PSY1206 Psychology Assessment PDF

PSY1206 S.Y. ‘24 - ‘25 | SEM #1 - C#1 | FLORES (PPT) CHAPTERS 1, 2 – SEM #1 Q# WEEK #1 – correctional, corporate, neuropsychological, clinical, and other...

PSY1206 S.Y. ‘24 - ‘25 | SEM #1 - C#1 | FLORES (PPT) CHAPTERS 1, 2 – SEM #1 Q# WEEK #1 – correctional, corporate, neuropsychological, clinical, and other settings. 1.0 TESTING & ASSESSMENT Eval - > Intervention - > Eval 2.0 TYPES OF TESTS Testing is the process of measuring psychology-related variables by means of devices or procedures designed to obtain a 1. Administration sample of behavior. 2. Ability Test ○ Sample - error is present 3. Personality Test Assessment is the gathering and integration of psychology-related data for the purpose of making a psychological evaluation through 2.1 ADMINISTRATION tools such as tests, interviews, case studies, Individual Test - given to only one person at a behavioral observation (for non-behavioral time. cues), and other methods. Group Test - can be administered to more than one person at a time. 1.1 TESTING The objective of testing is typically to obtain some 2.2 ABILITY TEST gauge, usually numerical in nature, with regard to an ability or tribute. It measures skills in terms of speed, accuracy, or both. Test - measurement device or technique used Achievement Test - measures previous to quantify behavior or aid in the learning understanding and prediction of behavior. Aptitude Test - measures the potential for ○ Outcome: Test Scores learning or acquiring a specific skill. (future Item - specific stimulus (kasi pwede siyang ‘di skill) question) to which a person responds overtly Intelligence Test - measures potential to solve and can be scored or evaluated. problems, adapt to changing circumstances, - Specific questions that makes up a think abstractly, and profit from experience. test. Psychological Test - a set of items that are designed to measure characteristics of human 2.3 PERSONALITY TEST beings that pertain to behavior (overt & covert). It measures typical behavior traits, temperaments, and ○ Overt - apparent dispositions ○ Covert - not seen easily Structured Personality Test - usually of the 1.2 ASSESSMENT "self-report" variety, and requires the subject to choose between two or more alternative The objective of assessment is typically to answer a responses. referral question, solve a problem, or arrive at a Projective Personality Test - either the decision through the tools of evaluation. stimulus or the required response - or both - 1. Collaborative Psychological Assessment: are ambiguous (unclear). The assessor and assessee work as partners. Ex: TAT & Rorschach | Must in Clinical Setting - More on clinical/guidance set-up. Standardized Personality Test - Has already 2. Therapeutic Psychological Assessment: been facilitated to a wider range of people and Therapeutic self-discovery is encouraged already has a way of scoring. through the assessment process. Ex: You’ll learn something about yourself or a 3.0 TOOLS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSES. “self-discovery.” 3. Dynamic assessment is typically employed in educational settings but also may be used in 1. The Test 2. Who, What, Why, How, and Where? 3. Interview PPT | LECTURE | TEXTBOOK : KAPLAN & COHEN P.A. SEM1 REVIEWER PAGE 1 @wonrika  PSY1206 S.Y. ‘24 - ‘25 | SEM #1 - C#1 | FLORES (PPT) CHAPTERS 1, 2 4. Other Tools of Psychological Assessment Test users are sometimes referred to as psychometrists or psychometricians. A test can be reliable without being valid. 3.1 THE TEST However, a test cannot be valid unless it is reliable. A psychological test is a device or procedure designed to measure variables related to psychology (e.g. intelligence, attitudes, personality, interests, etc.). It 3.2 PARTIES varies by content, format, administration, scoring, interpretation, and technical quality The test developer - tests are created for research studies, publication (as commercially available Content: The subject matter of the test. Content instruments), or as modifications of existing tests. depends on the theoretical orientation of test developers and the unique way in which they define the The Standards for Educational and construct of interest. Psychological Testing covers issues related to test construction and evaluation, test Format: The form, plan, structure, layout of test items, administration and use, special applications of and other considerations (e.g, time limits, age tests and considerations for linguistic appropriateness). minorities. ○ Reference work for test developers Administration: Tests may require certain tasks to be and users. performed, trained observation of performance, or little The test user - Tests are used by a wide range involvement by the test administrators (e.g. self-report of professionals questionnaires). ○ “The Standards” contain guidelines for who should be administering - Self or rater-report psychological tests but many countries have no ethical or legal Scoring and Interpretation: Scoring of tests may be guidelines for test use simple, such as summing responses to items, or may The test-taker - Anyone who is the subject of require more elaborate procedures. an assessment or evaluation is a test-taker. ○ Test-takers may differ on a number of Some test results can be interpreted easily, or variables at the time of testing (e.g, interpreted by computer, whereas other tests test anxiety, emotional distress, require expertise for proper interpretation. physical discomfort, alertness, etc.) Scoring - Assigning the evaluative codes. Score - Code or summary statement. Can be numerical or not. Reflects the evaluation of 3.3 INTERVIEW performance. The interview is a method of gathering Cut Score: A reference point, usually numerical, used information through direct communication to divide data into two or more classifications (e.g. involving reciprocal exchange pass or fail). Interviews vary as to their purpose, length and nature varies depending on the norms (common The quality of information obtained in an things) of the population interview often depends on the skills of the interviewer (eg, their pacing, rapport, and their "eyeball method" ability to convey genuineness, empathy, and pag nakita mo, ‘yon ang cut-off; no basis humor) Technical Quality or Psychometric Soundness: 3.4 OTHER TOOLS OF P.A. Psychometrics is the science of psychological measurement. The psychometric soundness of a test depends on how consistently (reliability) and Portfolio: A file containing the products of accurately (validity) the test measures what it purports one's work. May serve as a sample of one's to measure. abilities and accomplishments Case History Data: Information preserved in PPT | LECTURE | TEXTBOOK : KAPLAN & COHEN P.A. SEM1 REVIEWER PAGE 2 @wonrika  PSY1206 S.Y. ‘24 - ‘25 | SEM #1 - C#1 | FLORES (PPT) CHAPTERS 1, 2 records, transcripts, or other forms. May 4.0 HOW ASSESS. ARE CONDUCTED? include files maintained by at institutions and agencies such as schools, hospitals etc. Behavioral Observation: Monitoring the There are many different methods used. actions of people through visual or electronic Ethical testers have responsibilities before, means during, and after testing. ○ Can be in a type of naturalistic observation or laboratories. 4.1 OBLIGATIONS INCLUDE: Role-Play Tests: Assesses are directed to act as if they were in a particular situation. Useful in evaluating various skills. Evaluation of familiarity with test materials and procedures expressed thoughts. ensuring that the room in which the test will be Computers as Tools: Computers can assist in conducted is suitable and conducive to the test administration, scoring, and interpretation. testing ○ Assessment is increasingly conducted It is important to establish rapport during test via the internet. administration. Rapport can be defined as a Advantages of Internet Testing working relationship between the examiner 1. Greater access to potential test-users and the examinees. 2. Scoring and interpretation tend to be quick 3. Costs tend to be lower. 4.2 ASSESSMENT OF PWD 4.0 TYPES OF SETTINGS The law mandates "alternate assessment" - The definition of this is up to states or school 1. Educational settings: districts Students typically undergo school ability tests Accommodations need to be made - the and achievement tests. adaptation of a test, procedure, or situation, or Diagnostic tests may be used to identify areas the substitution of one test for another, to for educational intervention. make the assessment more suitable for an Educators may also make informal evaluations assessee with exceptional needs of their students 2. Clinical settings Includes hospitals, inpatient and outpatient clinics, private-practice consulting rooms, schools, and other institutions. Assessment tools are used to help screen for or diagnose behavior problems. 3. Counseling settings: Includes schools, prisons, and governmental or privately owned institutions. The goal of assessments in this setting is improvements in adjustment, productivity, or related variables. 4. Geriatric settings: Assessment primarily evaluates cognitive, psychological, adaptive, or other functioning. At issue is the quality of life. 5. Business and military settings: Decisions regarding careers of personnel are made with a variety of achievement, aptitude, interest, motivational, and other tests. 6. Government and organizational credentialing: Includes governmental licensing, certification, or general credentialing of professionals (e.g. attorneys, physicians, and psychologists) PPT | LECTURE | TEXTBOOK : KAPLAN & COHEN P.A. SEM1 REVIEWER PAGE 3 @wonrika  PSY1206 S.Y. ‘24 - ‘25 | SEM #1 - C#1 | FLORES (PPT) CHAPTERS 1, 2 C1 TESTING & ASSESSMENT TERMS C2 HISTORICAL, CULTURAL, & LEGAL OR ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS TESTING Test, Item, Psychological Test 1.0 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE TYPES: 1. Antiquity to the 19th Century Administration 2. Culture Assessment 1. Individual Test 2. Group Test Ability Test 1.1 ANTIQUITY TO THE 19TH CENTURY 1. Achievement Referral Question: If the person is fit to work in the 2. Aptitude government? 3. Intelligence The first systematic tests were developed in Personality China as early as 2200 B.C.E. as a means of 1. Structured Personality Test selecting people for government jobs. 2. Projective Personality Test Individuals passing the tests were entitled to a number of privileges, which varied depending ASSESSMENT on the current dynasty. ○ Ex: Music, Archery, Horsemanship, 1. Collaborative Psychological Assessment writing, Architecture, arithmetic, 2. Therapeutic Psychological Assessment agriculture, geography civil law and 3. Dynamic assessment military strategy Song or Sung Dynasty test emphasized on knowledge of PARTIES & TOOLS classical literature 1. Content The Ancient Egyptian and Greco-Roman 2. Format cultures also had specific ideas relating to 3. Administration mental health and personality but no formal 4. Scoring & Interpretation means of psychological assessment. 5. Cut Score ○ Over abundance or deficiency of some 6. Technical Quality /Psychometric Soundness bodily fluids such as blood or phlegm. 1859 Darwin's book "on the origin of species by 1. Test Developer natural selection" was published 2. Test User ○ Darwin's interest in individual 3. Test-Taker differences led his half-cousin, Francis Galton, to devise a number of 1. Interview measures for psychological variables. 2. Portfolio Galton pioneered the use of statistical concept 3. Case History Data to psychological experimentation and testing: 4. Behavioral Observation the coefficient correlation although Karl 5. Role-play Tests Pearson developed the product-moment 6. Computers as Tools correlation technique. (Their interest is … people.) SETTINGS ○ Galton focused on measuring aspects 1. Educational of people and their abilities such as: 2. Clinical Height, arm span, weight, keenness of 3. Counseling sight and memory of form. 4. Geriatric In Germany, Wilhelm Wundt started the first 5. Business and Military experimental psychology laboratory and measured variables such as reaction time, 6. Government & Organizational Credentialing perception, and attention span. ○ Focused how the people were similar, not different. (testing similarity of situations) ○ Observed differences in performance PPT | LECTURE | TEXTBOOK : KAPLAN & COHEN P.A. SEM1 REVIEWER PAGE 4 @wonrika  PSY1206 S.Y. ‘24 - ‘25 | SEM #1 - C#1 | FLORES (PPT) CHAPTERS 1, 2 are indeed due to differences of the into themselves. People might people being measured and not due to honestly believe some things about extraneous variables themselves that in reality are not true. ○ "Standardize" (same) the condition ○ Some respondents are unwilling to James Mc Keen Cattell, an American who had reveal anything about themselves that studies with Galton, coined the term mental is very personal or paints them in a test in 1890 and was responsible for launching negative light. mental testing in its modern form. Projective tests, such as the Rorschach Inkblot ○ Individual differences in reaction time Test, are tests in which an individual is (how fast a person responds to a assumed to "project" onto some ambiguous stimulus) stimulus his or her own unique needs, fears, ○ Cattell infant intelligence scale hopes, and motivation. The twentieth century brought the first tests of Psychological assessment has proceeded abilities such as intelligence. along two lines - the academic and applied. ○ In 1905 Alfred Binet and Theodore ○ Academic tradition: Researchers at Simon developed the first intelligence universities throughout the world use test to identify mentally retarded Paris the tools of assessment to help school children. advance knowledge and ○ Before long, psychological tests were understanding of human and animal being used on a regular basis in behavior. schools, clinics, courts, hospitals, and ○ In the applied tradition, the goal is to prisons. select applicants for various positions ○ World Wars I and Il brought the need on the basis of merit for large-scale testing of the An example of an inkblot (insert) intellectual ability of new recruits. ○ After World War II, psychologists 1.2 CULTURE & ASSESSMENT increasingly used tests in large corporations and private organizations. (Army Alpha, can read, Culture: The socially transmitted behavior & Army Beta, immigrants & not patterns, beliefs, and products of work of a literate) particular population, community, or group of 1939 David Wechsler introduced a test people (Cohen, 1994). designed to measure intelligence. Professionals in assessment have shown a ○ Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Scale growing sensitivity to cultural issues with (WBIS) > Wechsler-Adult Intelligence every aspect of test development and use. Scale (WAIS) ○ Early psychological testing of By the late 1930's, over 4,000 psychological immigrant populations by Henry tests were in print. Goddard was controversial: He found ○ Measurement of personality that the majority of immigrant ○ Robert S. Woodworth pioneered the populations were "feeble-minded." screen for general adjustment and In the 1930's and 1940's developers of IQ tests emotional ability devised culture-specific tests and clarified that ○ called it "personal data sheet" the tests were not intended for minority ○ Never went beyond the experimental cultures. Yet, the tests were used on stages individuals belonging to other cultures. ○ The Woodworth Psychoneurotic ○ Today, developers of intelligence tests Inventory was the first widely used take precautions against bias. self-report personality test. (You’re the one who gives the information, usually The Rights of Test-Takers written) Competency may be defined as: An advantage of self-report is that 1. Being able to evidence a choice as to whether respondents are arguably the best-qualified one wants to participate; people to provide answers about themselves. 2. demonstrating a factual understanding of the ○ A potential disadvantage is that issues; respondents may have poor insight 3. being able to reason about the facts of a study, treatment, or whatever it is to which consent is PPT | LECTURE | TEXTBOOK : KAPLAN & COHEN P.A. SEM1 REVIEWER PAGE 5 @wonrika  PSY1206 S.Y. ‘24 - ‘25 | SEM #1 - C#1 | FLORES (PPT) CHAPTERS 1, 2 sought, and test 4. appreciating the nature of the situation. Nominal Scales - involve classification or iIf competency, cannot be provided by the categorization based on one or more distinguishing person, a substitute decision-maker is used characteristics; all things measured must be placed (eg. next of kin). into mutually exclusive and exhaustive categories (e.g. apples and oranges, DSM-IV diagnoses, etc.). The right to be informed of test findings: In the past test-takers were often not told of diagnostic findings or Ordinal Scales - Involve classifications, like nominal anything that might hurt their self-image. scales but also allow rank ordering (e.g. Currently, giving information about test Olympic medalists). performance to examinees is ethically and legally mandated and may be useful from a 0413 therapeutic perspective as well. Test-takers have a right to know about test Interval Scales - contain equal intervals between findings and recommendations numbers. Each unit on the scale is exactly equal to any Test-users should sensitively inform other unit on the scale (e.g. IQ scores and most other test-takers of the purpose of the test, the psychological measures). meaning of the score relative to those of other testtakers, and the possible limitations and Ratio Scales - Interval scales with a true zero point margins of error of the test (e.g. height or reaction time). Psychological Measurement - Most psychological The right to privacy and confidentiality: In most states, measures are truly ordinal but are treated as interval information provided by clients to psychologists is measures for statistical purposes considered privileged information. Privilege is not absolute - psychologists may Distributions - a set of test scores arrayed for have to disclose information if ordered by the recording or study. courts or the client may harm self or other. Another ethical mandate, regarding Raw Score - a straightforward, unmodified accounting confidentiality, pertains to safe-guarding test of performance that is usually numerical. data. Frequency Distribution - all scores are listed alongside The right to the least stigmatizing label: The the number of times each score occurred Standards advise that the least stigmatizing labels should always be assigned when reporting test results. - Grouped frequency distributions have class intervals rather than actual test scores. *once life is threatened, the psychologist must break - A histogram is a graph with vertical lines confidentiality and report it to the ER with suicide drawn at the true limits of each test score (or watch. class interval), forming a series of contiguous rectangles CHAPTER 3 - A STATISTICS REFRESHER - Bar graph - - Frequency polygon - test scores or class Scales of Measurement intervals (as indicated on the X-axis) meet frequencies (as indicated on the Y-axis). Continuous scales - theoretically possible to divide any - Central tendency - a statistic that indicates the of the values of the scale. Typically having a wide average or midmost score between the range of possible values (e.g. height or a depression extreme scores in a distribution. scale). - Mean - Sum of the observations (or test scores), in this case divided by the number of Discrete scales - categorical values (e.g, male or observations. female) - Median - The middle score in a distribution. Particularly useful when there are outliers, or Error - the collective influence of all of the factors on a extreme scores in a distribution. test score beyond those specifically measured by the - Mode - The most frequently occurring score in PPT | LECTURE | TEXTBOOK : KAPLAN & COHEN P.A. SEM1 REVIEWER PAGE 6 @wonrika  PSY1206 S.Y. ‘24 - ‘25 | SEM #1 - C#1 | FLORES (PPT) CHAPTERS 1, 2 a distribution. Measures of Variability - When two scores occur with the highest frequency a distribution is said to be bimodal. - Measures of variability are statistics that describe the amount of variation in a distribution. - Range - difference between the highest and the lowest scores. - Interquartile range - difference between the third and first quartiles of a distribution. - Semi-interquartile range - the interquartile range divided by 2 - Average deviation - the average deviation of scores in a distribution from the mean. - Variance - the arithmetic mean of the squares of the differences between the scores in a distribution and their mean - Standard deviation - the square root of the average squared deviations about the mean. It is the square root of the variance. Typical distance of scores from the mean. PPT | LECTURE | TEXTBOOK : KAPLAN & COHEN P.A. SEM1 REVIEWER PAGE 7 @wonrika