পরবেশ রসায়ন PDF

QNA রসায়ন ২য় cÎ একাডেমিক পাটট Ávbg~jK I Abyaveb = evqygÛ‡j Aa:‡ÿcb e„wó‡Z pH Gi gvb 5.6 Gi Kg n‡jB H Aa:‡ÿcb‡K GwmW e„wlU e‡j| = †Kv‡bv wgkÖ‡b GKwU Dcv`v‡bi †gvj msL¨v Ges H wgkÖ‡b †gvU †gvj msL¨...

QNA রসায়ন ২য় cÎ একাডেমিক পাটট Ávbg~jK I Abyaveb = evqygÛ‡j Aa:‡ÿcb e„wó‡Z pH Gi gvb 5.6 Gi Kg n‡jB H Aa:‡ÿcb‡K GwmW e„wlU e‡j| = †Kv‡bv wgkÖ‡b GKwU Dcv`v‡bi †gvj msL¨v Ges H wgkÖ‡b †gvU †gvj msL¨vi AbycvZ‡K H Dcv`v‡bi †gvj fMœvsk e‡j| = †h mKj M¨vm mKj ZvcgvÎv I Pv‡c e‡qj, Pvjm© I Av`k© M¨v‡mi mgxKiY ‡g‡b P‡j bv Zv‡`i‡K ev¯Íe M¨vm e‡j| = hw` †Kv‡bv c`v‡_©i NbgvÎv cwi‡e‡k Zvi mnbxq gvÎv A‡cÿv AwaK cwigv‡Y Dcw¯’Z †_‡K Ab¨vb¨ Rx‡ei ¯^vfvweK RxebhvÎvi Dci weiæc cÖwZwµqvi m„wó K‡i Z‡e D³ c`v_©‡K `~lK e‡j| = †h mKj M¨vm mKj ZvcgvÎv I Pv‡c e‡qj, Pvj©m Ges A¨v‡f‡M‡Wªi m~Î A_©vr Av`k© M¨vm mgxKiY (Pv=nRt) ‡g‡b P‡j Zv‡`i‡K Av`k© M¨vm e‡j| BOD = cvwb‡Z Dcw¯’Z AbyRxe KZ©„K ˆRe c`v_©‡K we‡qvwZ Ki‡Z cÖ‡qvRbxq `ªexf~Z Aw·‡R‡bi cwigvb‡K (Biochemical Oxygen Bemand) BOD e‡j| = †h ZvcgvÎvq †Kv‡bv M¨v‡mi AvqZb ZvwË¡Kfv‡e k~b¨ n‡q hvq, †mB ZvcgvÎv‡K cig k~b¨ ZvcgvÎv e‡j| CFC = †h mKj ˆRe †hŠ‡Mi Aby‡Z Kve©‡bi mv‡_ ïaygvÎ †K¬vwib (Cl) Ges †d¬vwib (F) ‡_‡K Zv‡`i‡K †K¬v‡iv‡d¬v‡ivKve©b ev CFC e‡j| SATP = 250C ZvcgvÎv I GK AvU‡gvwùqvi Pvc‡K SATP e‡j| bvB‡Uªv‡Rb wd‡·kb Kx? = evqy¯’ N2 ‡K †hŠ‡M iæcvšÍi K‡i e¨envi Dc‡hvMx K‡i, Ave× ivLvi cÖwµqv‡K bvB‡Uªv‡Rb wd‡·kb e‡j| = †Kv‡bv ÿvi‡Ki mv‡_ GKwU †cÖvUb hy³ n‡j †h A‡¤øi m„wó nq Zv‡K H ÿvi‡Ki Abye×x A¤ø e‡j| TDS = cvwb‡Z `ªexf~Z KwVb cwigvb‡K TDS (Total Dissolved Solid) e‡j| rms লেকচার শীট পরিবেশ িসায়ন  QNA রসায়ন ২য় cÎ = ZvcgvÎvB n‡”Q M¨vm- Abyi MwZkw³i gvb`Û| M¨v‡mi MwZZË¡ Abyhvqx GwUB ZvcgvÎvi avibv| ZvcgvÎv hLb ïb¨ nq, ZLb M¨vm Aby¸‡jvi MwZkw³i gvbI k~b¨ n‡q hvq| A_©vr M¨vm Aby¸‡jvi MwZ †_‡g hvq| MwZZË¡ Abymv‡i G ZvcgvÎv‡KB Av`k© M¨vm †¯‹‡j cigk~b¨ ZvcgvÎv ejv nq| Avevi, eM©gj~ Mo eM©‡eM e¨envi K‡i cÖvß MwZkw³i gvb cÖwZwU Abyi c„_Kfv‡e cÖvß MwZkw³i mgwói mgvb| wKš‘ Aby¸‡jvi Mo MwZ‡eM e¨envi K‡i cÖvß MwZkw³i gvb cÖK…Z MwZkw³i gvb A‡cÿv Kg nq| G Kvi‡Y Abyi MwZkw³ wbY©‡q Mo MwZ‡eM e¨envi bv K‡i eM©gj~ Mo eM©‡eM Gi gvb‡K e¨envi Kiv nq| CFC = m~h© I Ab¨vb¨ bÿÎ n‡Z AvMZ A‡cÿvK…Z †QvU Zi½ ˆ`N©¨ wewkó `„k¨gvb I Ae‡jvwnZ (IR) iwk¥ wbM©g‡bi d‡j c„w_ex c„ô Ges c„w_ex msjMœ evqygÛj DËß nq| c„w_ex c„ô Av‡jvKiwk¥ †kvl‡bi ci Zvc (Ae‡jvwnZ iwk¥) wewKiY K‡i| wKš‘ evqygÛ‡j Dcw¯’Z wMÖb nvDm M¨vm †hgb CFC c„w_ex c„ô n‡Z wewKwiZ Zvc‡K gnvk~‡b¨ wd‡i †h‡Z bv w`‡q f~c„ô msjMœ evqygÛj‡K A¯^vfvweKfv‡e DËß K‡i iv‡L| GK Aby CFC cÖvq 10,000 Aby CO2 Gi mgvb wµqvkxj| ZvB ejv hvq, CFC cwi‡e‡ki ZvcgvÎv‡K e„w× K‡i| = †gvj fMœvsk ZvcgvÎvi Dci wbf©i K‡i bv| †gvj fMœvs‡ki msÁvbymv‡i, `ªe‡bi †Kv‡bv Dcv`v‡bi †gvj msL¨v Ges `ªe‡b we`¨vgvb me Dcv`v‡bi †gvj msL¨vi †hvMd‡ji AbycvZ‡K †h Dcv`v‡bi †gvj fMœvsk e‡j| ‡h †Kv‡bv `ªe‡b †h †Kv‡bv Dcv`v‡bi †gvj fMœvsk GKwU fMœvsk n‡e, hvi me©wb¤œ gvb k~b¨ (A_©vr `ªe‡b Zv Abycw¯’Z) Ges hvi m‡e©v”P gvb GK (A_©vr weï× Dcv`v‡b, G‡Z Ab¨ †Kv‡bv Dcv`vb †bB) †gvj fMœvsk ïaygvÎ Dcv`vbmg~‡ni †gvj msL¨vi Dci wbf©ikxj| hv Avevi Dcv`vbmg~‡ni fi I AvbweK f‡ii Dci wbf©ikxj| G `ywU welq ZvcgvÎv ev Ab¨ wKQzi Dci wbf©ikxj bv nIqvi †gvj fMœvsk ZvcgvÎvi Dci wbf©ikxj bq| †Kbbv ZvcgvÎvi cwieZ©‡b †Kv‡bv c`v‡_©i fi ev †gvj msL¨vi †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b nq bv| = hLb cvwb‡Z K¨vjwmqvg I g¨vM‡bwmqvg jeb evBKv‡e©v‡bU wn‡m‡e Dcw¯’Z _v‡K ZLb cvwb‡Z †h LiZvi m„wó nq Zv‡K cvwbi A¯’vqx LiZv e‡j| `ywU c×wZ‡Z cvwbi A¯’vqx LiZv `~i Kiv hvq| i) ùzUb c×wZ: A¯’vqx Li cvwb‡K dzUv‡j GB cvwb‡Z Dcw¯’Z Ca I Mg Gi evBKv‡e©v‡bU jeb¸‡jv A`ªeYxq Kve©‡bU je‡b cwiYZ n‡q Aa:wÿß nq| Ca(HCO3)2 → CaCO3↓+CO2↑+H2O Mg(HCO3)2 → MgCO3↓+CO2↑+H2O ii) K¬vK© c×wZ: GB c×wZ‡Z A¯’vqx Li cwb Mbbvi mvnv‡h¨ wbY©xZ Dchy³ cwigvY KwjPzb Ca(OH)2 wgwk‡q Av‡jvwoZ Kiv nq| d‡j, `ªebxq evBKve©‡bU jeb¸‡jv A`ªeYxq Kve©‡bU je‡b cwiYZ n‡q Aa:wÿß nq| Ca(HCO3)+Ca(OH)2 → 2CaCO3↓+2H2O Mg(1+CO3)2+Ca(OH2) → MgCO3↓+CaCO3↓+2H2O COD = cÖwZ wjUvi mvi‡dm IqvUv‡ii bgybvq _vKv `~lK cPbkxj ˆRe e¯‘ I AcPbkxj ‰Re †hŠM‡K m¤ú~Y© RvwiZ K‡i CO2, NH3, H2S I cvwb‡Z cwiYZ Ki‡Z †h cwigvb f‡ii Aw·‡Rb H cvwbi DO ‡_‡K `iKvi nq Zv‡K H cvwbi COD ejv nq| A_©vr COD n‡”Q we‡qvRb‡hvM¨ I we‡qvRb A‡hvM¨ `~lKmg~‡ni Rvi‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq †gvU O2 Gi Pvwn`v| লেকচার শীট পরিবেশ িসায়ন  QNA রসায়ন ২য় cÎ = M¨v‡mi MwZqZË¡ †h mg¯Í ¯^xKv‡h©i Dci cÖwZwôZ Zvi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg n‡jv, M¨v‡mi Abymg~n mij‰iwLK c‡_ BZ¯ÍZfv‡e m`v mÂibkxj| Aby¸‡jv ci¯ú‡ii m‡½ Ges cv‡Îi †`Iqv‡ji m‡½ AweiZ av°v Lvq| M¨vm Aby¸‡jvi cv‡Îi †`qv‡j AwR©Z av°vi d‡j M¨v‡mi Pvc m„wó nq| Av`k© M¨v‡mi Abymg~‡ni g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv AvKl©Y ev weKl©b ej †bB| Z‡e ev¯Íe M¨v‡mi Abymg~‡ni g‡a¨ G mg¯Í ej we`¨gvb| G Kvi‡b Av`k© Ae¯’vq AvKl©Y gy³ Aby¸‡jvi †`Iqv‡j †h cwigvY av°v †`Iqvi K_v, Zv ev¯Íe M¨v‡mi Aby w`‡Z cv‡i bv| d‡j ev¯Íe M¨v‡mi Pvc Av`k© M¨v‡mi Pvc A‡cÿv Kg nq| = `yej© A‡¤øi AbyeÜx ÿviK kw³kvjx nq| †hgb: wb‡¤œi DfgyLx wewµqv nj: HB ⇌ H+ + B- A¤ø †cÖvUb ÿviK hw` HB `yej© A¤ø nq Z‡e DcwiD³ wewµqvwU mvg¨e¯’vq evg w`‡K Ae¯’vb Ki‡e| myZivs wecixZ wewµqvwU A_©vr ÿviK B- Gi mv‡_ †cÖvUb ms‡hv‡Mi gvÎv †ewk n‡e| Rvwb, †h ÿviK hZ †ewk gvÎvq H+ Avqb MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i ‡mwU ZZ Zxeª ÿviK| ZvB B- kw³kvjx ÿviK n‡e| GRb¨ `yej© A‡¤øi AbyeÜx ÿviK kw³kvjx nq| = CO2 wg‡_b CH4 bvBUªvm A·vBW (NO2) BZ¨vw` M¨vm wMÖb nvDR cÖfve m„wó K‡i _v‡K| `„k¨gvb Av‡jvi me Zi‡½ wMÖb nvD‡Ri me me KvuP‡K †f` K‡i †fZ‡i XzK‡Z cv‡i| f~c„ô `„k¨gvb Av‡jvK Zi½ Øviv DËß nq| wKš‘ DËß f~c„ô e„nr Zi½ hy³ Bbd«v‡iW (IR) iwk¥ wewKib K‡i| IR iwk¥ KvuP †f` Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| evqygÛ‡ji CO2 I cvwb ev®ú (H2O) wewKwiZ IR iwk¥ †kvlb K‡i ZvcgvÎvq e„w× K‡i| CO2 I H2O Øviv †kvwlZ Zvc cybivq wewKwiZ n‡q f~c‡„ ô wd‡i Av‡m| Giæ‡c ZvcgvÎv †e‡o hvq| H2O = cvwb ÿv‡ii mv‡_ wewµqv Kivi mgq ÿvi‡K †cÖvUb `vb K‡i| myZivs GwU GwmW| NH3+ H2O= H3O++Cl- Avevi, cvwb Gwm‡Wi mv‡_ wewµqv Kivi mgq †cÖvUb MÖnY K‡i| myZivs GwU ÿvi| NCl+ H2O= H3O++Cl- AZGe GwmW I ÿvi Df‡qi mv‡_ wµqv Kivq cvwb GKwU Dfag©x c`v_©| = AbyeÜx A¤ø: †Kv‡bv ÿvi‡Ki mv‡_ GKwU †cÖvUb ms‡hv‡Mi d‡j †h A‡¤øi m„wó nq Zv‡K †m ÿvi‡Ki AbyeÜx A¤ø ejv nq| †hgb: NH3+H+ ⇌ NH4+ ÿviK †cÖvUb AbyeÜx A¤ø| AbyeÜx ÿviK: †Kvb A¤ø †_‡K GKwU †cÖvUb Acmvi‡bi d‡j †h ÿviK m„wó nq Zv‡K †m A‡¤øi AbyeÜx ÿviK e‡j| ‡hgb: HCl ⇌H++Cl- GwmW ‡cÖvUb AbyeÜx ÿviK লেকচার শীট পরিবেশ িসায়ন