PSYC1001_2024_Lecture_2 (1).pdf

LECTURE SERIES OVERVIEW o Lecture 1: Introduction to personality o Lecture 2: Psychoanalytic & psychodynamic approaches o Lecture 3: Cognitive & behavioural approaches o Lecture 4: Humanistic & existential approaches o L...

LECTURE SERIES OVERVIEW o Lecture 1: Introduction to personality o Lecture 2: Psychoanalytic & psychodynamic approaches o Lecture 3: Cognitive & behavioural approaches o Lecture 4: Humanistic & existential approaches o Lecture 5: Psychobiological & lexical approaches o Lecture 6: Personality assessment Page 02  LEARNING OUTCOMES By the end of this lecture, you should:  Understand the relevance of psychoanalytic and psychodynamic approaches to the study of personality.  Understand the structure & function of the psyche according to Freud.  Be able to explain how (according to Freud) individual differences in the structure & function of the psyche gives rise to systematic differences in individual behaviour and experience.  Understand the nature and role of archetypes & complexes in Jung’s account of the self.  Be able to identify key differences between Freud’s and Jung’s accounts of the psyche. Page 02  WHO WAS SIGMUND FREUD? o Born: 6 May 1856 o Died: 23 Sep 1939 (age 83) o Lived in Victorian era Time of sexual conservatism Era of initial attempts to explain psychology in biological terms o Personal background in neuroscience o Studied hypnotherapy https://youtu.be/JoC8BITnc08?si=YGqetmknALS07IlS Page 03  FREUD AND THE UNCONSCIOUSNESS …. Properly speaking, the unconscious is the real psychic; its inner nature is just as unknown to us as the reality of the external world, and it is just as imperfectly reported to us through the data of consciousness as is the external Ego – The Self world through the indications of our "the personal self rather than the sensory organs. thought [or consciousness] Freud, Sigmund. The Interpretation of Dreams, Dover might be treated as the immediate Publications, 2015. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/usyd/detail.acti datum in psychology" (p. 221) on?docID=1963750. Created from usyd on 2024-04- 10 02:00:45. The unconscious is the larger circle which includes within itself the smaller circle of the conscious; everything conscious has its preliminary step in the unconscious, whereas the unconscious may stop with this step and still claim full value as a psychic activity (Freud, Sigmund. Dream Psychology : Psychoanalysis for Beginners, Ktoczyta.pl, 2020. ProQuest Ebook Central, https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/usyd/detail.action?docID=6247079.) Page 04  PERSONALITY & PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT “A neurotic, on the other hand, invariably exhibits some degree of psychical infantilism. He has either failed to get free from the psychosexual conditions that prevailed in his childhood or he has returned to them - two possibilities which may be summed up as developmental inhibition and regression.” - Sigmund Freud, The Ego and the Id Page 03  PERSONALITY & PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT Mental energy = energy that the psyche needs to function Consists of two fundamental drives: o Libido or life drive or sexual drive: a motive towards (pro)creation, protection, enjoyment of life, (re)productivity and growth o Thanatos (death): a motive towards destruction, disorder, and ultimately death. Develop across childhood Page 04  PERSONALITY & PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT Psychosexual stage of development: Developmental periods with a characteristic sexual focus (urge for physical pleasure) that shape one’s personality Fixation: a failure to move forward from one stage to another, due to excessive gratification or frustration Page 04 of needs at a particular stage – navigating psychic conflict  PERSONALITY & FREUDS MODELS OF THE PSYCHE Psychic determinism: Everything that happens in a person’s psyche has a specific cause - The cause lies in the processes (aka dynamics) and structure of personality - The purpose of psychoanalysis is to find those causes, by digging deep into the hidden part of the psyche Psyche: The psychological result of mainly the brain’s & partly the rest of the body’s physiological functions Page 04  THE TOPOGRAPHIC MODEL Levels of awareness (structure of personality) CONSCIOUS PRECONSCIOUS UNCONSCIOUS “Tip of the iceberg” Associated with a part of the mind “The star of the show” - Objects perceived below the level of immediate It's like a hidden, secret realm - Events recalled conscious awareness, from which in our mental world that Freud - Stream of thought memories and emotions that have not thought contains a significant - Everyday life been repressed can be recalled. portion of our mental life, operating under its own rules. Page 04 Page 04  THE STRUCTURAL MODEL The ID, the EGO, and the SUPEREGO Internal structure: The mind consists of specific functionally independent, and (at times) conflicting, parts (communication no collaboration) Id (aka it or that): The irrational and emotional part of the mind Pleasure principle: The need of an immediate gratification of Id’s urges (raw biological desires) Ego (aka I): The rational and decision-making part of the mind Reality principle: The force that delays the gratification of the Id’s needs until the appropriate conditions are present Superego (aka Over-I): The moral part of the mind Page 04 Page 04  PSYCHIC CONFLICT The friction between the different parts of the mind Psychic conflict: - The ego’s main job is to find a middle course (a psychic compromise) between the competing demands of motivation, morality, and practicality - The most important of these conflicts centre on sexual or aggressive impulses - Without reasonable internal compromises the individual is faced with an internal conflict between their needs and impulses that can have disastrous results (mental illness, criminal behaviour) Page 04  PSYCHIC CONFLICT Mechanisms to cope with psychic conflict and find appropriate solutions Page 04 https://www.simplypsychology.org/defense-mechanisms.html  PSYCHIC CONFLICT The friction between the different parts of the mind Prolonged and unresolved conflict between the parts of the mind (can) lead to considerable levels of anxiety and/or guilt The ego is anxious about o the Id getting out of control and doing something terrible o the Superego getting out of control and making you feel guilty (about things you did or thought or desired) (Ego) Defence mechanisms: Largely unconscious reactions that protect a person from (primarily) feelings of anxiety and guilt Page 04  JUNG IN CONTEXT o 1875-1961 o Swiss psychiatrist and psychoanalyst. o Developed word association tasks created by Galton (one of the first experimental psychologists) https://youtu.be/AjgEOLocrus?si=MtTZQtSYbD4iZmc5 o Mentored by Freud – until their falling out o Freud’s (1905) observations clinical and largely from patients suffering some form of neurosis. o Many of Jung’s patients from a psychiatric hospital post-psychotic breakdown - Jung dealt with more extreme experiences. JUNG’S STRUCTURAL MODEL Archetypes emerge from the collective unconscious into the personal unconscious. Here they form complexes that drive behaviour & experience Complexes = blend of archetypal patterns & material in the personal unconscious 17  THE COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS o Made up of archetypes: Embodiment of ancient, qualitative patterns of being that evolved to deal with existence ― Love ― Aggression ― Fear Described in myths and symbols – Aid recall and understanding – A storehouse of information about what humans are like 18 Images from Jung’s Red Book  THE COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS o Archetypes seen in Universal patterns of being Mother ― Kind & generous ― Devouring and frightening Hero ― Defeats evil, sacrifices self for others ― Villain, demon Trickster ― Joker, prankster ― Sacred clown Child ― Hope for the future o Form the foundation for complexes within the personal unconscious Determine the ways we organise experience 19  THE COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS: A PHYSIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE Qualitative patterns that are expressive of shared neurological systems (everyone has them) The most ancient systems automatic (i.e. unconscious) Conscious, regulatory systems more recently developed Determine how we respond to situations 20  Complexes: word association tasks o Identified using word association tasks o Developed by Jung, on the basis of Galton’s (one of the first experimental psychologists) work o Participant given a stimulus word (e.g., water, family) o Asked to “answer as quickly as possible with the first word that occurs to you”. o Psychological & physiological variables assessed: Response times Vocal tone Galvanic skin response Heart rate 21  COMPLEXES: WORD ASSOCIATION TASKS General results: o Responses to emotional stimuli different from that of neutral stimuli o Discreet patterns of response revealed o Jung claimed these patterns exposed latent, unconscious psychological patterns: complexes 11 patterns identified 22  CONTRIBUTIONS o The first (formed) personality theories o The first theories to propose the existence and the influence of unconscious processes and forces o The first theories to focus and explain the effects of early development on adult personality o Fundamental contribution to the foundations of “modern” psychiatry o Major contributions to the treatment of (primarily) anxiety and mood disorders E.g. Dream therapy Clinical hypnosis Free association Page 04  CRITICISM o Poor/questionable testability and scientific value (?) o Poor external validity Kirsch, Michael. (2019). On the abilities of unconscious Freudian motivational drives to evoke conscious emotions. Frontiers in Psychology, 10 https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00470 o Inadequate empirical evidence o Sexism Glucksman, Myron L. (2016). Freud's "project": The mind-brain connection revisited. Psychodynamic Psychiatry, 44(1) 69-90. https://doi.org/10.1521/pdps.2016.44.1.69 o Function more like philosophies or faith systems Kirsch, Michael. (2019). On the abilities of unconscious Freudian motivational drives to evoke conscious emotions. Frontiers in Page 04 Psychology, 10 https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00470