Chapter Fifteen: Psychological Disorders PDF

Macduff Everton/The Image Bank/Getty Images Chapter Fifteen: Psychological Disorders Overview  Introduction to Psychological Disorders  Anxiety Disorders, OCD, and PTSD  Depressive Disorders and Bipolar Disorder  Schizophrenia  Dissociative, Personality, and Eating Disorders Macduff Everton/...

Macduff Everton/The Image Bank/Getty Images Chapter Fifteen: Psychological Disorders Overview  Introduction to Psychological Disorders  Anxiety Disorders, OCD, and PTSD  Depressive Disorders and Bipolar Disorder  Schizophrenia  Dissociative, Personality, and Eating Disorders Macduff Everton/The Image Bank/Getty Images Introduction to Psychological Disorders  According to psychologists and psychiatrists, psychological disorders  Are marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior (APA, 2013)  Disturbed or dysfunctional thoughts, emotions, or behaviors are maladaptive. Macduff Everton/The Image Bank/Getty Images Biopsychosocial Approach to Psychological Disorders Psychological influences: • stress • trauma • learned helplessness • mood-related perceptions and memories Biological influences: Social-cultural influences: • evolution • individual genes • brain structure and chemistry • roles • expectations • definitions of normality and disorder Psychological disorder Macduff Everton/The Image Bank/Getty Images ADHD-Normal High Energy or Disordered Behavior?  Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)  11 percent of American 4- to 17-year-olds receive this diagnosis after displaying its key symptoms (extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity); 2.5 percent have ADHD symptoms.  Symptoms can be treated with medication and other therapies.  Debate continues over whether normal high energy is too often diagnosed as a psychiatric disorder, and whether there is a cost to the long-term use of stimulant drugs in treating ADHD. Macduff Everton/The Image Bank/Getty Images Rates of Psychological Disorders  Psychological disorder rates vary, depending on the time and place of the survey.  Poverty is a risk factor.  Conditions and experiences associated with poverty contribute to the development of psychological disorders.  But some disorders, such as schizophrenia, can drive people into poverty. Macduff Everton/The Image Bank/Getty Images Psychological Disorder Percentage Generalized anxiety disorder 3.1 Social anxiety disorder 6.8 Phobia of specific object or situation 8.7 Depressive disorders or bipolar disorder 9.5 Obsessive - compulsive disorder (OCD) 1 Schizophrenia 1.1 Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) 3.5 Attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) 4.1 Percentage of Americans Reporting Selected Psychological Disorders in the Past Year Macduff Everton/The Image Bank/Getty Images What Increases Vulnerability To Mental Disorders? Protective Factors Risk Factors •Academic failure •Birth complications •Caring for those who are chronically ill or who have a neurocognitive disorder •Child abuse and neglect •Chronic insomnia •Chronic pain •Family disorganization or conflict •Low birth weight •Low socioeconomic status •Medical illness •Neurochemical imbalance •Parental mental illness •Parental substance abuse •Personal loss and bereavement •Poor work skills and habits •Reading disabilities •Sensory disabilities •Social incompetence •Stressful life events •Substance abuse •Trauma experiences • Aerobic exercise • Community offering empowerment, opportunity, and security • Economic independence • Effective parenting • Feelings of mastery and control • Feelings of security • Literacy • Positive attachment and early bonding • Positive parent-child relationships • Problem-solving skills • Resilient coping with stress and adversity • Self-esteem • Social and work skills • Social support from family and friends Macduff Everton/The Image Bank/Getty Images Anxiety Disorders, OCD, and PTSD  Anxiety disorders are marked by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety.  Generalized anxiety disorder  Person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal Macduff Everton/The Image Bank/Getty Images Terms to Learn: Anxiety Disorders  Panic disorder  Person experiences sudden episodes of intense dread and often lives in fear of when the next attack might strike  Phobias  Person experiences a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation Macduff Everton/The Image Bank/Getty Images Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)  Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)  Characterized by persistent and repetitive thoughts (obsessions), actions (compulsions), or both  Occurs when obsessive thoughts and compulsive behaviors interfere with everyday life and cause distress  Is more common among teens and young adults than older people Macduff Everton/The Image Bank/Getty Images Thought or Behavior Obsessions (repetitive thoughts) Concern with dirt, germs, or toxins Something terrible happening (fire, death, illness) Symmetry, order, or exactness Percentage Reporting Symptom 40 24 17 Compulsions (repetitive behaviors) Excessive hand washing, bathing, toothbrushing, or grooming 85 Repeating rituals (in/out of a door, up/down from a chair) 51 Checking doors, locks, appliances, car brakes, homework 46 COMMON OBSESSIONS AND COMPULSIONS AMONG CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS WITH OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER Macduff Everton/The Image Bank/Getty Images Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)  Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)  Is disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia lingering for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience  Often involves battle-scarred veterans (7.6 percent of combatants; 1.4 of noncombatants) and survivors of accidents, disasters, and violent and sexual assaults (two-thirds of prostitutes)  Has higher risk for women Macduff Everton/The Image Bank/Getty Images Depressive Disorders and Bipolar Disorder Major depressive disorder • Person experiences two or more weeks with five or more symptoms, at least one of which must be either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure. Persistent depressive disorder Less common condition of bipolar disorder • Person experiences mildly depressed mood more often than not for at least two years, along with at least two other symptoms. • Person experiences not only depression but also mania— impulsive behavior. Macduff Everton/The Image Bank/Getty Images Understanding Depressive Disorders and Bipolar Disorder  Findings that any theory of depression must explain  Behaviors and thoughts change with depression.  Depression is widespread.  Women’s risk of major depression is nearly double men’s.  Most major depressive episodes end on their own.  Stressful events related to work, marriage, and close relationships often precede depression.  With each new generation, depression is striking earlier in life and affecting more people. Macduff Everton/The Image Bank/Getty Images Understanding Depressive Disorders and Bipolar Disorder  The depressed brain  Brain activity slows during depression  Left frontal lobe less active  Scarcity of norepinephrine and serotonin Macduff Everton/The Image Bank/Getty Images Understanding Depressive Disorders and Bipolar Disorder  Psychological and social influences: Social- cognitive perspective  Depressed people view self and world negatively  Learned helplessness may exist with self-defeating beliefs, self-focused rumination, and self-blaming and pessimistic explanatory style Macduff Everton/The Image Bank/Getty Images Understanding Depressive Disorders and Bipolar Disorder  Social-cognitive perspective  Explores how people’s assumptions and expectations influence their perceptions  Self-defeating beliefs and negative explanatory style contribute to cycle of depression  Views depression as an ongoing cycle of stressful experiences (interpreted through negative beliefs, attributions, and memories) leading to negative moods and actions and fueling new stressful experiences Macduff Everton/The Image Bank/Getty Images Suicide and Self-Injury  Suicide  Involves 1 million people worldwide; higher risk with diagnosis of depression but may occur with rebound  Is more likely to occur when people feel disconnected from or burden to others  Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI)  Includes cutting, burning, hitting oneself, pulling out hair, inserting objects under nails or skin, selfadministered tattooing Macduff Everton/The Image Bank/Getty Images Schizophrenia  Definition  Psychological disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished, inappropriate emotional expression  Symptoms  Disturbed perceptions  Disorganized thinking and speech  Diminished and inappropriate emotions and actions Macduff Everton/The Image Bank/Getty Images Schizophrenia: Onset and Development  Chronic schizophrenia (also called process schizophrenia)  Form of schizophrenia in which symptoms usually appear by late adolescence or early adulthood  As people age, psychotic episodes last longer and recovery periods shorten.  Acute schizophrenia (also called reactive schizophrenia)  Form of schizophrenia that can begin at any age, frequently occurs in response to an emotionally traumatic event, and has extended recovery periods Macduff Everton/The Image Bank/Getty Images Understanding Schizophrenia • Prenatal environment and risk • Low birth weight • Lack of oxygen during delivery • Maternal prenatal nutrition • Midpregnancy viral infection (e.g., flu, dense population, season of birth) Macduff Everton/The Image Bank/Getty Images Personality Disorders  Personality disorder  Disruptive, inflexible, and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning. This disorder forms three clusters, characterized by anxiety, eccentric or odd behaviors, and dramatic or impulsive behaviors.  Antisocial personality disorder  Lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members; impulsive, fearless, irresponsible; some genetic tendencies, including low arousal  Genetic predispositions may interact with the environment to produce the altered brain activity associated with antisocial personality disorder.