Foundations of Environmental and Sanitary Chemistry Lecture Notes PDF

FOUNDATIONS OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND SANITARY CHEMISTRY Module 1 INSTRUCTOR CONRAD MATTHEW F. SORIANO CE, SE, MP, MSCE  MODULE OVERVIEW This module shall cover the following: 1. What is environmental chemistry, and why is it crucial today? 2. How does sanitary chemistry contribute to environmenta...

FOUNDATIONS OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND SANITARY CHEMISTRY Module 1 INSTRUCTOR CONRAD MATTHEW F. SORIANO CE, SE, MP, MSCE  MODULE OVERVIEW This module shall cover the following: 1. What is environmental chemistry, and why is it crucial today? 2. How does sanitary chemistry contribute to environmental protection and public health? 3. How have environmental and sanitary chemistry evolved over time, and what historical milestones have shaped it? 4. What ethical considerations arise in environmental and sanitary chemistry? ENVIRONMENTAL AND SANITARY CHEMISTRY (LECTURE)  ENVIRONMENTAL AND SANITARY CHEMISTRY ENVIRONMENTAL AND SANITARY CHEMISTRY (LECTURE)  CHEMISTRY Chemistry deals with the properties, composition, and structure of substances (elements and compounds) and their transformations. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SANITARY CHEMISTRY (LECTURE)  CHEMISTRY ENVIRONMENTAL AND SANITARY CHEMISTRY (LECTURE)  ENVIRONMENT Environment refers to the surroundings in which a living being lives or operates. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SANITARY CHEMISTRY (LECTURE)  ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY Environmental chemistry is a multidisciplinary branch of science that focuses on understanding the chemical processes occurring in the environment. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SANITARY CHEMISTRY (LECTURE)  ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY The environment consists of five spheres that interact with each other: Hydrosphere Atmosphere Geosphere Anthrosphere Biosphere ENVIRONMENTAL AND SANITARY CHEMISTRY (LECTURE)  HYDROSPHERE Water circulates in the Earth’s system through the hydrologic cycle. Many chemical processes occur in water. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SANITARY CHEMISTRY (LECTURE)  HYDROSPHERE About 71% of the Earth’s surface is covered with water (USGS). ENVIRONMENTAL AND SANITARY CHEMISTRY (LECTURE)  HYDROSPHERE Unique properties of water: Only substance on Earth that occurs simultaneously in three states of matter. Unusually high boiling and freezing points. Between 0°C to 4°C, water expands and floats. Extremely high capacity to absorb heat. Known as the universal solvent. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SANITARY CHEMISTRY (LECTURE)  HYDROSPHERE Typical water pollutants: Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) Algal nutrients Synthetic organic compounds Herbicides and insecticides Heavy metals (e.g. lead) ENVIRONMENTAL AND SANITARY CHEMISTRY (LECTURE)  ATMOSPHERE Atmosphere is a layer of gas and suspended solids that surrounds the Earth (NOAA). The atmosphere absorbs infrared radiation and keeps the Earth’s surface liveable. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SANITARY CHEMISTRY (LECTURE)  ATMOSPHERE Composition Percentage Nitrogen 78.08% Oxygen 20.94% Argon 0.93% Carbon Dioxide 0.04% Others