Psychodynamic Schools PDF

PSYCHIATRY Psychodynamic Schools Psychodynamic Schools ALFRED ADLER (1870-1937) 1. KARL ABRAHAM (1877-1925)  never accepted the primacy of the libido theory, 2. ALFRED ADLER (1870-1937)...

PSYCHIATRY Psychodynamic Schools Psychodynamic Schools ALFRED ADLER (1870-1937) 1. KARL ABRAHAM (1877-1925)  never accepted the primacy of the libido theory, 2. ALFRED ADLER (1870-1937) the sexual origin of neurosis, or the importance of 3. FRANZ ALEXANDER (1891-1964) infantile wishes 4. GORDON ALLPORT (1897-1967)  aggression was far more important, specifically in 5. MICHAEL BALINT (1896-1970) its manifestation as a striving for power, which he 6. ERIC BERNE (1910-1970) believed to be a masculine trait 7. WILFRED BION (1897-1979)  introduced the term masculine protest to describe 8. JOHN BOWLBY (1907-1990) 9. RAYMOND CATTELL (1905-1998) the tendency to move from a passive, feminine role to 10. RONALD FAIRBAIRN (1889-1964) a masculine, active role 11. SANDOR FERENCZI (1873-1933)  his theories are collectively known as individual 12. VIKTOR FRANKL (1905-1997) psychology 13. ANNA FREUD (1895-1982) Note: 14. ERICH FROMM (1900-1980)  Alfred Adler’s Theory of Individual Psychology 15. KURT GOLDSTEIN (1878-1965) posits that individuals are motivated primarily 16. KAREN HORNEY (1885-1952) by social interests and a striving for 17. EDITH JACOBSON (1897-1978) superiority or self-improvement. 18. CARL GUSTAV JUNG (1875-1961)  Alfred Adler’s Individual Psychology posits that 19. OTTO KERNBERG (1928-PRESENT) humans are primarily motivated by social 20. MELANIE KLEIN(1882-1960) connectedness and a striving for superiority or 21. HEINZ KOHUT(1913-1981) 22. JACQUES LACAN (1901 -1981) success. He believed that feelings of inferiority 23. KURT LEWIN (1890-1947) drive individuals to achieve personal goals 24. ABRAHAM MASLOW (19081970)  postulated a principle of dynamism, in which every 25. ADOLF MEYER (1866-1950) individual is future directed and moves toward a goal 26. GARDNER MURPHY (1895-1979)  also emphasized the interface between 27. HENRY MURRAY (1893-1988) individuals and their social environment: the 28. FREDERICK S. PERLS (1893-1970) primacy of action in the real work over fantasy 29. SANDOR RADO (1890-1972)  coined the term inferiority complex to refer to a 30. OTTO RANK (1884-1939) sense of inadequacy and weakness that is universal and 31. WILHELM REICH (1897-1957) inborn 32. CARL ROGERS (1902-1987)  A developing child's self-esteem is compromised 33. JEAN-PAUL SARTRE (1905-1980) by a physical defect, and Adler referred to this 34. BURRHUS FREDERICK SKINNER(1904-1990) 35. HARRY STACK SULLIVAN(1892-1949) phenomenon as organ inferiority 36. DONALD W. WINNICOTT (1986-1971) Note:  Early interaction with family members, peers, and adults helps to determine the role of inferiority and superiority in life. KARL ABRAHAM (1877-1925)  Adler believed that birth order had a significant and  Elaboration of Freud Stages of Psychosexual predictable impact on a child’s personality, and development their feeling of inferiority. o Oral Stage: biting stage and sucking stage  one of the first developmental theorists to recognize o Anal Stage: destructive-expulsion (anal- sadistic) the importance of children's birth order in their families phase a of origin o Mastering-Retentive (anal-erotic) phase o First born - struggles against giving up the o Phalic Stage: early phase of partial genital love powerful position of only child (true phallic phase) o Second born- constantly strives to compete with o later mature genital phase the first born  He postulated that obsessional neurosis resulted from o Youngest - feel secure, never been displaced fixation at the anal-sadistic phase and depression from  The primary therapeutic approach in Adlerian Therapy fixation at the oral stage is encouragement, through which Adler believed his patients could overcome feelings of inferiority.  PSYCHIATRY Psychodynamic Schools FRANZ ALEXANDER (1891-1964)  He defined psychological games as stereotyped  He wrote extensively about the association between and predictable transactions that persons learn in specific personality traits and certain childhood and continue to play throughout their lives. psychosomatic ailments (specificity hypothesis)  Strokes, the basic motivating factors of human  He advocated the corrective emotional technique behavior, consist of specific rewards, such as approval for analysts that they must deliberately adopt a and love. particular mode of relatedness with the patient Note:  He believed that trusting, supportive relationship o Berne believed that insight could be better between patient and analyst enabled the patient to discovered by analyzing patients’ social master childhood trauma and grow from that transactions experience.  All persons have three ego states that exist within Note: them: o MIND AND BODY  Child, which represents primitive elements that o Alexander developed the concept of autoplastic become fixed in early childhood; adaptation. They proposed that when an individual  Adult, which is the part of the personality capable was presented with a stressful situation, he could of objective appraisals of reality react in one of two ways:  Parent, which is an introject of the values of a o Autoplastic adaptation: The subject tries to change person's actual parents. himself, i.e. the internal environment.  The therapeutic process is geared toward helping o Alloplastic adaptation: The subject tries to patients understand whether they are functioning change the situation, i.e. the external environment in the child, adult, or parent mode in their interactions with others. GORDON ALLPORT (1897-1967)  founder of the humanistic school of psychology, WILFRED BION (1897-1979) which holds that each person has an inherent potential  He expanded on the concept of projective for autonomous function and growth identification to include an interpersonal process in  believed that a person's only real guarantee of which a therapist feels coerced by a patient into playing personal existence is a sense of self a particular role in the patient's internal world.  used the term propriem to describe strivings related  He also developed the notion that “the therapist to maintenance of self-identity and self-esteem must contain what the patient has projected so  used the term traits to refer to the chief units of that it is processed and returned to the patient personality structure in modified form”.  mature persons have security, humor, insight,  Believed that a similar process occurs between enthusiasm, and zest mother and infant.  He also observed that "psychotic" and MICHAEL BALINT (1896-1970) "nonpsychotic" aspects of the mind function  He believed that the urge for the primary love object simultaneously as suborganizations. underlies virtually all psychological phenomena.  Best known for his application of psychoanalytic  Infants wish to be loved totally and unconditionally, ideas to groups. and when a mother is not forthcoming with appropriate  Whenever a group gets derailed from its task, it nurturance, a child devotes his or her life to a search deteriorates into one of three basic states: for the love missed in childhood dependency, pairing, or fight-flight.  Basic Fault - the feeling of something missing  He viewed all psychological motivations as JOHN BOWLBY (1907-1990) stemming from the failure to receive adequate  Founder of attachment theory maternal love.  Stressed that the essence of attachment is proximity ERIC BERNE (1910-1970)  (i.e., the tendency of a child to stay close to the mother  developed his own school, known as or caregiver). transactional analysis  A basic sense of security and safety is derived from  Transaction is a stimulus presented by one person a continuous and close relationship with a caregiver, that evokes a corresponding response in another.  PSYCHIATRY Psychodynamic Schools  He felt that without this early proximity to the mother  Greatly elaborated on individual defense or caregiver, the child does not develop a secure base, mechanisms, which he considered a launching pad for independence  Including reaction formation, regression, undoing, introjection, identification, projection, RAYMOND CATTELL (1905-1998) turning against the self, reversal, and  Introduced the use of multivariate analysis and sublimation factor analysis-statistical procedures that simultaneously examine the relations among multiple ERICH FROMM (1900-1980) variables and factors-to the study of personality.  identified five character types that are common to,  By examining a person's life record objectively, and determined by, Western culture; each person using personal interviewing and questionnaire may possess qualities from one or more types: data o receptive personality is passive; o exploitative personality is manipulative RONALD FAIRBAIRN (1889-1964 o marketing personality is opportunistic and  He suggested that infants are not primarily changeable motivated by the drives of libido and aggression o hoarding personality saves and stores but are by an object-seeking instinct. o productive personality is mature and enjoys  Replaced the Freudian ideas of energy, ego, and love and work. id with the notion of dynamic structures.  The therapeutic process involves strengthening the person's sense of ethical behavior toward others SANDOR FERENCZI (1873-1933) and developing productive love, which is characterized  He was influenced by Freud but later discarded by care, responsibility, and respect for other persons. Freud's techniques and introduced his own method of analysis. KURT GOLDSTEIN (1878-1965)  He understood the symptoms of his patients as  Influenced by existentialism and Gestalt related to sexual and physical abuse in psychology every organism has dynamic properties, childhood proposed that analysts need to love their which are energy supplies that are relatively constant patients in a way that compensates for the love they and evenly distributed did not receive as children.  When states of tension-disequilibrium occur, an  He developed a procedure known as active organism automatically attempts to return to its normal therapy, in which he encouraged patients to develop state. an awareness of reality through active confrontation by  What happens in one part of the organism the therapist. affects every other part, a phenomenon known as  He also experimented with mutual analysis, in holocoenosis which he would analyze his patient for a session and  Self-actualization was a concept Goldstein used to then allow the patient to analyze him for a session. describe persons' creative powers to fulfill their potentialities. VIKTOR FRANKL (1905-1997)  Sickness severely disrupts self-actualization.  He believed that human beings shared with other  One of Goldstein's major contributions was his animals somatic and psychological dimensions, identification of the catastrophic reaction to but that humans alone also had a spiritual brain damage, in which a person becomes fearful and dimension that confers both freedom and agitated and refuses to perform simple tasks because responsibility. of the fear of possible failure.  People find meaning in their lives through creative and productive work, through an KAREN HORNEY (1885-1952) appreciation of the world and others, and by freely  Emphasized the preeminence of social and cultural adopting positive attitudes even in the face of suffering. influences on psychosexual development,  Those who fail to find meaning face alienation, focused her attention on the differing psychology of despair, and existential neuroses. men and women and explored the vicissitudes of martial relationships ANNA FREUD (1895-1982)  Holistic psychology, maintains that a person needs  The daughter of Sigmund Freud to be seen as a unitary whole who influences, and is influenced by, the environment  PSYCHIATRY Psychodynamic Schools  proposed three separate concepts of the self:  Evolved a theory of internal object relations that o The Actual Self, the sum total of a person's was intimately linked to drives experience;  Psychoanalytic work with children, she became o The Real Self, the harmonious, healthy person; impressed with the role of the unconscious o The Idealized Self, the neurotic expectation or intrapsychic fantasy glorified image that a person feels he or she should  Persecutory anxiety phenomenon: Infants project be derivatives of the death instinct into the mother and  The therapeutic process, in her view, aims for self- then fear attack from the "bad mother” ; associated realization by exploring distorting influences that with paranoid-schizoid position prevent the personality from growing HEINZ KOHUT (1913-1981) EDITH JACOBSON (1897-1978)  Best known for his writing on narcissism and dev’t  She stressed that the infant's disappointment with of self-psychology the maternal object is not necessarily related to  development was supposed to proceed toward object the mother's actual failure. relatedness and away from narcissism  Disappointment is related to specific, drive-determined  Self-object transferences demand, rather than to a global striving for contact or o Grandiose self: leads to mirror transference in engagement. She viewed an infant's experience of which patients attempt to capture the gleam in the pleasure or ''unpleasure" as the core of the early analyst’s eye through exhibitionistic self-display mother-infant relationship. o Alter ego: leads to the twinship transference in which patients perceive the analyst as a twin CARL GUSTAV JUNG (1875-1961) o Idealized parental image: leads to an idealizing  Formed a psychoanalytic school known as analytic transference in which patients feel enhanced self- psychology esteem by being in the presence of the exalted  Concept of the unconscious by describing the collective figure of the analyst unconscious as consisting of all humankind's common, shared mythological and symbolic past. JACQUES LACAN (1901 -1981)  The collective unconscious includes archetypes  Among his most controversial beliefs was that the representational images and configurations resistance to understanding the real with universal symbolic meanings relationship with the therapist can be reduced  Archetypal figures exist for the mother, father, by shortening the length of the therapy session child, and hero, among others and that psychoanalytic sessions need to be  Noted that there are two types of personality standardized not to time but, rather, to content organizations: and process. o Introversion - focus on their inner world of thoughts, intuitions, emotions, and sensations KURT LEWIN (1890-1947) o Extroversion - are more oriented toward the  He adapted the field approach of physics to a concept outer world, other persons, and material goods called field theory.  A field is the totality of coexisting, mutually OTTO KERNBERG (1928-PRESENT) interdependent parts.  Places great emphasis on the splitting of the ego and  Behavior becomes a function of persons and their the elaboration of the good and bad self- environment, which together make up the life space. configurations and object-configurations The life space represents a field in constant flux, with  Proposed the term borderline personality valences or needs that require satisfaction. organization for a broad spectrum of patients characterized by a lack of an integrated sense of ABRAHAM MASLOW (19081970) identity, ego weakness, absence of superego  Humanistic psychology integration, reliance on primitive defense mechanisms  Believed in self-actualization theory such as splitting and objective identification, and a o The need to understand the totality of a tendency to shift to a primary process thinking person o Hierarchical organization of needs MELANIE KLEIN (1882-1960)  PSYCHIATRY Psychodynamic Schools o As the more primitive needs are satisfied, more HENRY MURRAY (1893-1988) advanced psychological needs become the primary  Personology– to describe the study of human motivators behavior o Self-actualization is the highest need  Focused on motivation, a need that is aroused to by internal and external stimulation  Developed TAT (Thematic Apperception test) Note:  The Thematic Apperception Test, or TAT, is a type of projective test that involves describing ambiguous scenes to learn more about a person's emotions, motivations, and personality. Popularly known as the "picture interpretation technique FREDERICK S. PERLS (1 893-1 970)  Applied Gestalt theory to a therapy that emphasizes the current experiences of the patient in the here and now, as contrasted to the three and then of psychoanalytic schools.  Gestalt point of view, behavior represents more than the sum of its parts. A gestalt, or a whole, both includes, and goes beyond, the sum of smaller, independent events; it deals with essential characteristics of actual experience, such as value, meaning, and form. KARL A. MENNINGER (1893-1990)  He made a compelling case for the validity of Freud's SANDOR RADO (1890-1972) death instinct in Man Against Himself.  His theories of adaptational dynamics hold that the  he formulated a unique theory of psychopathology and organism is a biological system operating under maintained a lifelong interest in the criminal hedonic control, which is somewhat similar to Freud's justice system pleasure principle.  Argued in The Crime of Punishment that many  Cultural factors often cause excessive hedonic convicted criminals needed treatment rather than control and disordered behavior by interfering with punishment. the organism's ability for self-regulation. In therapy, the patient needs to relearn how to experience ADOLF MEYER (1866-1950) pleasurable feelings.  He introduced the concept of common sense psychiatry and focused on ways in which a patient's OTTO RANK (1884-1939) current life situation could be realistically improved.  Anxiety is correlated with separation from the  He coined the concept of ergasia, the action of the mother- specifically, with separation from the total organism. His goal in therapy was to aid patients' womb, the source of effortless gratification. This adjustment by helping them modify unhealthy painful experience results in primal anxiety. Sleep and adaptations. dreams symbolize the return to the womb.  The personality is divided into impulses, GARDNER MURPHY (1895-1979) emotions, and will. Children's impulses seek  Murphy was interested in parapsychology. States immediate discharge and gratification. such as sleep, drowsiness, certain drug and toxic  As impulses are mastered, as in toilet training, children conditions, hypnosis, and delirium tend to be favorable begin the process of will development. to paranormal experiences.  Impediments to paranormal awareness include WILHELM REICH (1897-1957) various intrapsychic barriers, conditions in the general  Character armor – refers to the personality’s social environment, and a heavy investment in ordinary defenses that serve as resistance to self-understanding sensory experiences. and change 4 major character types:  PSYCHIATRY Psychodynamic Schools o Hysterical character: sexually seductive, DONALD W. WINNICOTT (1986-1971) anxious and fixated at the phallic phase of the  Theory of multiple self-organization included a true self libido development  In the context of a responsive holding environment o Compulsive character: distrustful, indecisive, provided by a good-enough mother fixated at the anal phase o Narcissistic character: fixated at the phallic state of development. If the person is male, has contempt for women o Masochistic character: long-suffering, complaining, self-deprecatory with an excessive demand for love CARL ROGERS (1902-1987)  His name is most clearly associated with the person- centered theory of personality and psychotherapy, in which the major concepts are self -actualization and self -direction.  Specifically, persons are born with a capacity to direct themselves in the healthiest way toward a level of completeness called self -actualization. JEAN-PAUL SARTRE (1905-1980)  Developed Existential Psychoanalysis o Humans alone could reflect on themselves as objects, so that the experience of “being” in humans is unique in the natural world BURRHUS FREDERICK SKINNER (1904-1990)  Skinner's seminal work in operant learning laid much of the groundwork for many current methods of behavior modification, programmed instruction, and general education.  His global beliefs about the nature of behavior have been applied more widely  His impact has been impressive in scope and magnitude. HARRY STACK SULLIVAN (1892-1949) Parataxic Distortion o Applies to the concept of self-esteem, consider the importance of preadolescent peer groups in development, or view a patient’s behavior as an interpersonal manipulation 3 modes of experiencing and thinking o Prototaxic mode: undifferentiated thought that cannot separate the whole into parts or use symbols o Parataxic mode: events are causally related because of temporal or serial connections o Syntaxic mode: logical, rational and most mature type of cognitive functioning of which a person is capable