–308 304–305, 422–424 190 damage, pp. 81–82 in perception, pp. to learning, pp. in adolescents, pp. Neuroscience 214–215 278–281 155–156, 190 perspective, defined, pp. Psychosurgery p. 627 to pain, pp. 343–345 of sexual 12–13