Psych 3140 Psychological Assessment PDF

Psych 3140 Psychological Assessment Prepared by: ELIZABETH S. SUBA, Ph.D., RPsy, RPm, RGC ANGELO R. DULLAS, MA Clinical Psych Central Luzon State University Science City of Munoz 3120 Nueva Ecija, Philippine...

Psych 3140 Psychological Assessment Prepared by: ELIZABETH S. SUBA, Ph.D., RPsy, RPm, RGC ANGELO R. DULLAS, MA Clinical Psych Central Luzon State University Science City of Munoz 3120 Nueva Ecija, Philippines Instructional Module for the Course PSYCH 3140 Psychological Assessment MODULE 6: Assessment of Different Psychological Facets Overview In this module, we will provide you with the Principles of assessing different Psychological Facets. These include Assessment of General Abilities (Intelligence Test), Assessment of Specific Abilities (Aptitude Tests), Assessment of Scholastic Performance (Achievement Tests), Occupational/Career Testing (Interest Test), and Assessment of Personality (Personality Test). Below is the outline of this module. Topic 6.5 Assessment of Personality 1. Definition of Personality 2. Theories of Personality 3. Techniques in Measuring Personality 4. Validities and Interpretation of Personality Tests 5. Personality Testing 6. Issues in Personality Testing I. Objectives: Upon the completion of this module, you are expected to: 1. Describe the definition and tools used in assessment of the different Psychological Facets. 2. Describe the processes on how to implement a sound and ethical Psychological Assessment on the different Psychological Facets.  Psych 3140 Psychological Assessment II. Learning Activities ASSESSMENT OF PERSONALITY AND ADJUSTMENT Personality is defined as the set of characteristics of a person or people that account for consistent patterns of response to situations. (Aiken, 2000). Nature of Personality  Consistency in Behavior- core issue whether person behave in relatively consistent fashion across a wide range of situation  Traits- trait approach has provided much of language and framework used indescribing personality traits are descriptive summaries. Personality Taxonomies- answers the questions what traits to measure or what would summarize the domain of personality. it provides a good starting point for describing what personality inventory should measure. FIVE FACTOR – MODEL OF PERSONALITY 1. Extraversion- people high on this dimension are sociable, gregarious, assertive,talkative and active 2. Emotional Stability- People low on this dimension are anxious, depressed,angry, emotional, embarrassed and insecure 3. Agreeableness-People high on this dimension are courteous, flexible, trusting,good-natured, cooperative and tolerant. 4. Conscientiousness-People high on this dimension are dependable, careful, thorough, responsible, hard-working and persevering 5. Openness to experience- People high on this dimension are imaginative, cultured, curious, original and artistically sensitive. VALIDITY OF PERSONALITY INVENTORIES  Scores and norms for some personality inventories, particularly those consisting of items having a forced-choice format, are ipsative.  When the scoring is ipsative, a person’s score on one scale is affected by his or her scores on the remaining scales; it is impossible to make all high scores or all low scores because the scores compensate for one another.  Psych 3140 Psychological Assessment  The instability of personality measurements typically results in measures having lower reliabilities than scores on tests of ability and achievement  Personality inventories have fairly limited validities due to faking and response sets. SOME COMMONLY USED PERSONALITY TESTS TEST/AUTHOR DESCRIPTION/PURPOS SCALES/Details E Myers-Briggs -also called “type Use dichotomous types: Type Indicator indicator”)is based on (MBTI). Jung’s ideas about how Extraversion vs. Introversion different ways of Sensing vs. Intuition Isabel Briggs- perceiving and judging, Thinking v.s. Feeling Myers & Katharine in combination with Judging v.s. Perceiving. Briggs different attitudes, describe different types of people. The purpose of the MBTI isto make the theory of psychological type (by CarlJung) understandable and useful in people’s lives.  Psych 3140 Psychological Assessment Minnesota -designed to assess Original criterion group include: Multi-phasic personality Hs-Hypochondriasis, D- Personality characteristicsindicative Depression, Hy-Hysteria, Pd- Inventory – 2 of psychological Psychopathic Deviate, (MMPI - 2) abnormality Mf-Masculinity-Femininity, Pa-Paranoia, Pt- S.R. Hathaway -Choices are “true”, “false” Psychasthenia, and J.C. ,”cannot say.” Sc-Schizophrenia, McKinley -Used to diagnose and Ma- Hypomania, treat patients. Si-Social Introversion -For ages 18 and above. -takes about 60 to 90 Original validity scales: Lie minutes Scales (L), infrequency Scales -567 questions. (F), K Scale -the Adolescent Version (MMPI- A) contains 104 new items concerned specifically with adolescent problems 16 Personality -a measure of Primary factors: Factor personality for the 1. Warmth Questionnaire normal population 2. Reasoning (16PF) -for high school seniors 3. Emotional stability to adults 4. Dominance R. B. Cattell 5. Liveliness -used the techniques of 6. Rule-consciousness Institute for factor analysis (based 7. Social boldness Personality on the correlation 8. Sensitivity and Ability coefficient) in an 9. Vigilance Testing, Inc attempt to try to 10. Abstractedness (IPAT) discover and measure 11. Privateness the source traits of 12. Apprehension human personality 13. Openess to change 14. Self-reliance -contains 185 items 15. Perfectionism 16. Tension - 3-point likert scale Five Global Factors Extraversion Anxiety Tough-minded Independence Self-control  Psych 3140 Psychological Assessment California Has 20 scales divided into 4 Psychological Attempts to evaluate classes: Inventory 3rd personality in normally Class 1: poise, self-assurance, Ed. (CPI) adjusted individuals interpersonal effectiveness Harrison Class2: socialization, maturity, Gough responsibility Class3:achievement potential, intellectual efficiency Class4: interest modes Includes 13 scales that measure managerial potential, tough-mindedness, creativity, and operating styles. Guilford- Reduced personality to It includes: Zimmerman 10 dimensions each General activity, restraint, Temperament measured by 30 items. ascendance (leadership), Survey (GZTS) sociability, emotional stability, J. R. Guilford objectivity, friendliness, Thoughtfulness, personal relations and masculinity. Edwards Based on Needs System Factors: Personal of Henry Murray. Abasement, Achievement, Preference Affiliation, Aggression, Schedule Forced-choice technique Autonomy, Deference, (EPPS) Age 18 to adult, 45 Dominance, Exhibition, minutes Nurturance, Order, Endurance, Allen Edwards Intraception, Succorance, Change, Heterosexuality; Consistency score  Psych 3140 Psychological Assessment NEO Based on 5-factor model Domains and Facets: Personality of personality Inventory Neuroticism: Anxiety, Angry Revised (NEO- -240 items Hostility Depression, Self- PI-R) consciousness, Impulsiveness, -Uses 5-point likert and Vulnerability Paul Costa Jr. format & Robert Extraversion: Warmth, McRae Theory-based and Gregarious- ness, factor- analytic in terms Assertiveness, Activity, of test development. Excitement seeking, Positive emotions Aimed to provide a multipurpose inventory Openness – Fantasy, for predicting interests, Aesthetics, Feelings, Actions, health and illness Ideas, and Values behavior, Agreeableness – Trust, psychological well- Straight-forwardness, Altruism, being, Compliance, Modesty, Tender- and characteristic Mindedness coping styles Conscientiousness – Competence, Order, Dutifulness, Achievement- Striving, Self- Discipline, Deliberation BarOnEQi:YV -Measures the level of Five subscales: Interpersonal, emotional and social Intrapersonal, Reuven Bar- functioning in Stress Management, On adolescents and adults. Adaptability, and General Mood. Consists of 60 items Positive Impression” scale is included to identify those who may present an exaggerated positive impression. Inconsistency index that identifies inconsistent response style.  Psych 3140 Psychological Assessment Children’s Completed by the The checklist consists of 190 Problem parent or guardian of items which survey 11 problem Checklist children in the 5 areas: emotions, self-concept, -12 age range. peer/play, school, language- thinking, concentration- organization, activity level- motor control, behavior, values, habits, and health. Problem -Given during intake More than 250 problems and Experiences interview, it helps troubling life events are listed Checklist – pinpoint problems and under the ff: School, Opposite Adolescence identifies areas for sex concerns, peers, family, Version subsequent discussion. goals, crises, emotions, -Requires only 10 to 15 recreation, habits, minutes to complete neighborhood, life phase transition, beliefs and Attitudes and occupational and financial circumstances. Basic Designed to apprise a 12 scales Personality number of broad facets Inventory of personality and A. Measures of Inadequate or (BPI) psychopathology both Deviant Socialization and within the normal Impulse Control Douglas population and those  Interpersonal Problems Jackson persons experiencing  Alienation psychological distress.  Impulse Expression 240 items; true-false B. Measures of Mood and -Reliability using KR20 Personal /Emotional Adjustment internal consistency,  Depression Test- Retest Stability  Anxiety and Factor Analysis.  Hypochondriasis  -Validity was established C. Measures of Cognitive using convergent and Functioning discriminant validation  Persecutory Ideas across distinct methods  Thinking Disorder of measurement D. Measures of Self Perception and Sociability  Self-Depreciation  Social Introversion E. Measures of Critical Deviant Behaviors  Psych 3140 Psychological Assessment  Deviation F. Measure of Test Taking Style  Denial Types of response bias described in the test development literature: Faking good (also referred to as social desirability) - occurs when respondents present themselves in an exaggerated positive manner, biasing the way they respond to test items in what they consider to bea favorable direction. Faking bad (often called malingering) occurs when the individual attempts to present himself or herself in a negative light. Bar-On EQ  Positive Impression Scale The Positive Impression (PI) scale is designed to detect respondents who may be giving an exaggerated positive impression of themselves (“faking good”). PI standard scores exceeding two standard deviations above the mean (standard score >130) are good indicators of overly positive responses. While very high scores (those exceeding 130) suggest faking good, very lowsores (those lower than 70) may suggest faking bad.  Inconsistency Index - in Bar-On EQ test, it is a good indicator of random responding. The result of individuals with scores of 12 or greater on the Inconsistency Index should be examined cautiously. In EPPS, there is also a measure of Inconsistency  False Negative – it is an error in which an individual is predicted to fail but actually succeeds if given the chance. It is a diagnostic decision error in which an assessment procedure incorrectly predicts a maladaptive or negative outcome (e.g., low achievement, poor performance, or psychopathology).  False positive- it is a selection error or diagnostic decision error in which an assessment procedure incorrectly predicts an adaptive or positive  Psych 3140 Psychological Assessment outcome (e.g., high achievement, good performance, or absence of psychopathology).  Response Set – tendency of a test taker to respond to test items is a stereotyped or fixed manner. The examinee may consciously or unconsciously choose the most sociallydesirable answers or the true rather than false options. Interpretation of Personality Tests Pattern of Elevation It is important to look not only at the results of individual scales but also at thepattern of elevations, particularly in MMPI and BPI. Common patterns of elevation: A low score on many BPI scales and MMPI scales can usually be considered a positive sign. For Example, an individual who has a relatively low score on Impulse Expression may plan activities carefully and behave under the control of higher cognitive processes. An individual with a low score on Denial may be very open about his/her thoughts and feelings. While a high score may indicate the presence of certain characteristics, low scores may indicate areas of personal strength and stability. Interpreting Profile Patterns on the Bar-On EQ When interpreting Bar-On EQ i:S results, the test administrator should examine the pattern of elevated scale scores in addition to considering individual standardscores. When no standard score is below 90, the results are indicative of non- problematic levels of emotional intelligence. When no one standard scores is below 90, then the pattern is marginal. In turn, the greater the number of scales that show under-developed scores (standard scores below 90), the greater the likelihood that Bar-On EQ I:S scores indicate a moderate to severe problem. Interpretative Guidelines Standard Scores for Bar-ON EQ Range Interpretation 130 Markedly High- a typical well developed emotional and social capacity 120-129 Very high –extremely well developed emotional and social capacity  Psych 3140 Psychological Assessment 110-119 High-well developed emotionaland social capacity 90-109 Average- adequate emotional andsocial capacity 80-89 Low- underdeveloped emotionaland social capacity, with room for improvement. 70-79 Very low-extremely underdeveloped emotional and social capacity, with considerable room for improvement Under 70 Markedly Low-atypically impairedemotional and social capacity, with extensive room for improvement References Anastasi, Anne and Urbina, Susana (1997).Psychological Testing. 7th edition, New York: McMillan Publishing. Aiken, Lewis R. (2000) Psychological Testing and Assessment. Boston: Allyn and BaconInc. Cohen,Ronald Jay& Swerdlik, Mark E.(2010).PsychologicalTesting and Assessment.New York: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Cronbach, Lee J. 1984. Essentials of Psychological Testing.4th edition. Harper andRow Publishers. New York. Del Pilar, Gregorio H. (2015) Scale Construction: Principles and Procedures, Workshop powerpoint presentation. AASP-PAP, 2015, Cebu City Drummond, Robert J. (2000). Appraisal Procedure for Counselors and th HelpingProfessional. 4 edition, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Friedenberg, Lisa (1995). Psychological Testing: Design, Analysis and Use.Boston.Allynand Bacon Inc. Groth-Marnat, Gary (2009) Handbook of Psychological Assessment 5th edition.JohnWiley and Sons Inc. Kaplan, Robert M. And Sacuzzon, Dennis P. (1997) Psychological Testing: Principles and Application and Issues. 4th edition, California: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company. Kellermen, Henry and Burry, Anthony (1991) Handbook of Psychological Testing.2nd  Psych 3140 Psychological Assessment edition, Boston:Allyn and Bacon Inc. Murphy, Kevin R. and Davidsholer, Charles O. (1998) Psychological Testing: Principlesand Application. New Jersey: Prentice Hall Inc. Newmark, Charles S. (1985) Major Psychological Assessment Instruments. Boston: Allynand Bacon. Orense, Charity and Jason Parena (2014) Lecture in Psychological Assessment, Review Manual in RGC Licensure Examination, Assumption College, Makati. Suba, Elizabeth S. (2014) Lecture (powerpoint) in Psych 140 Psychological Assessment,CLSU, Nueva Ecija. Suba, Elizabeth S. (2013) Lecture (powerpoint) in GU 722 Psychological Assessment ,CLSU, Nueva Ecija Suba, Elizabeth S. (2005) Lecture notes in Assessment Tools in Counseling.DLSU.(unpublished). Walsh, w. Bruce and Bets, Nancy E. (1995) Test Assessment. New Jersey: Prentice HallInc. Morrison, J. (2014). DSM-5 Made Easy. The Clinician’s Guide to Diagnosis.The GuilfordPress. New York. Nolen-Hoeksema, S.(2014). Abnormal Psychology (6th Ed.).Mcgraw-Hill. New York, NY. Sarason, I.G. &Sarason, B.R. (2005).Abnormal Psychology.The Problem of Maladaptive Behavior (11th Edition).Pearson Prentice Hall. New Jersey. Others: Manual of psychological tests Psychological Resources Center– test brochures and test descriptions. www.AssessmentPsychology.com