Psychological Disorders Part 2 SMU F24 PDF

Announcements  Study guide for the Final exam posted! › Take a look and let me know if you have any questions on Wednesday (or Thursday!)  Final exam will take place from 2:00 – 5:00 pm Thursday, Dec. 12 in LA 290* › *Note: earlier, I announced LA 270. That was...

Announcements  Study guide for the Final exam posted! › Take a look and let me know if you have any questions on Wednesday (or Thursday!)  Final exam will take place from 2:00 – 5:00 pm Thursday, Dec. 12 in LA 290* › *Note: earlier, I announced LA 270. That was a typo. I will also send out a class email.  Did I mention we have class on Thursday??? › 1:00 – 2:15 pm here in LA 170  Psychological Disorders Part 2 In part 1 we covered Anxiety Disorders In part 2 we’ll cover Mood Disorders and Schizophrenia  General classes of disorders  Anxiety disorders  Mood disorders  Schizophrenia  Personality disorders  Somatoform disorders  Dissociative disorders Anxiety Disorders In Part 1 we covered the Panic disorder Anxiety Disorders Social phobia Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Mood Disorders Depressive Major depressive disorder Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) Bipolar  Mood Disorders  Characterized by disturbances in emotion strong enough to intrude on everyday life. › Interfere with an individual’s ability to function effectively  Moods & emotions that are extreme and unwarranted by the demands of the situation  Ranges from › The depths of severe depression › The heights of extreme elation 6  Remember Tina?  Friends have described Tina as happy, friendly and out-going. But in the last few months Tina has stopped calling her friends, going out with them or returning emails. What her friends don’t know is lately Tina rarely has the will or the energy to get of bed. She cannot explain why she feels as sad as she does, or why the things she used to enjoy (like going out with her friends) no longer hold any pleasure for her.  Types of Mood Disorders Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)  Persistent feelings of sadness, loss of interest, feelings of worthlessness or guilt, and inability to concentrate  interferes with concentration, decision making, and sociability.  Symptoms include:  Feelings of worthlessness  Loneliness  Crying  Sleep disturbance  Suicide Copyright © 2012 by Nelson Education Ltd. 8  Do you want to know more? Watch this:  The Depression Project Documentary (2011) › Directed, Produced, Presented and Edited by Grace Owen. Find her online via: www.twitter.com/GracefaceTV › This documentary explores why mental health issues are so taboo › http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VOgL31GHf3E  Mood Disorders: Diagnosing Depression Copyright © 2012 McGraw-Hill Ryerson  Bipolar Disorder  Formerly known as manic-depressive disorder  Characterized by mood swings from ecstatic elation (mania) to deep depression  Bipolar Disorder In the manic phase, the person may show  Inflated self-esteem, excessive euphoria and energy › Often irrational and delusional  They are too restless to sit still or sleep restfully.  Rapid flight of ideas.  Argumentative, poor judgment › E.g., destroying property and giving away expensive possessions.  Bipolar Disorder In the depressive phase,  Often includes sleeping more than usual and being lethargic  Individuals also tend to withdraw and experience irritability. Mood Disorders: Bipolar Disorder Copyright © 2012 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)  Depressive mood disorder that manifests during the winter months, marked with increased eating, sleeping, weight gain, and a depressed mood  Affects an estimated one million Canadians every year  Estimated to affect 3% of the Canadian population, with a further 15% afflicted with a milder version Copyright © 2012 by Nelson Education Ltd. 15  Causes of Mood Disorders  Psychoanalytic theory › Feelings of loss › Anger directed at oneself  Genetic and biochemical theory › Genetic predisposition › Brain chemistry  Behavioural view › Lack of positive reinforcers › Self-reinforcing cycle Copyright © 2012 McGraw-Hill Ryerson  Causes of Mood Disorders  Cognitive view › Learned helplessness › Negative cognitions  Evolutionary theory › Depression is an adaptive response to the pursuit of goals that are unattainable › Depression lifts only when individual turns to the pursuit of more reasonable goals LO 1 Copyright © 2012 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Causes of Mood Disorders: Biochemical Theory Copyright © 2012 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Schizophrenia  Remember Frank? During his final year at high school, Frank became noticeably withdrawn and prone to odd quirky behaviour. He spent a lot of his time alone in his room, doodling elaborately in his journal or just staring out the window. When his parents talked to him, he muttered strange sentences that didn’t make much sense. Sometimes they could hear him shouting as if someone were in the room with him. That was 10 years ago, and with the help of regular medication the bizarre behaviour has been largely controlled. But he has been unable to attend college or hold a job for very long because of frequent disturbances in his thoughts and behaviour.  Schizophrenia  A severe psychological disorder that touches every aspect of a person’s life. Can include: › Loss of contact with reality › Hallucinations › Delusions › Inappropriate or flat affect › Disturbances of thought › Social withdrawal › Bizzarre or erratic behaviour 21  Schizophrenia  People with schizophrenia have problems in memory, attention, and communication  Symptoms very removed from most people’s every day experiences  Usually begins in adolescence or early adulthood  Affects 1 person in 100 22  Symptoms of Schizophrenia  Many symptoms associated with schizophrenia › An individual suffering from schizophrenia may have any combination of one or more of the major symptoms › No one single symptom shared by all  Symptoms generally fall into two categories: › Positive symptoms › Negative symptoms  Positive Symptoms Positive symptoms are present or noticeable  Include the excessive and bizarre symptoms including:  Hallucinations  Delusions  Looseness of association  Disturbances in thought or speech  Grossly disorganized behaviour  Inappropriate affect  Hallucination  A sensory perception in the absence of sensory stimulation that is confused with reality  An imaginary sensation  E.g., may see, hear, feel, taste or smell things that are not there › Hearing the voice of God or Satan › Seeing friends, relatives or imagined people › Feelings such as being beaten or burned 25  Delusions  False beliefs, not generally shared by one’s culture  Very hard to dissuade, even with clear evidence  E.g., › Believing your thoughts were being broadcast so people could hear what you were thinking › Believing that the government or alien forces were trying to hijack your mind and implant false ideas  Common Delusions Delusion of Persecution  Erroneous beliefs that one is being victimized or persecuted Delusion of Grandeur  A false belief that one is famous, or possesses great talent, knowledge or authority Copyright © 2012 by Nelson Education Ltd. 27  Other positive symptoms  Disturbances in thought or speech  Grossly disorganized behaviour  Inappropriate affect  Negative symptoms Negative symptoms involve a loss or deficiency in thoghts and behaviours necessary for normal functioning › Lack of emotional expression (flat affect) › Lack of motivation (or goal-directed activity) › Loss of pleasure in activities › Social withdrawal › Poverty of speech › Slow movements  Types of Schizophrenia Paranoid Disorganized Catatonic Undifferentiated  Types of Schizophrenia Paranoid schizophrenia  Characterized by delusions and frequently related auditory hallucinations.  Usually the delusions are of grandeur and persecution  Exaggerated anger, suspicion & jealousy  May become violent in an attempt to defend themselves against imaginary attackers  Better chance of recovery than catatonic or disorganized  Types of Schizophrenia Disorganized schizophrenia  Most serious type  Marked by extreme social withdrawal, hallucinations, delusions, silliness, inappropriate laughter, grimaces, grotesque mannerisms, other bizarre behaviour.  They often have extreme social impairment › exhibiting silliness and giddiness of mood and nonsensical speech.  Types of Schizophrenia Catatonic schizophrenia  Characterized by striking impairment in motor activity.  Slowing of activity into a stupor that may suddenly change into an agitated phase.  Waxy flexibility in which the person maintains positions into which he or she has been manipulated by others.  Types of Schizophrenia Undifferentiated schizophrenia  A catch-all category  Marked by clear schizoprhenic symptoms › But symptoms do not fall clearly into any other category, or fall into more than 1 type Psychological Disorders in Perspective How prevalent are psychological disorders? What indicators signal a need for the help of a mental health practitioner?  How Prevalent are Psychological Disorders?  48% of people will suffer from a psychological disorder at some point in their lives  The most common psychological disorder experienced is depression  The second most common psychological disorder is alcohol dependence Copyright © 2012 McGraw-Hill Ryerson  What Signals a Need for Help? 1. Long-term feelings of distress 2. Occasions in which you experience overwhelmingly high stress, accompanied by feelings of inability to cope with the situation 3. Prolonged depression or feeling of hopelessness 4. Withdrawal from other people Copyright © 2012 McGraw-Hill Ryerson  What Signals a Need for Help? 5. A chronic physical problem for which no physical cause can be determined 6. A fear or phobia that prevents you from engaging in everyday activities 7. Feelings that other people are out to get you, or plotting against you 8. Inability to interact effectively with others, preventing the development of friendships and loving relationships. Copyright © 2012 McGraw-Hill Ryerson  If you or someone you know needs help, Get help. Talk to someone you trust. You deserve it.  If you or someone you know needs help, you can contact… The Counselling Centre  We offer individual personal counselling, couples counselling, academic coaching and consultations  Free to all students  Call 420-5615, email [email protected] or drop by our office, 4th Floor, Student Centre  If you or someone you know needs help, you can contact… The Student Health Center  located on the 4th floor of the Student Centre. The phone number is 420-5611 or 496-8778.  Online Supports  Healthy Minds NS Suite of services available including text, phone, and online options.  Togetherall A safe, online community where people support each other anonymously to improve mental health and wellbeing.  Good2Talk NS Call Good2Talk NS Helpline for Postsecondary Students: 1 833 292 3698 Text Good2TalkNS to 686868  Anxiety Canada