Psychological Disorders Part 1 f24 PDF

Announcements Today: › Health & Stress › Applied Activity: Due 11:59 pm Weds., Nov. 27  Quiz 6 on Social Psyc › Will close at 11:59 Wed. Dec. 1 *Monday classes  Next week: make up day (i...

Announcements Today: › Health & Stress › Applied Activity: Due 11:59 pm Weds., Nov. 27  Quiz 6 on Social Psyc › Will close at 11:59 Wed. Dec. 1 *Monday classes  Next week: make up day (in lieu of Monday holiday › Class on Monday, Dec. 2 during term › Class on Wednesday, Dec. 4 › Class on Thursday, Dec. 5* Psychological Disorders Chapter 13 Meet some people…  Meet…Tina  Friends have described Tina as happy, friendly and out-going. But in the last few months Tina has stopped calling her friends, going out with them or returning emails. What her friends don’t know is lately Tina rarely has the will or the energy to get out of bed. She cannot explain why she feels as sad as she does, or why the things she used to enjoy (like going out with her friends) no longer hold any pleasure for her.  Meet Raoull Raoull was walking to class the first time it happened. All of a sudden he could feel his heart pounding in his chest and fear rising in his throat. Standing there in the hallway between classes, he felt like he was open, and exposed – and terrified that something bad was about to happen. Shaken and confused, he made it back to his dormitory room and collapsed on the bed utterly physically and mentally exhausted.  Meet Frank During his final year at high school, Frank became noticeably withdrawn and prone to odd quirky behaviour. He spent a lot of his time alone in his room, doodling elaborately in his journal or just staring out the window. When his parents talked to him, he muttered strange sentences that didn’t make much sense. Sometimes they could hear him shouting as if someone were in the room with him. That was 10 years ago, and with the help of regular medication the bizarre behaviour has been largely controlled. But he has been unable to attend college or hold a job for very long because of frequent disturbances in his thoughts and behaviour. What do Tina, Raoull & Frank have in common? They all suffer from some form of psychological disorder.  Did You Know?  By some estimates, 1 in 4 people will be diagnosed with a psychological disorder at some point in their lives › About 1 in 2 will meet the criteria  You or someone you know will be affected by a psychological disorder in your lifetime.  Some of the most accomplished and creative people have suffered from mental illness.  What we’ll cover in this chapter…  How can we distinguish normal from abnormal behaviour?  What are the major perspectives on psychological disorders used by mental health professionals?  What are the major categories of psychological disorders? Copyright © 2012 McGraw-Hill Ryerson What Are Psychological Disorders? Psychological Disorders  Patterns of behaviour or mental processes that are connected with emotional distress or significant impairment in functioning  Often characterized by abnormal thinking or behaviour So what is abnormal?? Copyright © 2012 by Nelson Education Ltd. 11  What is abnormal? Behaviour is considered abnormal when  Is it considered rare or unusual by cultural standards › Socially unacceptable behaviours  It causes personal distress › Self-defeating behaviours › Causes confusion, disruption, sadness, anxiety  What is abnormal? Behaviour is considered abnormal when it involves  Maladaptive behaviour › Faulty perceptions or interpretations of reality › Inappropriate response to the situation  Dangerous behaviours › Is the person a danger to themselves or others?  Perspectives on Abnormality  Biological perspective › Assumes that symptoms of abnormal behaviour are rooted in physiological causes › E.g., brain injury, chemical imbalance  Psychoanalytic perspective › Views abnormal behaviour as stemming from childhood conflicts over opposing wishes regarding sex and aggression  Unresolved issues from childhood  Imbalance among id, ego & superego Copyright © 2012 McGraw-Hill Ryerson  Perspectives on Abnormality  Behavioural (learning) perspective › View abnormal behaviour as a learned response › The behaviour itself is the problem  Cognitive perspective › Assumes that cognitions (people’s thoughts and beliefs) are central to a person’s abnormal behaviour › Person has learned maladaptive ways of thinking LO 2 Copyright © 2012 McGraw-Hill Ryerson  Perspectives on Abnormality  Humanistic Perspective › Emphasizes the responsibility that people have over their own behaviour even if the behaviour is seen as abnormal › People can, for the most part, set their own limits on their own behaviour  Sociocultural Perspective › Makes the assumption that people’s behaviour --both normal and abnormal--is shaped by family, group, society, and culture › One’s relationships with others may support or cause abnormal behaviours LO 2 Copyright © 2012 McGraw-Hill Ryerson  Classifying Psychological Disorders Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) › Includes information on medical conditions, psychosocial problems, and global assessment of functioning › Continuously being revised and updated 17  Classifying Psychological Disorders Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) › Standard system used by most professionals to diagnose and classify abnormal behaviour  Describes conditions and symptoms that must be present for a clinical diagnosis 18 Classifying Abnormal Behaviour DSM-V- TR (2022) LO 3 Copyright © 2012 McGraw-Hill Ryerson  DSM-V  In recent years, the DSM has added entirely new disorders that encompass behavioral patterns that used to be mundane, everyday adjustment problems. Examples of new diagnoses…  New DSM-5 dignoses:  caffeine intoxication (getting really buzzed from coffee),  tobacco use disorder (inability to control smoking), disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (problems with recurrent temper tantrums in youngsters),  binge-eating disorder (gluttonous over- eating more than once a week for at least 3 months),  gambling disorder (inability to control gambling).  General classes of disorders  Anxiety disorders  Mood disorders  Schizophrenia  Personality disorders  Somatoform disorders  Dissociative disorders Anxiety Disorders Panic disorder Social phobia Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)  Anxiety or Anxiety Disorder?  Can be healthy, adaptive (Anxiety) OR  Can be excessive and maladaptive (Anxiety Disorder) › If it is out of proportion to the situation › If it does not fade after the threat is passed › If it interferes with quality of life 24  Ways anxiety can be helpful  Anxiety can motivate you to take action  Anxiety can keep you safe  Anxiety can help you become a better planner  Anxiety lets you know that changes need to be made  Anxiety Disorders Anxiety Disorder a vague, general uneasiness or feeling that something bad is going to happen › Anxiety occurs without an obvious external cause › Anxiety affects a person’s daily functioning 26  Phobia Definition:  A persistent or irrational fear of some specific object, situation or activity that in reality poses no significant threat or danger  People with phobias realize their fear is irrational  Three general classes of phobia…  Phobias  Social phobias › Persistent fears of scrutiny by others › or of doing something that will be humiliating or embarrassing.  Agoraphobia › Fear of being in places from which it would be difficult to escape or receive help  Specific phobias › Irrational fears of specific objects or situations Copyright © 2012 by Nelson Education Ltd. 28  Specific Phobias  Occur in about 11% of the population  Most frequent: › Situational phobias (elevators, enclosed spaces) › Fear of the natural environment (storms, weather, heights) › Blood, injections, injury › Animal phobias (dogs, snakes, butterflies) Phobia Quiz  Acrophobia  High places  Anthropophobia  Human beings  Arachnophobia  Spiders  Monophobia  Being alone  Pyrophobia  Fire  Zoophobia  Animals Phobic disorders Copyright © 2012 McGraw-Hill Ryerson  Panic Disorder Abrupt attack of acute anxiety not triggered by a specific object or situation › Physical symptoms  Shortness of breath, heavy sweating, tremors, pounding of the heart  Other symptoms that may “feel” like a heart attack › Can last from a few seconds to several hours Copyright © 2012 by Nelson Education Ltd. 32  Remember Raoull? Raoull was walking to class the first time it happened. All of a sudden he could feel his heart pounding in his chest and fear rising in his throat. Standing there in the hallway between classes, he felt like he was open, and exposed – and terrified that something bad was about to happen. Shaken and confused, he made it back to his dormitory room and collapsed on the bed utterly physically and mentally exhausted.  Generalized Anxiety Disorder  Persistent, uncontrollable anxiety › Cannot be attributed to object, situation, or activity › Anxiety and worry cannot be set aside Copyright © 2012 by Nelson Education Ltd. 34  Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) Anxiety disorder in which people suffer from recurrent obsession or compulsions, or both. Obsession Persistent, recurring, involuntary thought, image, impulse that invades consciousness. Causes great distress. Compulsion Persistent, irresistible irrational urge to perform an act or ritual repeatedly. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Canada 13 - 35 Inc. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Phenomenon that can affect victims of major catastrophes or strong personal stressors › Victims may experience long- lasting effects that may include the re- experience of the event in vivid flashbacks or dreams http://www.yout ube.com/watch ?v=iXHz8NVE7pY Copyright © 2012 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) 38