Untitled Quiz

Psychodynamic Schools

• Alfred Adler (1870-1937)
  • Believed aggression was more important than libido
  • Focused on the striving for power as a masculine trait
  • Introduced "masculine protest" to describe the shift from passive to active roles
  • His theories are collectively known as individual psychology
  • Postulated that individuals are motivated by social interests and a striving for superiority or self-improvement.

Key Psychodynamic Figures

• Karl Abraham (1877-1925)

  • Did not accept the primacy of libido theory
  • Believed neurosis originated in sexuality and infantile wishes were important

• Franz Alexander (1891-1964)

  • Developed theories on the psychodynamics of various conditions, including anxiety, depression, and psychosomatic disorders

• Gordon Allport (1897-1967)

  • Contributed significantly to the development of personality psychology, particularly in the areas of traits and values

• Michael Balint (1896-1970)

  • Developed theories focused on the role of the therapist-patient relationship in psychotherapy

• Eric Berne (1910-1970)

  • Developed Transactional Analysis (TA) and explored interpersonal dynamics, communication patterns, and games people play

• Wilfred Bion (1897-1979)

  • Developed theories on the unconscious processes in groups and organizations

• John Bowlby (1907-1990)

  • Known for his Attachment Theory, which emphasizes the importance of early childhood attachments in shaping adult relationships

• Ronald Fairbairn (1889-1964)

  • Believed infants are motivated by an object-seeking instinct not libido or aggression
  • Proposed the term "object relations" to describe the nature of our interpersonal relationships

• Sandor Ferenczi (1873-1933)

  • Influenced by Freud but later introduced his own method of analysis
  • Emphasized the importance of the mother-infant relationship and the early experiences of pleasure and unpleasure.

• Viktor Frankl (1905-1997)

  • Developed Logotherapy focused on finding meaning in life and overcoming suffering.

• Anna Freud (1895-1982)

  • Expanded the field of child psychoanalysis.
  • Developed the concept of "ego defense mechanisms," which are unconscious strategies used by the ego to protect itself from anxiety.

• Karen Horney (1885-1952)

  • Introduced the theory of neurosis to address anxieties and feelings of insecurity arising from social and cultural factors.

• Edith Jacobson (1897-1978)

  • Developed the concept of the "ego ideal," which is an internalized representation of the ideal self.

• Carl Gustav Jung (1875-1961)

  • Formed his own school of psychoanalysis called "Analytical Psychology"
  • Proposed the concept of the Collective Unconscious, which is a shared store of archetypes that influence our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.

• Otto Kernberg (1928-present)

  • Focused on borderline personality disorder and the role of splitting (dividing the self into good and bad parts)

• Melanie Klein (1882-1960)

  • Popularized the term "object relations" which refers to the mental representations people have of themselves and others.

• Heinz Kohut (1913-1981)

  • Developed Self Psychology, emphasizing the importance of self-esteem and the development of a healthy self.

• Jacques Lacan (1901-1981)

  • Contributed significantly to the psychoanalytic understanding of language and the unconscious.
  • Developed the concept of the "mirror stage" where the infant develops a sense of self by identifying with their reflection.

• Raymond Cattell (1905-1998)

  • Introduced multivariate analysis and factor analysis to personality studies
  • Used statistics to study the relations among multiple variables and factors

• Kurt Lewin (1890-1947)

  • Developed Field Theory, which posits that behavior is a function of both the person and their environment.

• Abraham Maslow (1908-1970)

  • Known for his theory of self-actualization, which proposes that people are motivated by a hierarchy of needs.
  • Developed the concept of "peak experiences," which are moments of intense joy and fulfillment.

• Henry Murray (1893-1988)

  • Developed Personology, a comprehensive study of human behavior.
  • Introduced the concept of "needs," which are internal states that motivate behavior.

• Carl Rogers (1902-1987)

  • Developed a theory of personality that emphasized the importance of the "self," a sense of one's identity and uniqueness.
  • Known for his work in client-centered therapy, which focuses on helping people achieve self-actualization.

• Donald Winnicott (1886-1971)

  • Known for his work on object relations, which emphasizes the importance of early childhood experiences in shaping the personality
  • Emphasized the importance of the "holding environment," a supportive and nurturing environment that allows the child to develop a healthy sense of self.

• Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-1980)

  • Founded existential psychoanalysis, which seeks to understand the meaning of existence and the nature of human freedom.

• Burrhus Frederic Skinner (1904-1990)

  • Developed operant conditioning, a theory of learning that states that behaviors are learned through reinforcement and punishment.
  • Focused on examining behavior in the context of the environmental influences.