PSYC 1030 Psychology of Personal Growth Lecture 9 (2024-2025)

Agenda Sharing about Personal Growth PSYC 1030 Group 10 and Group 13...

Agenda Sharing about Personal Growth PSYC 1030 Group 10 and Group 13 ☺Sharing about Gender and Psychology of Personal Growth Case study: Alex’s Case (Lecture 8) Personal Growth Sextual Gender & Sexuality Gender and Sextual Orientation Orientation 2024-2025 Term 1 Sextual Response and Sextual Behavior Lecture 9 Introduction to Psychological Disorder Oct. 31, 2024 Gender Gender Identity Gender Roles and Stereotypes Gender identity: The psychological state of being female or male (or something One’s sense of being male or female (or something else). Gender roles else), as influenced by cultural concepts of stereotypical gender- ▪ Clusters of behavioral appropriate traits and behavior. Almost always consistent with chromosomal sex expectations for males and Not purely determined biologically females. Caregivers socialize us into male or female roles Gender stereotypes Intersexual persons may choose gender identity Generalizations or assumptions about the characteristics and Sex assignment: The labeling of a newborn (or fetus) as a male or female. Also termed gender assignment. behaviors of individuals based on Intersex: A person having a combination of male and female biological characteristics, such as their gender. chromosomes or genitals, that can make it impossible to assign their sex as distinctly male or female. Sexism: the discrimination, prejudice, or bias based on a person's gender. Psychologists John Williams and Deborah Best (1994) found that people in 30 countries largely agreed on what constituted masculine and feminine gender-role stereotypes. Gender and Cognitive Abilities Differences in Personality Differences in Social Behavior Gender-Typing There are no differences in overall Females tend toward: Males tend toward Males seem more aggressive in social intelligence. Extraversion interactions. The process or processes by which males and females develop Assertiveness psychological gender differences. There are some differences in specific skills. Anxiety Stereotype of the “strong and silent” male may Tough-mindedness ▪ Females surpass males in verbal ability. Trust inhibit them from expressing feelings. ▪ Males seem superior in visual-spatial skills. Conscientiousness Self-esteem ▪ There seem few actual differences in math. Nurturance Males tend toward physical aggression. Gender identity disorder: a psychological disorder characterized Differences may stem from sociocultural by cross-gender identification. influences. Women tend to smile more. Research Insights: A meta-analysis by Feingold (1994) highlighted these gender disparities. Women are more willing to disclose feelings. Bailey (2003) noted that the differences in personality traits are typically modest. Females tend toward relational aggression. Schmitt et al. (2008) conducted a study across 55 nations, revealing that women tend to report higher levels of anxiety, extraversion, agreeableness, and conscientiousness compared to men in most countries. Psychological Androgyny On Being Transgender On Being Transgender Sexual Orientation Having both “masculine” and “feminine” traits Sexual orientation refers to the direction of one's romantic Cisgender: Thought to be relatively rare ▪ “Masculine” independence interests and erotic attractions towards individuals of the same People whose gender identity is Suffer from prejudice and discriminatory treatment ▪ “Feminine” nurturance consistent with their assigned sex at sex, the opposite sex, both, neither, or other gender identities. birth. Hormone treatments and surgery can create the appearance of Heterosexual the desired external genitals Homosexual Less likely to stereotype occupations by gender Transgender: ▪ Lesbians People who feel as though they have the body of the wrong (anatomic) ▪ Gay men sex and want to live as a member of Bisexual the other sex. LGBTQ ▪ Lesbian-Gay-Bisexual-Transgender-Questioning The Kinsey Continuum Sexual Orientation in Contemporary Society Adjustment of LGBTQ Individuals Coming Out Depends on people’s social context Happens in two parts: LGBTQ characters appear on TV ▪ Recognizing one’s sexual orientation and in movies. More likely to develop psychological disorders. ▪ Declaring one’s orientation to the world More people know someone Mirror the variations in the heterosexual community who is gay. Can create a sense of pride Gay activism Enables forming satisfying relationships Urban people come out earlier than rural May entail great risks Homophobia Same-Sex Marriage Basic Reasons for Having Sex Main Factor Subfactor Physical Pleasure (“I wanted to feel pleasure,” “I was horny”) Literally: fear of homosexuals Physical desirability (“The person had a sexy body,” “She/he had a pretty/handsome face,” “He/she was too sexy to resist”) Recognized in many other Experience seeking (“I wanted to see what it would be like to have sex with another person,” “I wanted ▪ Hatred of homosexuals may be more accurate. adventure/excitement”) countries and regions. Sextual Response and Stress reduction (“I thought it would relax me,” “It could help me get sex ‘out of my system’ so I could focus on other things”) Biphobia Goal attainment Resources (“I wanted to make money,” “I wanted to have a child”) Sextual Behavior Social status (“I wanted to be able to brag to my friends about my conquest,” “I was competing with someone else to ‘get Transphobia the person’”) Revenge (“I wanted to even the score with a cheating partner,” “I wanted to make someone else jealous”) Utilitarian (“He/she got me a great gift,” “I wanted to get out of doing something else”) Emotional Love and commitment (“I wanted to express my love for the person,” “It felt like a natural next step in the relationship”) Expression (“I wanted to say ‘Thank you,’” “I wanted to celebrate a birthday, wedding anniversary, or another special occasion”) Insecurity Self-esteem boost (“I wanted to feel attractive,” “I wanted my partner to notice me”) Duty/pressure (“It was expected of me,” “I didn’t know how to say no,” “My partner kept insisting endlessly”) Mate guarding (“I wanted to prevent a breakup,” “I wanted to decrease my partner’s desire to have sex with someone else,” “I was afraid my partner would have an affair if I didn’t have sex with him/her”) Sources: Kennair, L. E. O., et al. (2015). Sex and mating strategy impact the 13 basic reasons for having sex. Evolutionary Psychological Science, 1(4), 207–219; Meston, C. M., & Buss, D. M. (2007). Why humans have sex. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 36, 477–507. The Majority of Americans Support Gay Marriage Varieties of Sexual Expression Contraception Use Sexual Harassment Masturbation Gender harassment Touching Attempts at seduction Oral-genital stimulation Sexual Coercion Bribery Sexual intercourse Sexual coercion Anal intercourse Physical sexual coercion Stopping Sexual Harassment Rape Rape on Campus Reporting Rape on Campus Illegal sexual intercourse or any other sexual penetration of the Types of coercion: Combat workplace cultures in which it is denied, trivialized, or vagina, anus, or mouth of another person, with or without Reporting: bought off. Being overcome by physical force. Most female survivors tell someone. Speak up and speak out. force, using a sex organ, other body part, or foreign object Being incapacitated by alcohol or a drug. Very few report to police or college authorities. Convey a professional attitude. without the consent of the victim. Avoid being alone with the harasser. Some factors associated with sexual assault of women: Reasons for not reporting to authorities: Maintain a record of any incidents of harassment. Alcohol use. Embarrassment and humiliation. File a complaint. History of hooking up. Lack of action by authorities. Seek legal remedies. Only 10% of attackers are held responsible. Most victims know their attackers.  Sexually Transmitted Diseases HIV/AIDS Transmission of HIV/AIDS Causes, Methods of Transmission, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Major Sexually Transmitted Diseases Life-threatening disease in which human immunodeficiency HIV is transmitted by infected blood, semen, vaginal and Sexually STD and Pathogen Bacterial Diseases Transmission Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment virus invades the immune system. cervical secretions, and breast milk. Gonorrhea (“clap,” “drip”): Vaginal, oral, or anal In males, yellowish, thick penile Clinical inspection, culture of Antibiotics HIV infection may progress to full-blown AIDS. Transmitted Gonococcus bacterium (Neisseria gonorrhoeae) sex; from mother to newborn during delivery discharge, burning urination; in females, increased vaginal discharge, burning urination, irregular menstrual bleeding (most sample discharge Prevalence: Other means of infection: Diseases females are symptom-free early on) Accounts for over 35 million deaths worldwide. By infected mother to fetus during pregnancy. Syphilis: Treponema pallidum Vaginal, oral, or anal sex; touching an Primary stage: hard, round painless chancre or sore at site of infection Primary-stage: clinical examination and examination of fluid from a Antibiotics Over 37 million people worldwide live with HIV/AIDS. Sharing a hypodermic with an infected person. Transfusion with contaminated blood. infectious chancre; within 2 to 4 weeks; may progress if chancre; secondary stage: blood congenitally untreated test (the VDRL) Heterosexual sex accounts for most cases of HIV/AIDS Chlamydia and nongonococcal urethritis Vaginal, oral, or anal sex; touching eyes after Often symptom free, but either sex may have frequent and painful Abbott Test-pack analyzes cervical smear; in males, penile fluid is Antibiotics worldwide. (NGU): Chlamydia touching genitals of an urination, lower abdominal analyzed trachomatous bacterium infected partner; to discomfort, and discharge; sore newborns via childbirth throat from oral sex HIV/AIDS Treatment Prevention of STDs in the Age of HIV/AIDS Classifying Psychological Disorders The only sure ways: Psychological disorders are characterized by criteria such as unusual There is no safe, effective vaccine against HIV/AIDS. Abstinence from sexual activity. behavior, socially unacceptable behavior, faulty perception of reality, A combination of antiviral (ARV) drugs makes HIV/AIDS A monogamous relationship with an uninfected partner. personal distress, dangerous behavior, or self-defeating behavior. manageable. Psychological Drug-resistant strains of HIV have begun to emerge. Psychological disorders are classified via the Diagnostic and Statistical Long-term effects of the ARV are unknown. Disorders Manual of Mental Disorders 5th edition. Prevalence of Psychological Disorders Next: Lecture 10 (The Last) Adjustment Disorders 1 in every 8 people in the world live with a mental disorder Mental disorders involve significant disturbances in thinking, emotional Anxiety-Related Disorders Sharing about Personal Growth Group 14, Group 15, & Group 16 regulation, or behaviour There are many different types of mental disorders Psychological Disorders Dissociative Disorders Effective prevention and treatment options exist Psychological Disorder Most people do not have access to effective care Therapies: Ways of Helping Mood Disorders https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-disorders Psychology of Work: Challenges and Opportunities Personality Disorders