PSY101 F2023 W8-2 Memory Impairment & Processes PDF

Long-term memory impairment  Amnesia  2 types  Anterograde – inability to form new memories  Retrograde -- inability to retrieve old memories Retrograde Anterograde old memories new memories (birth) Becomes amnesic here...

Long-term memory impairment  Amnesia  2 types  Anterograde – inability to form new memories  Retrograde -- inability to retrieve old memories Retrograde Anterograde old memories new memories (birth) Becomes amnesic here (death) time  Patient H.M.  Surgically removed Hippocampus and medial temporal lobes  Severe anterograde amnesia for the reset of his life  Very little retrograde amnesia; he retained memories of his life befor  Other cognitive abilities (perception, language, IQ) were normal  Clive Wearing Near-total anterograde and retrograde amnesia  Clive Wearing A page from Clive’s diary, documenting complete forgetting within minutes. The Mind (BCC series) Life without Memory: The Case of Clive Wearing  Multiple LTM Systems Long term Memory Implicit or Explicit or Declarative Non-declarative memory Memory Perceptual, Classical Episodic Semantic Priming Cognitive, & Motor Conditioning Skill learning  Mirror Drawing: A procedural motor skill Amnesics improve normally with practice, but never explicitly remembered doing it.  Impaired declarative memory for doing the task  Normal non-declarative memory for the learned skill  Tower of Hanoi Puzzle: A procedural problem-solving skill Amnesics will improve normally with practice, but never explicitly remembered doing it.  Impaired declarative memory about having done the task  Normal non-declarative memory for the learned skill  Solve these word puzzles _ E _ TUC_ _ L _ R _ _ ET AL _ _ N _ C CO _ _ _ AT Priming – an improvement in processing after repetition of the same or similar stimulus Encoding: Depth of Processing (Craik & Lockheart, 1972) Shallow processing -- attention to surface features (sound, appearance) Deep Processing -- attention to meaning Is it uppercase? NYLON Does it rhyme with “legal”? EAGLE Does it fit in this sentence: “They saw a _____ at the zoo.” LION A typical depth of processing effect  Letter/case = shallow  Rhyme = medium  Semantic = deep  Encoding: Imagery Method of loci  To remember a sequence of items, imagine encountering them in well-known locations Bus stop TABLE WINDOW Kirkhof Pond HORSE BOTTLE Zumberge Au Sable FORK  Retrieval: Encoding specificity Memory is better when conditions at retrieval match conditions at study Context dependent memory (Godden & Baddeley, 1975)  Conditions = environmental context State-dependent memory (Eich, 1975)  Conditions = internal state; mood, drugs Now listen to these words…  Retrieval: Reconstruction (Loftus & Palmer, 1974) Subjects watched a video depicting an accident… Quiz afterward with a Leading question: “About how fast were the cars going when they _______ each other?” hit vs. smashed 1 week later: “Did you see any broken glass?” 14% yes 32% yes Conclusion: Memories are reconstructions of events, not simple reproductions. Which words did I say? REST PALACE SLEEP STOP AWAKE  False Memories Extremely common, normal, and ordinary Misinformation effect: inaccurate information gets added to a memory through suggestion (e.g., car accident study) Source monitoring confusion: we lose track of where a memory came from (e.g., cryptomnesia; imagination inflation; false fame effect) Memory “retrieval” is actually more like reconstruction