Art Appreciation - First Year College - BS Accountancy

FIRST YEAR COLLEGE – BS ACCOUNTANCY Art Appreciation - Immanuel Kant, influential theorist at the end of 18th MODULE 1 LESSON 1...

FIRST YEAR COLLEGE – BS ACCOUNTANCY Art Appreciation - Immanuel Kant, influential theorist at the end of 18th MODULE 1 LESSON 1 century, believed that art should be judged only on its Introduction to Art Appreciation formal qualities because the content of the work of art is (Philosophy, Assumptions, Creativity and Imaginations) not of aesthetic interest. Formal qualities became important when art became more abstract in the 20th Philosophy of Art century and the principles of art and design (balance, Every person is born with the innate desire to create art, and rhythm, harmony, unity) were used to define and assess similar to other professions, training is essential in honing skills to art. produce art. Art education broadens a person's comprehension, development, and visions of art. In this, it explains the philosophy of Some Definition (Comments and Quotes) on Art art and brings an understanding of diversity, how people lived in the Rene Magritte past, and connects the issues concerning contemporary life and art - Art evokes the mystery without which the world would not exist. today. There is no one universal definition of art though there is a Frank Lloyd Wright consensus that is it the conscious creation of something beautiful or - Art is a discovery and development of elementary principles of meaningful using skill and imagination. nature. Etymology Thomas Merton Art - Art enables us to find ourselves and lose ourselves at the same - Related to the Latin word “ars: - which means art, skills or cradt. time. - The first known use of the word comes from 13th century manuscripts. Pablo Picasso - The purpose of Art is washing the dust of daily life off our souls. The definition of art has generally fallen into three categories: 1. Art as Representation Laurie Anderson - Mimesis. Plato first developed the idea of art as mimesis in - Art without emotion is like chocolate cake without sugar. Greek, meaning copying or imitation. Hence, for centuries, the primary meaning of art was defined as the Vincent Van Gogh representation or replication of something that is beautiful - Art is to console those who are broken by life. or meaningful. 2. Art as Expression of Emotional Content Basic Assumptions of Art - Expression became important during the Romantic 1. Art is Universal Movement with artwork, expressing a definite feeling as in - All artistic creations, regardless of forms, have the same the sublime or dramatic. Audience response was important potential to communicate with anyone which connect the for artwork was intended to evoke an emotional response. world and reflect cultural, political, and social dynamics. 3. Art as Form  FIRST YEAR COLLEGE – BS ACCOUNTANCY 2. Art involves experience Imagination is not constrained by the walls of the norm, but goes - When the audience encounters art, they are connecting beyond that. That is why people rely on curiosity and imagination for with the artist experience and transforming the meaning of advancement. Through imagination, one is able to craft something bold, the art with their own. something new, and something better in the hopes of creating something that will stimulate change. Imagination allows endless 3. Art is not a Nature possibilities. - Art is a man;s way of interpreting nature. They paint nature in art in the form of beautiful and idyllic images of Art as Expression animals and landscapes. Art is an expression made visible by a form. The expression - “Art is not a nature” means that it is not a natural contained in the form is an attempt to translate the unnamed and the occurrence. However, man has taught himself to find art in unknown. Intrinsic to our existence as humans is our quest to create nature. meaning, and art allows that process to take place. Making meaning involves understanding our surroundings and marking our Art Appreciation: Creativity, Imagination and Expression experiences. Art, at its root, is an expression and the artist is an It takes an artist make art. One may perceive beauty on a daily expresser, translating in order to create meaning. Art expresses and basis. However not every beautiful thing that can be seen or translates, art acknowledges and reveals, art transfers and art experienced may truly be called a work of art. Art is a product of man’s intervenes. art is an expression is complex and raises questions: What creativity, imagination and expression. No matter how perfectly blended does art express? Why does art express? How does art express? the colors of a sunset are and no matter how extraordinarily formed mountains are, nature is not considered art simply because it is not MODULE 1 LESSON 2 made by man. Basic Art Criticism Art Appreciation as a Way of Life Four Steps in Art Criticism Philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre 1. Describe - He defined art as the process of depicting a different view of the - Tells what you see (the visual facts). world. - Questions under describe are: - He believed that every artwork has its own beauty, and those with 1. What is the name of artist who created the work? a fine sense of appreciation can truly experience it. 2. What kind of an artwork is it? 3. What is the name of the artwork? Role of Creativity in Art Making 4. When was the artwork created? Creativity requires thinking outside the box. 5. Name some other major events in history that Creativity is what sets apart one artwork from another. occurred at the same time this artwork was created? Being creative nowadays can be quite challenging. 6. List the literal objects in the painting (trees, people, animal, mountains, rivers, etc.) Art as a Production of Imagination, Imagination as a Product of Art 7. What do you notice first when you look at the works? Why?  FIRST YEAR COLLEGE – BS ACCOUNTANCY 8. What kind of colours do you see? How would you - Questions under interpretation are: describe them? 1. What was the artist’s statement in this work? 9. What shapes can we see? What kind of edges do the 2. What do you think it means? shapes have? Do the shapes have? 3. What does it mean to you? 10. Are there lines in the work? If so, what kind of lines 4. How does this relate to you and your life? are they? 5. What feelings do you have when looking at this 11. What sort of textures do you see? How would you artwork? describe them? 6. Do you think there are things in the artwork that 12. What time of daylight is it? How can we tell? represent other things-symbols? 7. Why do you think that the artist chose to work in 13. What is the overall visual effect or mood of the work? this manner and made these kinds of artistic decisions? 2. Analyze 8. Why did the artists create this artwork? - In this step, consider the most significant art principles that were used in the artwork like texture, shapes, forms, 4. Judgements colours, lines and sensory qualities. - This is the personal evaluation based on the understanding - Questions under analyse are: of the works. 1. How has the artist used colours in the work? - Questions under judgements are: 2. What sort of effects do the colours have on the 1. Why do you think that this work has intrinsic value artwork? or worth? 3. How has the artist used shapes within the work of 2. What is the value do you find in the work? art? 3. Does the work have benefit to others? Do you find 4. How have lines been used in the work? that the work communicates an idea, feeling or 5. What role does texture plays in the work? principle that would have value for others? 6. How has the artist used light in the work? Is there 4. What kind of effect do you think the work could have the illusion of a scene with lights and shadows or for others? does the artist use light and dark values in a more 5. Does the work lack value or worth? Why do you think abstracted way? this is so? 7. How has the overall visual effect or mood of the work 6.. Rather than seeing the work as being very effective been achieved by the use of elements of art and or without total value, does the work fall somewhere principles of design? in-between? Do you think the work is just okay? 8. How was the artist’s design tools used to achieve a What do you base this opinion on? The use of particular look or focus? elements of art? Lack of personal expression? The work lacks a major focus? 3. Interpretations - It seeks to explain the meaning of the work based on what How to take criticism like a champ? has learned and what the artist is trying to say.  FIRST YEAR COLLEGE – BS ACCOUNTANCY Here are the following tips that will help you receive and digest other - Artist also decorated the tombs of the dead with scenes people’s comments in an effective way: from his life and signs of his rank and profession with the 1. Know your why. assurance that his spirit may continue his existence within 2. Consider the source, not all criticism has value. the tomb. 3. Take control of your initial reactions. 4. Remember the benefit of receiving feedbacks.  Egypt 5. Listen carefully. - Among th 6. Deconstruct feedbacks. - e places in the world were civilization was cradled. 7. Appreciate other opinions. 8. Learn how to judge your win artwork. Hellenistic Art (4th Century = 1st BC) - This art was created during an age characterized by a MODULE 1 LESSON 3 strong sense of history as it is generally taken to begin with Art History the death of Alexander the Great. - The death of Alexander made these dynasties and alliance History of Art broke up into smaller kingdoms infused with Greek Ancient Art (3000 BC – 300 BC) cultural elements. - Started during the Old Stone Age. - Developing capacity in producing tools and weapons for Medieval Art survival marked this period. - Spans from the fall of the Roman Empire to the beginning of the Renaissance.  Paleolithic era - An ancient cultural phase of human history  Middle Ages (literally “Old Stone Age) spanned between two and - Art evolves as human continue addressing to the a half to three million years. traditional and the new, including biblical subjects, Christian dogma, and classical mythology.  Paleolithic art - This introduces concepts of three period namely: - Related to the Late Upper Paleolithic era of art Romanesque, Gothic, and Byzantine. history. - This started about 40 000 years ago and continued Renaissance through the Ice Age of Pleistocene, which ended - This term translated to “rebirth”. around 8 000 BCE. - Renaissance art emphasized paintings that depicted man and nature in the fresco technique with simplicity, gesture, Egyptian Art (31st Century BC – 4th Century AD) and expression. - Consisted of forms carved in stones and woods. - Sought fulfilment in daily life and believed individuals had - Sun, moon, stars, and sacred animals were a common dignity and worth, subject of art during this period.  FIRST YEAR COLLEGE – BS ACCOUNTANCY Baroque Period - Art aimed to please the public as artists were able to - Elaborately covered with decoration. achieve the simplicity, brilliance, perfect balance and - These appeal to the emotion of the viewers as it is ornate brightness of colours, and sense of depth in painting. and sensual. - The paintings show figures in diagonal, twists, and zigzags.  Postmodern Sculpture - Artists make use of different elements such as light and - Showed realistic figures which depicted perfect shadow to produce dramatic effects. human anatomy with a calm and reflective - In terms of architecture, it flourished in the seventeenth look. century and is characterized primarily as a period to elaborate sculptural ornamentation. Contemporary Period (20th Century – Present) - Characterized by its diversity and difficult nature with a vibrant mixture of materials, techniques, ideas that challenge the traditional and defy simple definition. Eastern Art Mesopotamia - The land between the rivers Tigris and Euphrates. 5 Main Tribes of Mesopotamia  Sumer  Assyria - Periods known for it’s the most influential movements,  Akkad  Chaldea which are:  Babylonia  Impressionism  Dada Sumerian  Fauvism  Surrealism  Cubism  Abstract - Worked in gold and lapis as well as clay and wood.  Futurism Expressionism - Pottery was so good that they used it as a money system,  expressionism  Pop Art trading pottery for foods and other items. - Made complex chairs from wood and reeds. Rococo Babylonia - Emerged during the Enlightenment. - They too worked in gold, lapis, woods, and clay. - Emphasizes goals of knowledge, freedom, happiness. - Pastel, light, soft colors. - They also made jewelry, musical instruments, small statues, intricate chairs, weapons, jewellery and mosaics. - Feelings of playfulness, happiness, romance. - The Babylonians are also credited with making the first colored eggshells. Post Modern Art (1950 – mid 1980)  FIRST YEAR COLLEGE – BS ACCOUNTANCY Assyrian - Began in the 1860s and became most popular in 1870s - They created murals and paintings that showed them and 1880s. fighting or hunting. - Their murals showed how royalty lived. Post-impressionism - A subjective approach to painting, as artists opted to evoke Chaldean emotion than realism in their work. - Made in the vicinity of the site of Nineveh. - These include symbolic motifs, unnatural colour, and painterly brushstrokes. Neoclassicism - Began from 1885 to 1910. - It introduced a universal revival in the classical notion that mirrored what used to be going on in political and social Neo-impressionism arenas of the time, leading to the French Revolution. - Characterized by the use of the divisionist technique. - Divisionism Romanticism  Attempted to put impressionist painting of - Emphasis on the goodness of mankind. light and colour on a scientific basis by using - Works additionally promoted: an optical mixture of colours.  Justice  Social Order  Equality Expressionism - Started from Germany, early part of 1900s. Realism - Artist wanted to paint about emotions. - Accurate, detailed, unembellished depiction of nature or - Convey emotions rather than reality. contemporary life. - Can be located in historic Hellenistic Greek sculptures Fauvism precisely portraying boxers and decrepit historical women. - Complementary colourings are pairs of shades that appear - Art movements that revolted against the emotional and contrary to the other on scientific models such as the color exaggerated themes of Romanticism. (1840 – 1880) wheel, and when used side-by-side in the painting make - Try to depict the real world exactly as it appears. They every other seem brighter. painted everyday subjects and people. - Optimistic realism. - It is presenting the real life subject with the use of bright Impressionism colors suggesting comfort, joy and pleasure. - Developed by Claude Monet and other Paris-based artists from the early 1860s. Futurism - Let the artist to emphasize the immediate impression he - Common themes were focused on the restlessness and has of a specific moment or scene. fast-pace of modern life. - Began in France and wanted to capture a moment in time. - It highlighted the speed, energy, dynamism, and power of machines.  FIRST YEAR COLLEGE – BS ACCOUNTANCY The Difference Between Art Appreciation and Art History Art Appreciation Art History The application of basic tools of To learn the history and visual literacy in order to development of art in order to understand and appreciate works understand it as part of a large of art. historical context It is done without knowledge and An ability to examine and historical content of the work interpret work based on its historical content. Can be subjective depending on Objective since it talks about the personal preference to aesthetics origins of artworks. and form Arts Appreciation focused on Arts History is focused to know study in order to better everything about the civilization understand and analyze an art. It of art. It also provides the also describes and criticize every knowledge to the person to form of art. provide and produce progress about art.  FIRST YEAR COLLEGE – BS ACCOUNTANCY Ethics - Asserted that a good life is concerned with obtaining happiness, MODULE 1 LESSON 1 and that happiness can be obtained through human effort. Introduction to the Concepts and Meaning of Ethics - Believes that turning one’s attention away from the body and toward the soul is the key to happiness. What makes a Person Happy? Man has the ability to think because he is a rational being. As a Aristotle result, he possesses the innate ability to ponder his life purpose. - “The good life is a moral concept.” This can be done for self-satisfaction or in search of a good or - His goal is to define the guidelines for human to follow in order beautiful life. to achieve happiness as a community. We frequently striver for a good life – one that is worth living, - He asserted that all human life is made up of activity. happy, or satisfying. - He also claimed that human engage in these activities to achieve a goal, and that this goal must be good or we will not participate Plato in the endeavor. - The Greek Philosopher defines a good life as “secured enjoyment - His idea of happiness raise the question of how we should live. of what is good and beautiful.” The question is about a person’s personality or characteristics. - The best life is one in which a person is either pursuing the - He also claimed that living a virtuous life is the ultimate goal of pleasure of intellectual virtuousness or exercising intellectual human existence. virtuousness. - He also proposed the Four Cardinal Pillars. Confucius  Four Cardinal Pillars - He wrote that happiness can be acquired through rituals as - Thought to be useful tool for grounding humans in “religious sacrifice. excellence and may even be the key to greater  Religious sacrifice happiness – prudence, temperance, justice, and - These are the steps or acts whereby spiritual being fortitude. are properly served and human happiness obtained. Democritus - “Happiness does not dwell in flocks of cattle or gold. Happiness, - He construes rituals as a criterions for virtues such as like unhappiness, is a property of the soul. And it is right that respectfulness, carefulness, courage and forthrightness. men should value the soul rather than the body; for the - He reiterate the Golden Means State. perfection of the soul corrects the inferiority of the body, but  Golden Means State physical strength without intelligence does nothing to improve - To choose what is good and firmly hold it fast. the mind. Men finding happiness neither utilizing the body nor through possession, but uprightness and wisdom.” Lao Tzu - He pave a road map to happy life in his writing in the Tao Te Socrates Ching.  FIRST YEAR COLLEGE – BS ACCOUNTANCY - According to him, the pathway to good life is emptiness and being  It aims to provide answers to the questions, "What is the still. best way for people to live?" “In what circumstances are - “To the mind that is still, the whole universe surrenders.” certain actions right or wrong?”  We need to let go of our schedules, worries and complex - 'Ethics' attempts to provide norms for the goodness and badness thoughts for a while and simply experience the world. of a particular act. - “The usefulness of a pot comes from its emptiness. Empty yourself of everything, let your mind become still.” Reyes (1989)  If we are too busy and always doing things in a haste, we - It is a set of human behavior rules that have been influenced by deprived ourselves of the human experience that came societal standards or by himself in relation to his society. from nature as part of our inheritance. - Ethics is a philosophical science that studies the morality of human acts. As a science, ethics is concerned with the analysis Thomas Aquinas of the nature of the human conduct from the point of view of - He asserted that true knowledge can only be found in knowledge morality (Roa, 2012). of God. - In his view, happiness and enjoyment are two different matters. Ethics Vs. Morality Enjoyment come from worldly goods and physical pleasure while The roots of the words “ethics” and “morality” meant the same thing. perfect happiness may be possible only in the afterlife. One was a translation of the other which relate to “right” and “wrong” - He reiterate the two categories of virtue such as Aristotelian conduct. virtues of wisdom, courage, moderation, friendship, and Theological virtues revealed to man through Jesus Christ: faith, Ethics hope, and love. - It is often used in connection with the activities of organisations and with professional codes of conduct. Ethics, as Defined Illustrations: Ethics Medical and business ethics, which are often formalised in terms of - Comes from the Greek word ‘ethos’ (/ˈiːθɒs/ or US: /ˈiːθoʊs/) exhaustive sets of rules or guidelines stating how employees are which means “customs” or "character". expected to behave in their workplaces (such as in respect of a duty - Used to describe the guiding beliefs or ideals that makes up a of care or confidentiality that health-care workers owe to their community, nation, or ideology. patients; or the medical ethical principles of beneficence, non- maleficence, respect for autonomy, and justice). - As a discipline, is a branch of philosophy that studies ideal human behavior and ideal ways of living. Morality  In other words, it is a subfield of philosophy concerned with systematizing, defending, and recommending concepts of - More often used in connection with the ways in which individuals right and wrong behaviour. conduct their personal, private lives, often in relation to personal  It is concerned with questions of how people should act, as financial probity, lawful conduct and acceptable standards of well as the search for a definition of right conduct and the interpersonal behavior (including truthfulness, honesty, and good life. sexual propriety).  FIRST YEAR COLLEGE – BS ACCOUNTANCY Illustrations: patient who is severely sick from dying, or five  Always tell the truth patients who are less sick and could share the  Keep your promises. dosage from dying, which would you choose?  Do not destroy property. → Would choose the five patients who require  Take responsibility for your actions. less of a dosage to receive the medicine,  Treat others as you want to be treated. allowing the sixth patient to die, as this produces the most moral good. Ethics and its Branches Normative Ethics  Deontology - It is the branch of ethics concerned with establishing how things - An approach to ethics that emphasizes the rightness should or ought to be, how to value them, which things are good or wrongness of actions rather than the rightness or or bad, and which actions are right or wrong. It attempts to wrongness of the consequences of those actions. develop a set of rules governing human conduct, or a set of norms Illustration: for action. (Britannica, 2021). → A software engineer learn that a nuclear - Involves moral judgement based on ethical norm or theory. This missile is about to launch that might start a consists both of the basic moral principles and values and the war. He can hack the network and cancel the particular moral rules that govern people’s behavior, which is launch, but it’s against his professional code right or moral and wrong or immoral. of ethics to break into any software system without permission. And, it’s a form of lying Three Tasks of Normative Ethics and cheating. Deontology advises not to violate 1. To form into a related whole the various norms, rules and this rule. However, in letting the missile values of a society’s morality. launch, thousands of people will die. 2. To find the basic principle from which the particular norm can be derived.  Virtue Ethics 3. To justify an ethical norm or moral principles. - Focuses on the inherent character of a person rather than on the nature, or consequences of specific Categories of Normative Ethics actions performed.  Consequentialism Illustration: - Teleological → At work, Bob is a teacher, and his compassion has a place there. He helps his colleagues - Argues that the morality of an action is contingent regularly and goes out of his way to make sure on the action’s outcome or result. job gets done. - Morally right action is one that produces a good outcome or consequences. Descriptive Ethics Illustration: - A value-free approach to ethics that investigates ethics through → Worked in a hospital and only had enough observations of actual choices made by moral agents in practice. dosage of a particular drug to either keep one  FIRST YEAR COLLEGE – BS ACCOUNTANCY - It is the study of people's moral beliefs and assumes the existence - It holds that there are no objective moral values and of, rather than explicitly prescribing, theories of value or can be classified into three types depending on behavior. whether ethical statements are considered subjective - A descriptive study of ethics describes how people, particularly claims. groups, make moral judgments without passing judgment on these judgments. This type of research is frequently done by Applied Ethics social scientists, such as historians or sociologists who study - It is a philosophical discipline that attempts to apply ethical different moral standards over time or across cultures. theory to real-life situations. - If normative ethics is concerned with prescribing how one should - Bioethics, environmental ethics, business ethics, sexual and act and descriptive ethics is concerned with how people make social ethics are a few examples. moral judgments, questions concerning the nature of ethical statements are said to belong to a different branch of ethics Ethics and other Fields of Sciences known as "meta-ethics." Ethics and Logic are very much connected because a human person will not be able to acquire the knowledge of right living Meta-Ethics without having obtained the knowledge of right thinking first. We - Philosophy’s main field of study. all know for a fact that no person can live properly or morally - The word 'meta' in the phrase 'metaethics' means 'above.' without first thinking rightly or logically. - The attempt to answer ethical questions is known as meta Ethics is connected with psychology because both sciences deal ethics. with the study of man, the human nature, and the human - This is primarily concerned with the meaning of ethical behaviour. If psychology studies how a man behaves, ethics deals judgments, and it seeks to comprehend the nature of ethical with how man ought to behave. properties, statements, attitudes, and judgments, as well as Since ethics deals with the moral order, which necessarily how they can be supported or defended. includes the social order, it is therefore, proper to say that Ethics and Sociology are related to one another. - It is also concerned with analysis of the meaning of the words Ethics became connected to economics because as one works and the logic of moral reasoning. to earn a living, he has to consider the others. As a social being, man should always bear in mind that he must also consider the Categories of Meta-Ethics welfare of others and not only his own welfare.  Moral Realism Education plays a very important role in the life of people as it - It holds that there are objective moral values, so that gives direction, goal, worth and meaning to human beings. In evaluative statements are essentially factual claims, order to help the students in making his life’s goal and direction which are either true or false, and that their truth or clearer, it is necessary to integrate ethics into the curricula. falsity are independent of our beliefs, feelings or Students must be taught the importance of correct living so that other attitudes towards the things being evaluated. by doing so, they will be able to realize that this life should be made truly worth living for.  Moral Anti-Realism Law should be connected with ethics because a human person who follows a law must be able to understand why such law  FIRST YEAR COLLEGE – BS ACCOUNTANCY should be followed in order to make the following of the law - Is derived from the Greek words "dis," which means "twice," and worthwhile and meaningful. "lemma," which means "assumptions" or "premise." As ethics deals with moral goodness, it is therefore, proper to say - A is a situation in which a difficult choice must be made that it is related to Aesthetics because goodness and beauty are between two or more options. very much intertwined. We consider the good as beautiful and the beautiful as good. Moral Dilemmas Both ethics and religion are connected to one another because - Situations in which the moral agent must consider two or more they are both based on the same postulates i.e., the existence of moral values or duties but can only honor one of them; as a creator, the freedom of the will in man, and the retribution in the result, regardless of the decision, the individual will violate at afterlife. least one important moral concern. In order to attain a good government, both leaders and their - Hypothetical short stories that describe a situation in which two subordinates must necessarily learn to live a moral life. moral reasons conflict, such as the duty not to kill and the duty Ethics and art are connected usually in art that provokes and to help. disturbs. Such art stirs up the artists or viewer's personal beliefs, values, and morals due to what is depicted. Because art is Moral Relativism subjective, it is vulnerable to ethical judgment. (Roa, 2012). Relativism - Belief that knowledge, truth, and morality are not absolute in MODULE 2 LESSON 1 our culture and society. The Moral Agents and Cultural Relativism - Is the view that truth and falsity, right and wrong, standards of reasoning, and procedures of justification are products of Moral Agents differing conventions and frameworks of assessment and that Moral Agents their authority is confined to the context giving rise to them. - Being who are capable of acting morally. - covers views which maintain that—at a high level of abstraction— - Three distinguishing characteristics of moral agents: at least some class of things have the properties they have (e.g.,  The ability to reason, judge, and act with regard to right beautiful, morally good, epistemically justified) not simpliciter, and wrong. but only relative to a given framework of assessment (e.g., local  The expectations that they will adhere to moral standards cultural norms, individual standards), and correspondingly, that for their actions. the truth of claims attributing these properties holds only once  Morally responsible for their actions and accountable for the relevant framework of assessment is specified or supplied. their consequences. - Gilbert Harman (2011), moral relativism is the belief that there - Is someone who can distinguish between right and wrong and is not a single true morality. There are a variety of possible be held accountable for his or her own actions. moralities or moral frames of reference, and whether something - Have a moral obligation not to inflict unjustified harm. is morally right or wrong, good or bad, just or unjust, etc. is a relative matter—relative to one or another morality or moral Moral Dilemma frame of reference. Something can be morally right relative to Dilemma  FIRST YEAR COLLEGE – BS ACCOUNTANCY one’s moral frame of reference and morally wrong relative to another. Cultural Relativism Cultural Relativism - It is a view that ethical systems and cultural beliefs vary from one culture to another. - It comes from the idea that moral standards are product of society. - This philosophical principle started from Greek philosopher Protagoras of Abdera. - the idea that a person's beliefs and practices should be understood based on that person's own culture. The following is a review of the Filipino Character by Buenaflor, et.al (2018) which may be evident in the Filipino culture as the basis of our moral decisions: 1. A typical Filipino has a high regard for others. This is known as pakikipagkapwa. Filipinos have basic sense of justice and fairness and a strong concern for others. 2. Filipinos have a strong sense of family orientation. Filipinos consider family as source of Filipino identity. 3. Filipinos also have a different sense and perception of joy and humor. Because of the ability of man to laugh at their own troubles, they were able to develop a very important coping mechanism. 4. Filipinos are flexible, adaptable and creative. A Filipino can easily rise up again and cope up once more to life’s complexities. 5. A typical Filipino is known for hard work and industriousness. 6. Even before the coming of Spaniards, Filipinos are already considered as very religious. Because of this, Filipino will accept his fate and destiny as part of the will of God. 7. Filipinos were able to develop patience and they are capable of making use of whatever is available in the environment.  FIRST YEAR COLLEGE – BS ACCOUNTANCY The Life and Works of Jose Rizal - On the same day, Laurel proposed amendments so as to MODULE 1 LESSON 1 move the procedure to the next step. RA 1425: THE RIZAL LAW  May 14, 1956 Background of the Rizal Bill - Similar amendments were adopted to the House Version. The Postwar Period witnessed a Philippines beset by difficulties and problems.  May 17, 1956 - The Senate and the House version were approved. Republic Act No. 1425 - Commonly referred to as the Rizal Law.  June 12, 1956 - Primarily intended to address “ a need for re-dedication to the - President Magsaysay signed the bill into law. ideals of freedom and nationalism for which our heroes lived and died>” The Debates about the Rizal Bill 1. Senator Jose P. Laurel From Rizal Bill to Rizal Law - “Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo must be read by all  April 3, 1956 Filipinos. They must be taken to heart, for in their pages - Senate Bill No. 438 was filled by the Senate Committee on we see ourselves as in a mirror, our defects as well as our Education. strengths, our virtues as well as our vices. Only then would we become conscious as a people and so learn to prepare  April 17, 1956 ourselves for painful sacrifices that ultimately lead to self- - Jose P. Laurel sponsored the Senate Bill 438. reliance, self-respect and freedom.”  April 1956 2. Senator Claro M. Recto - The Catholic Church began to express opposition against - “Rizal did not pretend to teach religion when he wrote those the passage of the bill. books. He aimed at inculcating civic consciousness in the - On the same month, Claro M. Recto, its main author, Filipinos, national dignity, personal pride, and patriotism entered into a fierce battle arguing the passage of SB 438. and if references were made by him in the course of his - Also the same month, House Bill No. 5561, an identical narration to certain religious practices in the Philippines in version of SB 438, was filled by Rep. Jacobo Z. Gonzales. those days, and to the conduct and behavior of erring ministers of the church, it was because he portrayed  May 2, 1956 faithfully the general situation in the Philippines as it then - The House Committee on Education approved the House existed.” Bill without amendments. 3. Senator Francisco “SOC” Rodrigo  May 9, 1956 - “A vast majority of our people are, at the same time, - Commencement of debates about the bill. Catholic and Filipino citizens. As such, they have two great  FIRST YEAR COLLEGE – BS ACCOUNTANCY loves: their country and their faith. These two loves are not - Other factors that contributed to Rizal’s acceptance as the conflicting loves. They are harmonious affections, like the Philippine’s official hero include the following: love for his father and for his mother. This is the basis of  Rizal was already dead at the time the Americans my stand. Let us not create a conflict between nationalism began their aggression in the Philippines and religion, between the government and the church.”  No embarrassing anti-American quotations could ever be attributed to Rizal Rizal Law and the Teaching of the Rizal Course  Rizal’s dramatic martyrdom had already made him Objectives: the symbol of Spanish oppression. → To rededicate the lives of the youth to the ideals of freedom and - Rizal is a hero in the sense that he was able to see the nationalism, for which our heroes lived and died; problems generated by historical forces, discern the new → To pay tribute to our national hero for devoting his life and works social needs by the historical development of new social in shaping the Filipino character; and relationships, and actively participate in meeting these → To gain an inspiring source of patriotism thru the study of Rizal’s needs. life, works and writings. Goals: Teodoro Agomcillo (1986) → To recognize the relevance of Rizal’s ideals, thoughts, teachings - He writes that the Americans accepted Rizal as a national and life values to present conditions in the community; hero because he was a symbol of assimilation, which was → To apply Rizal’s ideas in the solution of day-to-day situations and their policy in the Philippines at that time. problems in contemporary life; - Rizal never favored revolution, preferring a gradual process → To develop and understanding and appreciation of the qualities, of change through education that suited American behavior and characters of Rizal; and objectives. → To foster development of moral character, personal discipline, citizenship and vocational efficiency among the Filipino youth. Leon Maria Guerrero - In making Rizal as our Filipino national hero, a number of Who Chose Rizal to be our National Hero conclusions can be drawn: Renato Constantino (1969)  Since the Filipino love peace, they have chosen to - Contrary to the belief of many Filipinos, Rizal was not an magnify a man of peace above a man of war American-sponsored hero  Because Filipinos are lovers of freedom and justice,  He claimed that the Americans were responsible for they have given their worship to a man who gave up endorsing him as the national hero of the all comforts and pleasures of peace for their sake Philippines.  Filipinos prize virtue more than victory and sacrifice - He cited the efforts of the Taft Commission in 1901 in above success. selecting Rizal from a group of heroes that included: - Rizal was the first Filipino.  Emilio Aguinaldo  This was because it was Rizal who first called the  Andres Bonifacio Philippines his fatherland.  Apolinario Mabini  FIRST YEAR COLLEGE – BS ACCOUNTANCY - It was he who taught his countrymen that they could be birth to the Manila-Acapulco Trade, popularly something else, Filipinos who were members of the Filipino known as “Galleon Trade”. nation. - He was the first to work towards the unification of the  Galleon Trade Philippine archipelago into a compact homogeneous body - It was a ship trade going back and forth between based on common interests and mutual protection. Manila and Acapulco Mexico. - The trade served as the central income-generating Proof that Rizal was Chosen by Filipinos business for Spanish colonies in the Philippines. 1. The Katipunan regarded him as its honorary member. 2. Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo issued a decree making December 30 as  Discovery of the Galleon Trade a “day of mourning for Rizal and other victims of revolutions”. - It started when Andres De Urdaneta, in convoy 3. On December 3o, a group of mason in Daet, Camarines Norte under Miguel Lopez de Legaspi, discovered a return erected a simple monument for Rizal. route from Cebu to Mexico in 1565. 4. The Philippine Commission authorized the establishment of Rizal’s monument in Luneta through Act No. 243. B. Opening of Suez Canal 5. By virture of Act 136, the Province of Rizal was made. o Geographical Location of Suez Canal 6. As a sign of admiration and respect, Filipino businessmen named - An artificial sea level waterway in Egypt, the Suez their businesses after Rizal. Canal connects the Mediterranean Sea to the Red 7. The present one peso coin bears his likeness. Sea through the Isthmus of Suez. MODULE 1 LESSON 2 o Construction of the Suez Canal 19TH Century as Rizal’s Context - Ferdinand de Legaspi Unveiling the Various Economic, Social, and Political Changes - A French diploman to which on his leadership, that Transpired during the 19th Century Focusing on Rizal’s it was constructed by the Suez Canal Views and Experiences Company between 1859 and 1869. The Economic Context - November 17, 1869 A. End of Galleon Trade - It was officially opened.  Local Tradings - Our locals were already trading with China, Japan, o Opening of the Suez Canal Siam, India, Cambodia, Bormeo, and the Mollucas - The distance travel between Europe and Philippines when the Spanish colonizers came to the Philippines. was considerably abbreviated and thus virtually brought the country closer to Spain.  Birth of Manila – Acapulco Trade - In 1565, the Spanish government closed the part of o Before the Opening of the Suez Canal Manila to all countries except Mexico, thereby giving  FIRST YEAR COLLEGE – BS ACCOUNTANCY - A steamer from Barcelona had to sail around the - Monopolies had been established on a number of Cape of Good Hope to reach Manila after a menacing products, which were largely controlled by the journey of more than three months. colonial government.  Spirituous Liquors (1712 – 1864) C. Rise of the Export Crop Economy  Betel Nuts (1764) o 1820 and 1870  Tobacco (1782 – 1882) - The Philippines was well on its way to developing an  Explosives (1782 – 1882) export crop economy between this years. o Tobacco Monopoly o Sugar, Manila Hemp, Coffee - Most contentious and oppressive of the monopoly - Produced by foreign market. systems. o The Development of the Philippines Export Crop Industry Tobacco Monopoly was facilitated by the Commercial Activities of North o Governor General Jose Basco Europeans and North American Merchants, who - He placed government control over the Philippine provided capital, organization, and access to foreign Tobacco Industry on March 1, 1782. market and sources of imports. o 100 years D. Monopolies - Long it lasted before being repealed in 1882. Aim Order Monopoly Contracting To increase government In the provinces of - Another significant source of wealth during the post- revenue, as the colony's Cagayan Valley, Ilocos galleon era. annual subsidy from Norte, Ilocos Sur, La Mexico was no longer Union, Isabela, Abra, After 1850 sufficient to maintain it. Nueva Ecija, and - Government monopoly contracts for the collection of Marinduque, an order was various revenues were open to foreigners. issued authorizing widespread tobacco Opium Monopoly cultivation. o 1840s Monopoly System - The Spanish government legalized opium use and These provinces grew The system established the established a government monopoly on Opium nothing but tobacco and minimum number of importation and sales. sold it exclusively to the tobacco plants that each government at a family must sell to them. o 1850 predetermined price, Nobody was permitted to keep even a few tobacco  FIRST YEAR COLLEGE – BS ACCOUNTANCY leaving local farmers with leaves for personal use, little or no profit. obliging local farmers to o Spanish Friars purchase tobacco grown by - Believed that natives would be incapable of matching the government. their abilities, and thus one way for them to quickly Fines Exportation learn was through strict discipline, such as corporal Fines and / or Tobacco was exported by punishment. punishments were the colonial government to sanctioned to anyone who other countries and to o Co-education would transgress any of the Manila's cigarette factories. - During the Spanish regime, there was no co- decrees under the system. education; boys and girls attended separate schools. College students are taught history, Latin, The Social Background geography, mathematics, and philosophy. A. Education in the 19th Century o Leyes de Indias (Indianas Laws) o University Education - Mandated by King Philip II that Spanish authorities - Was opened in the country during the early part of educate locals, teach them to read and write, and to the 17th century. learn Spanish. - Colleges and universities were restricted to Spaniards and those descended from Spaniards. o Spanish Missionaries - Established schools and somewhat educated the o 19th Century locals, but did not teach them the Spanish language - They began accepting indigenous people. seriously, fearful that the Indios would acquire such knowledge and turn out to be their co-equal. o 1863 - A royal decree established the Philippine’s Public o Parochial schools School System. - Established by missionaries such as the Augustinians, Franciscans, Jesuits, and B. The Rise of Chinese Mestizos Dominicans in their parishes. 1. The Chinese were predated in terms of overseas trade by Malay seafarers from the Champa and Sri Vijaya Empires. In o Subjects Taught comparison to the Malays, the Chinese were latecomers to the  Apart from religion, native children were taught to Philippines in terms of trade and migration. read, write, and do basic arithmetic, as well as some 2. The Pandanan wreck site in southern Palawan revealed what vocational and practical arts subjects. appeared to be a Chinese vessel based on the cargo of  Students were also taught Latin instead of Spanish. porcelain plates and jars that remained intact. Chinese  Latin commerce began much later, around 900 AD, via Chinese - Official language of the Catholic church. vessels.  FIRST YEAR COLLEGE – BS ACCOUNTANCY 3. By the time of the Ming Dynasty, during the reign of Emperor baptized. The institution of baptism also allowed the pagan Yungle (Yung Lo), China's gates had been opened to the world, Chinese to link up with people with influence. and the Chinese ports of Amoy and Swatow were the origins 12. The Spaniards were reliant on the Chinese due to their skill of Southeast Asia's boat trade. as artisans and laborers. 4. Chinese first arrived in the Philippines during the Ming 13. Without the assistance of Chinese printers, the first book Dynasty. They traded with and lived among the indigenous printed in the Philippines, the Doctrina Christiana, would people. The Ming Shih or Ming Annals contain descriptions not be possible. The book was printed not just in Spanish but of the indigenous people's honesty despite their barbarian also in Chinese and in Tagalog using the Chinese method of nature. wood block printing 5. The Chinese were permitted to live within what is now 14. Numerous religious images, most notably that of Nuestra Intramuros upon the establishment of Spanish rule. This was Señora de la Naval, were carved by Chinese artisans, who left the original Parian or Chinese community in Manila, their mark on the statue with the Virgin's Chinese-looking providing Spaniards with access to the Chinese's skills as almond eyes and the three lines around her neck, a Chinese bakers, cooks, stonemasons, and shoemakers. symbol for a person of high rank and morality. 6. During the first Chinese revolt, the Chinese almost routed the 15. They intermarried with the indigenous population, forming a Spaniards had it not been for the help and support of new social caste known as the mestizo sangley or the Chinese Japanese mercenaries and indigenous troops. They were mestizo, the counterpart to the mestizo Español or Spanish routed and driven away. mestizo. 7. The expulsion had a devastating economic impact on the newly 16. 1741, a new social classification was established for taxation formed colony, as there were no more shoemakers, bakers, or purposes - a pure Chinese was taxed at 6 pesos; a mestizo even laundrymen to serve the Spanish community. They were Chinese was taxed at 3 pesos; and an Indio was taxed at 1.50 eventually allowed to return to the Philippines. pesos. Spaniards and mestizos from Spain were exempted 8. They were initially permitted to establish themselves outside from the aforementioned tax. the city, in what is now the Manila Post Office. They were 17. As the local Chinese and Chinese mestizo community became later relocated across the Pasig River to the Binondo district. more prosperous, they began to demonstrate their wealth 9. Other Chinese revolts occurred in the Philippines. The last through their way of life. Mestizos invented clothing by significant one occurred in 1762, during the British invasion embroidering intricate designs on piña cloth, resulting in the of Manila. The Chinese were ruthlessly routed in all revolts. barong Filipino, and by adorning their headwear and altars Thus, their community recovered following the British with silver. invasion. 18. The wealthy mestizos' homes became known as the Bahay na 10. As an ethnic group, the Chinese, dubbed sangleyes by the Bato. Mestizo Chinese also advanced beyond the friars' basic Spaniards, were among the lowest rung of the colonial society, education, with a number pursuing higher education. Other just above the Moros or Muslims and the Infleles, or what the Chinese-Filipinos excelled in other fields, such as Tomas Spaniards referred to as the Philippines' uncivilized peoples, Pinpin, who was dubbed the "Prince of Filipino Printers." which included the Tinggutanes, Igorots, and Aetas. 19. The Chinese community developed into a vital economic force 11. In order to be accepted into the colonial society and to be in the Philippines. They controlled the majority of the allowed to stay in the islands first, the Chinese had to be country's shopping malls, banks, airlines, and shipping lines.  FIRST YEAR COLLEGE – BS ACCOUNTANCY 20. As a result of their wealth, they became targets for corrupt - the term refers to a qualified system of tenancy or politicians seeking campaign funds as well as kidnap for the right to use land in exchange for rent. ransom groups. 21. Many began as small business owners but rose to prominence as industry leaders due to their business acumen and discipline. Influx of Chinese Chinese: Necessary Settlement Outsider Spanish suspicion of the The Chinese established Chinese grew as a result of the themselves as "necessary influx of Chinese settlements outsiders" in the colonial in the Philippines. These society of the Philippines. sentiments resulted in the While the Spaniards were establishment of stringent suspicious of the Chinese, state policies toward the they recognized the critical sangley, ranging from role they played in sustaining increased taxes to the the economy. The Chinese restriction movement infused the economy with The Political Landscape associated with the vitality, from the goods loaded A. Liberalism establishment of the Chinese on galleons to the - is a worldview founded on principles of freedom and enclave (Parian) to outright development of retail trade. equality. expulsion policies. - It encompasses a diverse range of political ideologies that Birth of Chinese Mestizos The Chinese Mestizos consider individual liberty to be the most significant These Chinese eventually Throughout the Spanish political goal, and underscore individual rights and integrated into colonial colonial period, Chinese opportunity of equality. society, resulting in mestizos played a significant intermarriages with Indios and economic role. They shaped - Liberals generally believe that government is necessary to the birth of Chinese mestizos. the changing economy of the protect individuals from abuse by others, but they also 19th by acquiring land, recognize that government can pose a threat to liberty. amassing wealth, and o French Revolution wielding influence. - It began as a political revolution in Europe, C. The Rise of Inquillinos and then spread to other parts of the world. o Inquillino With the battle cry of 'Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity,' this revolution ushered in a period - At least in modern Spanish, has the same meaning of profound change in France's political as the English word “tenant”. history, as the French governmental structure  FIRST YEAR COLLEGE – BS ACCOUNTANCY was transformed from absolute monarchy to a newspapers with liberal ideas from the West, more liberal system based on the principles of which eventually influenced the thinking of citizenship and inalienable rights. local reformists such as Jose Rizal. Additionally, it enticed an increasing number o Spain’s Political Disturbance of liberal Spaniards and Europeans to visit the - Spain later endured a turbulent century of country and mingle with the indigenous political turmoil as a result of the French people. Moreover, the shortened route has Revolution, which included "numerous encouraged ilustrados such as Rizal to pursue changes in parliaments and constitutions, the higher education abroad and study liberal Peninsular War, the loss of Spanish America, ideas in European universities. and the struggle between liberals and conservatives." In Spain, liberals viewed the o Philippines Actual Experience of Liberalism Catholic Church as a foe of reform.. This anti- - The Philippines' actual experience of clericalism movement gained strength in the liberalism stems from Governor-General nineteenth century. Carlos Maria De la Torre, the country's "first liberal governor-general". Following the 1868 o Political Changes mutiny in which liberals in Spain exposed - Liberals also introduced radical changes to the Queen Isabela II, a provisional government structure of government in Spain. These was formed, and the new government political shifts had their repercussionsthe extended the reforms implemented in the Philippines, "cracking the fabric of the old motherland to Spain's colonies. The liberal colonial system and introducing perilous General De la Torre was appointed Governor- possibilities of reform, equality, and even General of the Philippines by the provisional emancipation through the cracks." government. He held the position from 1869 to 1871 and is widely regarded as the most loved o World Trade (19th Century) of all Spanish Governors-General assigned to - When the Philippines was opened to world the country. trade in the 19th century, liberal ideas from America carried by ships and people from B. Impact of Bourbon Reform foreign ports started to penetrate the country When the Spanish Bourbon King Philip IV (1700 – 1756) assented and sway the ilustrados. These political to the throne, he and his successors, Ferdinand VI (1746 – 1759), thoughts included the ideologies of the Charles II (1759 – 1788), and Charles IV (1788 – 1807), advocated American and French revolutions. a century-long effort to reform and modify the Spanish empire. These policy changes were known jointly as the Bourbon o Opening of the Suez Canal Reforms. - The opening of the Suez Canal eased Aim Reform Policies importation of books, magazines and  FIRST YEAR COLLEGE – BS ACCOUNTANCY The Bourbon Reforms sought Bourbon reform policies were milestone constitution influenced numerous other to curb illicit commerce, advantageous to the European constitutions, as well as the post- reclaim control over Philippines, which was under independence American states. transatlantic trade, limit the Spain from 1565 to 1898. They  Europe's first constitution to address national power of the church, reform undoubtedly had an effect on sovereignty, recognizing that sovereignty originates state finance in order to how Spanish administrators with the people, not the king. replenish the dwindling royal ran the colony, but only to a coffers, and tighten limited extent. For one thing, o Spanish Constitution of 1812 administrative and political the Philippines was practically  Universal in scope, as it included residents of foreign control within the empire. inaccessible to Spain, making countries such as the Italian Kingdoms and even the it difficult for Bourbon Philippines. advocates to monitor whether reform policies were being o Mediterranean Port of Cadiz implemented properly in  It is where a group of approximately 300 deputies Spain’s Colony in the Far East. from Spain, Spanish America, and the Philippines Reform Processes Effectiveness of the Reform promulgated a liberal constitution during the French The reform process was seen There were questionable army's occupation of nearly the entire Iberian as so complex, much so that matters as regards the Peninsula that fateful year. This was made possible Spanish reformers sometimes effectiveness of the Bourbon by the British navy's protection of the city. promoted distinctly different reform project. The policies kinds of policies for provinces were incompatible with the o Pedro Perez de Tagle and Jose Manuel Coretto in its diverse empire. diverse and frequently  First delegates from the Philippines who take their Furthermore, by the mid- contradictory objectives of oath of office in Madrid. 1790s, there were instances Madrid's policymakers, who when European conflicts struggled haltingly to balance o King Fernando VII forced Charles IV to switch the crown's numerous  The reason why the constitutional monarchy that policies in order to finance commercial, administrative, the Cadiz Constitution attempted did not materialize Spain's wars. fiscal, and military objectives. because he declared it invalid in May 1814 and restored absolute monarchy. C. Cadiz Constitution o March 1812 Impact of the Events that Occurred during the 19th Centuury  A liberal constitution was the promulgated in Cadiz. A. Economic Context o End of Galleon Trade o Cadiz Constitution 1. The mango de Manila, tamarind and rice, carabao,  Drafted by elected representatives, was implemented cockfighting, Chinese tea and textiles, fireworks in almost all areas of the Hispanic Monarchy that display, and tuba making all made their way to Mexico remained under the Spanish crown's control. The via the trans-Pacific trade.  FIRST YEAR COLLEGE – BS ACCOUNTANCY 2. On the other hand, the return voyage introduced a ideas to the country, where they interacted with local variety of valuable flora and fauna to the Philippines, reformists. including guava, avocado, papaya, pineapple, horses, 6. The canal enabled the ilustrados, particularly Jose and cattle. Rizal, to pursue higher education abroad and study 3. Manila developed into a trading hub, where China, science and liberal arts in European academic India, Japan, and Southeast Asian countries institutions. Their social dealings with Western liberals consolidated their goods for shipping. Those who run shaped their views on nationhood, politics, and the hub and did most of the work were primarily government. Chinese. 4. With the massive migration of Chinese as a result of the o Rise of the Export Crop Economy Galleon Trade, the Spaniards feared them, taxed them,  Numerous economic activities in the country's new exiled them to the Parian, and eventually massacred export-crop economy provided numerous some of them when tensions rose. opportunities for the growing Chinese population. 5. The Manila Galleon Trade allowed for the introduction Previously concentrated in Manila, many Chinese of modern, liberal ideas to the Philippines, eventually relocated to provinces known for their export crops: inspiring a gradual movement for independence from the hemp-growing regions of Southeastern Luzon Spain. and the Eastern Visayas, the sugar producing 6. The 250-year trade came to an end on September 14, regions of the Western Visayas, and the tobacco- 1815, when Mexico declared independence. producing regions of Northeastern Luzon. o Opening of the Suez Canal o Monopolies 1. The Suez Canal reduced the voyage from over three 1. The tobacco monopoly benefited the government by months to between 32 and 40 days. increasing revenue and elevating Philippine tobacco to 2. It developed into a significant advantage in commercial prominence throughout Asia and some parts of Europe. enterprises, particularly those between Europe and 2. The monopoly resulted in food shortages, as basic crops East Asia. such as rice were neglected and abandoned. 3. It served as a significant factor development of Jose 3. A century of hardship and social injustice brought Rizal's and other Filipino ilustrados' nationalistic about by the tobacco monopoly compelled Filipinos in desires. general, and Novo Ecijanos in particular, to seek 4. It expedited the importation not only of commercial independence from colonial servitude. products but also of books, magazines and newspapers with liberal ideas from America and Europe, which B. The Social Background ultimately affected the minds of Rizal and other Filipino o Education in the 19th Century reformists. 1. As a result of the growing number of educated natives a 5. The political views of Western liberal thinkers entered new social class known as the ilustrados emerged in the the Philippines. Additionally, the shortened route country. Despite their wealth and education, the stimulated more Spaniards and Europeans with liberal ilustrados were still regarded as inferior by the  FIRST YEAR COLLEGE – BS ACCOUNTANCY Spaniards. One of the ilustrados' objectives was to taxation and land rent collection, the decline of achieve parity with the proud Spaniards. sharing agreements, excessive labor demands, and 2. With the opening of the Suez Canal, which made travel capricious crop price fixing. to Europe faster, easier, and more affordable, many  Peasants have taken up arms in protest of alleged locals took advantage of the opportunity to pursue a Jesuit, Dominican, Augustinian, and Recollect higher education on the continent, typically in Madrid abuses and usurpation of their lands. The relative and Barcelona. There, in the liberal environment, freedom acquired by the inquilinos through nationalism and a desire for reform flourished. subleasing their farms gave them a tactical 3. The new enlightened class in Philippine society would advantage in organizing and leading these peasant later lead the Philippine independence movement using protest movements the Spanish language as their key means of communication. Out of this talent group of students o Bourbon Reform from the Philippines arose what came to be known as  There were very different impacts of reforms in the the Propaganda Movement. The most prominent of the diverse Spanish empire, having deep consequences Ilustrados was Jose Rizal, who inspired the craving for of colonial policy innovations in areas, such as freedom and independence with his novels written in Mexico, while in some other regions, such as the Spanish. Philippines, Chile and New Granada, the reforms had a much more limited impact. Overall, it gave o The Rise of Chinese Mestizo people, especially the natives of the Philippines, the  The rapid pace of economic development in the idea that colonization could be done without much Philippines during the nineteenth century, intervention from Catholic Church. accelerated by several of the factors mentioned above, resulted in the emergence of a new breed of o Cadiz Constitution wealthy and influential Filipino middle class.  Cadiz was a very significant period in the political Previously unheard of in earlier centuries, this class history of the Spanish-speaking world at least. For of Spanish and Chinese mestizos rose to prominence the locals in the Philippines, one critical creed in Philippine society and eventually became leaders enshrined in the constitution was the exemption of in education and finance the natives from paying tribute and performing public services under the constitution's equality o The Rise of the Inquillinos clause.  The inquilino system became so lucrative that som