Art Appreciation Reviewer for Prelims PDF

Art Appreciation Philosophy of Art Basic Art Criticism -Every person is born with the innate desire to create -Art criticism is responding to, interpreting meaning, art, and similar to other professions, t...

Art Appreciation Philosophy of Art Basic Art Criticism -Every person is born with the innate desire to create -Art criticism is responding to, interpreting meaning, art, and similar to other professions, training is and making critical judgements about specific works essential in honing skills to produce art. of art. -There is no one universal definition of art though -Art critic help viewers perceive, interpret, and judge there is a consensus that it is the conscious creation art artworks. of something beautiful or meaningful. A picture always reinforces the concept -images reveal large amount of data, so remember : Etymology use an image instead of a long text. Your audience -Art is related to the Latin word “ars” which means will appreciate it. art, skill, or craft. Observing an art 3 Categories of Art Elements of Art 1.Mimesis -Line -Texture Art as Representation -Color - Shape -copying, imitating/imitation 2.Expression Colors and their meanings : Art of Expression of Emotional Content Red -expression -passion, courage, prosperity, strength 3.Formal Qualities Orange Art as Form -energy, endurance, curiousity, joy -”Form” Purple -royalty, nobility, inspiration, spirit Assumptions of Art Blue Art is unrelated -peace, harmony, trust, hospitality -connect the world and reflect on cultural, political, and Green social dynamics -nature, healing, growth, life Art is not a nature Yellow -is a man’s way of interpreting nature. -happiness, hope, clarity, family -it is not a natural occurence -man taught himself to find art in nature When we observe art, our minds go through a Art involves experience process. -connecting with the artist experience and transforming the meaning of the art with their own. 1. Describe ( Visual facts) Art is universal What is the name of the artist who created the Art appreciation ; Creativity, Imagination, and artwork? Expression what kind of artwork is it? -it takes an artist to make art When was the artwork created? -not every beautiful thing can be seen or experienced Name some other major events in history that may truly be called a work of art. occured at the same time this artwork was created? art- manmade nature- God 2. Analyze ( Consider the most significant art principles) Role of Creativity in Art Making How has the artist used colors in the work? 1.Creativity requires thinking outside the box What sort of effect do the colors have on the 2.Creativity is what sets apart one artwork from artwork? another. How has the artist used shapes within the work 3.Being creative nowadays can be quite challenging. of art? Art as a product of Imagination : Imagination as How have lines been used in the work? product of art What role does texture play in the work? 3. Interpret ( explain the meaning of the work) Egyptian Art What was the artist’s statement in this work? (31st century BC - 4th century AD) What do you think it means? Egypt is among the places in the world where What does it mean to you? civilization was cradled. Among these pieces of How does this relate to you and your life? shreds of evidence of life are artworks that can be What feelings do you have when looking at this considered unique and ahead of their time. artwork? Egyptian art consisted of forms carved in stones 4. Evaluate ( based on the personal understanding and woods. of the work) During this period, the sun, moon, stars, and Why do you think that this work has intrinsic value or sacred animals were common subjects of art. worth? What is the value do you find in the work? Artists also decorated the tombs of the dead Does the work have benefit to others? Do you find with scenes from his life and signs of his rank that the work communicates an idea, feeling or and profession with the assurance that his spirit principle that would have value for others? may continue his existence within the tomb. What kind of effect do you think the work could have for others? Hellenistic Art (4th century - 1st BC) How to take criticism like a champ? This art was created during an age characterized know why by a strong sense of history as it is generally consider the source, not all criticism has value taken to begin with the death of Alexander the take control of your initial reactions Great. remember the benefit of receiving feedback When Alexander was advancing the Greeks appreciates other’s opinion through victory, he divided up the conquered lands listen carefully among his generals. But the death of Alexander deconstruct feedback made these dynasties and alliances break up into smaller kingdoms infused with Greek cultural Art History elements. -is the study of human expression - visual, but also tactile, spatial and sometimes aural - through history. Art Medieval Art Historians develop ways to translate from the visual to The medieval period of art history spans from the the verbal, through analysis and interpretation, using a fall of the Roman Empire to the beginning of number of different approaches and methodologies. the Renaissance. "The purpose of art is washing the dust of daily life off In the Middle Ages, art evolves as humans our souls." continue addressing the traditional and the new, Pablo Picasso including biblical subjects, Christian dogma, "Art is the signature of civilizations." and classical mythology. -Beverly Sills This introduces concepts of three periods namely: Romanesque, Gothic, and Byzantine. Ancient Art (3000BC - 300BC) The Paleolithic era, an ancient cultural phase of Renaissance human history (literally "Old Stone Age") spanned The term "Renaissance" translates to "re- between two and a half to three million years. birth." Paleolithic art is related to the Late Upper Paleolithic era Humanists sought fulfillment in daily life and of art history. believed individuals had dignity and worth. This started about 40,000 years ago and continued The belief in the ideal person- one who participates through the ice in a variety of activities. age of the Humanists have opened to spread of humanistic Pleistocene, which ended around 8,000 BCE. philosophy, history, Latin, and Greek. The increase of Homo sapiens and their developing - Renaissance art emphasized paintings that capacity in producing tools and weapons for survival depicted man and nature in the fresco marked this period. technique with simplicity, gesture, and expression. Baroque Period The baroque period is elaborately covered with decorations. These appeal to the emotion of the viewers as it is ornate and sensual. Artists make use of different elements such as light and shadow to produce dramatic effects. The paintings show figures in diagonal, twists, and zigzags. In terms of architecture, it flourished in the seventeenth century and is characterized primarily as a period to elaborate sculptural ornamentation. Post-Modern Art (1950-mid 1980) This art aimed to please the public as artists were able to achieve simplicity, brilliance, perfect balance, the brightness of colors, and a sense of depth in a painting. The postmodern sculpture, on the other hand, showed realistic figures which depicted perfect human anatomy with a calm and reflective look. Also recognized as a period of eclecticism was this period. Contemporary Period (20th Century-Present) Characterized by its diversity and difficult nature with a vibrant mixture of materials, techniques, and ideas that challenge the traditional and defy simple definition. This art era aims to understand the present and look forward to the future with artists exploring ideas problems and techniques. Because of the diversity of methods, contemporary art is often seen as lacking a standardized structured principle, ideology, or label and sometimes so straightforward that the audience Art History vs Art Appreciation Art History - study of the history and development of art to understand its part of historical context Art Appreciation - application of the basic tools of visual literacy to understand and appreciate artworks. Significance of Art History 1.Preserve culture 2.Provide Inspiration 3.Source of income  Ethics The Philosophy of the University of Batangas Plato The University of Batangas, a stock non-sectarian, private The Greek philosopher defines a good life as “secured educational institution, believes in the pursuit of knowledge, enjoyment of what is good and beautiful”. The best life values and skills necessary for the preservation and is one in which a person is either pursuing the pleasure of improvement of the Philippine society. It has faith in the intellectual virtuousness or exercising intellectual dignity of the human person, in the democratic process, in virtuousness. Plato also proposed the Four Cardinal the reward for individual excellence, and in the freedom of Pillars, which are thought to be useful tools for grounding a person to worship God humans in excellence and may even be the key to according to his conscience. Thus, the institution believes greater happiness- prudence, temperance, justice, and that the development of the fortitude. (Craig, n.d.) individual as a person and worker is an effective means in building a better family, Democritus community and nation, and a better world. “Happiness does not dwell in flocks of cattle or gold. Happiness, like unhappiness, is a property of the soul. Vision And it is right that men should value the soul rather We envision the university of Batangas to be a center of than the body; for the perfection of the soul corrects educational excellence committed to serve the broader the inferiority of the body, but physical strength community. without intelligence does nothing to improve the mind. Men find happiness neither utilizing the body nor Mission through possessions, but uprightness and wisdom.” The University of Batangas provides quality education by promoting personal and professional growth. Thus, Socrates enabling Socrates asserted that a good life is concerned with the person to participate in global, technology and obtaining happiness, and that happiness can be obtained research-driven environment. through human effort (The Pursuit of Happiness, n.d.). Socrates believes that turning one's attention away from Goals and Objectives the body and toward the soul is the key to happiness. The University of Batangas aims to: Pursue educational excellence in traditional and other Aristotle modes “The good life is a moral concept.” Aristotle's goal is of instructional delivery; to define the guidelines for humans to follow in order Promote well-being through an integrated process that will to achieve happiness as a community. He asserted that enhance human delivery character and dignity; all human life is made up of activity. He also claimed that Engage in community services through varied humans engage in these activities to achieve a goal, and educational, that this goal must be good or we will not participate in the health, economic and environmental projects; endeavor. Aristotle's ideas about happiness raise the Ensure institutional improvement through dynamic question of how we should live. This question is about a programs person's personality or characteristics. He also claimed for human, physical, financial and technology resources; that living a virtuous life is the ultimate goal of human Adopt global perspective to achieve international existence, so a good life is one of excellence. competitiveness; Commit to productivity and innovation in research, Confucius scholarly Confucius wrote that happiness can be acquired and creative activities relevant to national development; through rituals as “religious sacrifice.” These are the and steps or acts whereby spiritual beings are properly served Maintain student leadership in academic and co-curricular and human happiness obtained. He construes rituals as a activities in South Luzon. criterion for virtues such as respectfulness, carefulness, courage and forthrightness. He reiterate the Golden Title of Module: Introduction to the Nature and Concepts of Means State: to choose what is good and firmly hold it Ethics. fast. By following rituals, a man can be assure of his actions that it is within the pillars of the actions of man. WHAT MAKES A PERSON HAPPY? Man has the ability to think because he is a rational being. As a result, he possesses the innate ability to ponder his life's purpose. This can be done for self-satisfaction or in search of a good or beautiful life. Lao Tzu ETHICS VS. MORALITY Lao Tzu pave a road map to happy life in his writings -the roots of the words “ethics” and “morality” meant the in the Tao Te Ching. According to him, the pathway to same thing. One was a translation of other which relate to good life is emptiness and being still. “To the mind “right” and “wrong”. that is still, the whole universe surrenders.” We need to let go of our schedules, worries and complex thoughts ETHICS for a while and simply experience the world. “The -It is often used in connection with the activities of usefulness of a pot comes from its emptiness. Empty organisations and with professional codes of conduct. yourself of everything, let your mind become still.” If Illustrations : we are too busy and always doing things in a haste, we Medical and business ethics, which are often formalised in deprived ourselves of the human experience that came terms of exhaustive sets of rules or guidelines stating how from nature as part of our inheritance. employees are expected to behave in their workplaces (such as in respect of a duty of care or confidentiality that Thomas Aquinas health-care workers owe to their patients; or the medical Thomas Aquinas asserted that true knowledge can only ethical principles of beneficence, non-maleficence, respect be found in knowledge of God. In his view, happiness for autonomy, and justice). and enjoyment are two different matters. Enjoyment come from worldly goods and physical pleasure while MORALITY perfect happiness may be possible only in the -It is more often used in connection with the ways in which afterlife. He reiterate the two categories of virtue such as individuals conduct their personal, private lives, often in Aristotelian virtues of wisdom, courage, moderation, relation to personal financial probity, lawful conduct and friendship, and Theological virtues revealed to man acceptable standards of interpersonal behaviour (including through Jesus Christ: faith, hope, and love. truthfulness, honesty, and sexual propriety) Illustrations : ETHICS Always tell the truth. -comes from the word “ethos” which means “customs” Keep your promises. or “character”. Do not destroy property. -it is used to describe the guiding beliefs or ideals that Take responsibility for your actions makes up a community, nation, or ideology. Treat others as you want to be treated. -is a branch of philosophy that studies ideal human behavior and ideal ways of living. -The philosopher's interest in the theoretical study of -it is a subfield of philosophy concerned with ethics is with the idea of conduct that is right, fair and just, systematizing, defending, and recommending does not cause harm, and that can be applied to a wide concepts of right and wrong behavior (Annabelle, variety of cases. 2017) -it is concerned with questions of how people should ETHICS AND ITS BRANCHES act, as well as the search for a definition of right -ethics is said to be concerned with the normative realm conduct and the good life. rather than the descriptive because philosophers attempt -attempts to provide norms for the goodness and to determine how one ought to act in the course of their badness of a particular act. lives, or in other words with prescribing action. -it is a set of human behavior rules that have been influenced by societal standards or by himself in NORMATIVE ETHICS relation to his society. -It is the branch of ethics concerned with establishing how -is philosophical science that studies the morality of things should or ought to be, how to value them, which human acts. (Roa, 2012) things are good or bad, and which actions are right or wrong. The Fundamentals of Philosophy It attempts to develop a set of rules governing human -aims to provide answers to the questions, “what is the conduct, or a set of norms for action.(Britannica,2021) best way for people to live?” -involves moral judgement based on the ethical norm or -”in what circumstances are certain actions right or theory. wrong?” -consists both of the basic moral principles and values and the particular moral rules that govern people’s behavior, In doing ethics, one does not seek the truth. What one which is right or moral and wrong or immoral. would like to know, or at least to become clearer about, is the truth about the point, the good, the worth, of human action, i.e., of one’s living so far as it is constituted and shaped by one’s choices. (Finnis, 1983) The three (3) task of Normative Ethics are the DESCRIPTIVE ETHICS following: -is a value-free approach to ethics that investigates ethics 1.To form into a related whole the various norms, rules through observations of actual choices made by moral and values of a society’s morality. agents in practice. 2.To find the basic principle from which the particular norm it is the study of people’s moral beliefs and assumes can be derived. the existence of, rather than explicitly prescribing, 3.To justify an ethical norm or moral principle. (Roa, 2012) theories of value or behavior. When discussing ethics, it is always advisable to -A descriptive study of ethics describes how people, distinguish whether one is concerned with a descriptive or particularly groups, make moral judgments without a normative perspective. passing judgment on these judgments. This type of research is frequently done by social scientists, such as CATEGORIES OF NORMATIVE ETHICS historians or sociologists who study different moral 1.CONSEQUENTIALISM standards over time or across cultures. (Bulaong Jr. -Teleological 2018) -Argues that the morality of an action is contingent on the -is closely related to Anthropology, Sociology, and action’s outcome or result. Psychology as these disciplines aim to discover the moral -Morally right action is one that produces a good outcome beliefs held by a given society, group, or organization. or consequence. -It does not prescribe or attempt to assess the moral Illustration: soundness of any ethical system but only to describe X worked in a hospital and only had enough dosage of a objectively the values and beliefs of people. particular drug to either keep one patient who is severely -descriptive ethics is concerned with how people make sick from dying, or five patients who are less sick and moral judgments could share the dosage from dying, which would you choose? META-ETHICS X would choose the five patients who require less of a -this is a philosophy’s MAIN FIELD of study. dosage to receive the medicine, allowing the sixth patient -the word “meta” in the phrase means ABOVE. to die, as this produces the most moral good. -the attempt to answer ethical questions is known as 2.DEONTOLOGY meta-ethics. -an approach to ethics that emphasizes the rightness or -primarily concerned with the meaning of ethical wrongness of actions rather than the rightness or judgements, wrongness of the consequences of those actions. -it seeks to comprehend the nature properties,statements, Illustration: attitudes, and judgements. as well as how they can be A software engineer learn that a nuclear missile is about to supported or defended. (Allan,2015) launch that might start a war. He can hack the network -it is also concerned with analysis of the meaning of the and cancel the launch, but it’s against his professional words and the logic of moral reasoning. code of ethics to break into any software system without -It does not describe moral beliefs of people, does not permission. And, it’s a form of lying and cheating. evaluate the process of moral reasoning but simply Deontology advises not to violate this rule. However, in analyzes the usage ang meaning of words. letting the missile launch, thousands of people will die. -whether morality is objective is an important question in 3.VIRTUE ETHICS meta-ethics. When addressing the objectivity of morality, -focuses on the inherent character of a person rather than philosophers seek to determine whether moral judgments on the nature or consequences of specific actions have a truth value. performed. CATEORIES OF META-ETHICS Illustrations: MORAL REALISM (OR MORAL OBJECTIVISM) At work, Bob is a teacher, and his compassion has a place -It holds that there are objective moral values, so that there. He helps his colleagues regularly and goes out of evaluative statements are essentially factual claims, which his way to make sure job gets done. are either true or false, and that their truth or falsity are independent of our beliefs, feelings or other attitudes APPLIED ETHICS towards the things being evaluated. -is a philosophical discipline that attempts to apply ethical MORAL ANTI-REALISM (OR ETHICAL SUBJECTIVISM) theory to real-life situations. -It holds that there are no objective moral values and can -Strict, principle-based ethical approaches frequently be classified into three types depending on whether ethical produce solutions to specific problems that are not statements are considered subjective claims. universally acceptable or are impossible to implement. Bioethics, environmental ethics, business ethics, sexual and social ethics are a few examples. (Britannica, 2021)  The Life and Works of Rizal The Study of Rizal’s Life, Works and Writings : An From the policy statements of the Rizal Law enacted in Introduction 1956, it is evident that the teaching of the life, works, and writings of our national hero seeks to accomplish the Rizal Law and the Essence of Teaching Rizal Course following objectives : Republic Act 1425 or Rizal Law To rededicate the lives of the youth to the ideals of -mandates the teaching of the life, works, and writings of freedom and nationalism, for which our heroes lived Rizal in all public and private schools, colleges and and died; universities in the Philippines. To pay tribute to our national hero for devoting his life -Senator Jose P. Laurel emphasized that Rizal was the and works in shaping the Filipino character; founder of Filipino nationality and the architect of the To gain an inspiring source of patriotism through the Filipino nation. study of Rizal’s life, works, and writings. -Senator Jose P. Laurel the sponsored the Senate bill no. 438. The patriotic policy statements of Rizla Law and the -Senator Claro M. Recto was the author of the Senatill no. patriotic goals set by the then Board on National Education 438. ( Capino et al, 1997). These goals are as follows: To recognize the relevance of Rizal's ideals, thoughts, Timeline of the Rizal Bill teachings, and life values to present conditions in the * April 3, 1956- Senate Bill No. 438 was supported by all community; but 3 of the members of the Upper House and seemed, to To apply Rizal's ideas in the solution of day-to-day all appearances, a non- controversial measure situations and problems in contemporary life; April 17, 1956- Senator Jose P. Laurel, as a Chairman of To develop an understanding and appreciation of the the Committee on Education, began his sponsorship of the qualities, behavior and character of Rizal; and measure. This was to mark the start of the long drawn To foster the development of moral character, debate that would divide the nation for 3 tense week. personal discipline, citizenship and vocational April 19, 1956- The conflict reached the House of efficiency among the Filipino youth. Representative, when Congressman Jacob Z. Gonzales introduced House bill No. 5561, which was an identical Rizal, A True Filipino Hero copy of Senate bill No. 438 Contrary to the beliefs of many Filipinos, Rizal was not April 23, 1956- Senator Laurel was supported by a an American-sponsored hero. Historian Renato prestigious college an ardent nationalist, the formidable Constantino (1969) claimed that it was the Americans Senator Claro M. Recto. who were responsible for endorsing him as the May 2, 1956- The Committee on Education gave a report Philippine national hero. He cited the efforts of the Taft recommending approval without amendment, the Commission in 1901 which picked Rizal from a group discussion, also revolved on the constitutionality and the of heroes, which included Emilio Aguinaldo, Andres property of the measure. This battle in the state drew more Bonifacio and Apolinario Mabini. public attention Another eminent historian Teodoro Agoncillo (1986) May 9, 1956- The debate started and the controversy writes that Rizal was acceptable as a national hero to took a new though not quite unexpected from the stirred the Americans because he was the symbol of new hope for a final resolution of the issue. This came assimilation, which was their policy then in the about when Senator Laurel, sensing the futility of further Philippines. Rizal never favored revolution but the slow strife on the matter, rose to propose in his own name, an process of evolution through education which suited amendment by substitution. American objectives. May 12, 1956- The substitute bill on the same day was There were other factors, which contributed to Rizal's amended and unanimously approved on the second acceptability as the official hero of the Philippines. reading These factors according to Constantino (1969) were May 14, 1956- The Senate's solution seemingly accepted the following: enough and Congressman Tolentino, the brilliant House Rizal was already dead at the time the Americans Majority Floor Leader, sponsored an amendment by began their aggression in the Philippines. substitution identical to Senator Laurel's substitution bill. It Rizal wrote that the US was "par excellence for the was amended and approved on second reading in the whites only" and Americans are always after making Upper House. money. May 17, 1956- The bill was passed by the latter Chamber Rizal's dramatic martyrdom had already made him the without amendment and also provided that the number of symbol of Spanish oppression. the Senate bill should also appear on the enrolled copies June 12 1956- The bill was signed into law by President Ramon Magsaysay and become Republic Act No. 1425 In reality, it is the Filipinos themselves who chose In the words of Constantino (1969), Rizal is a hero in Rizal as their national hero. This could be seen in the sense that he was able to see the problems tributes to him during his lifetime and immediately after generated by historical forces, discern the new social his death. needs created by the historical development of new The Katipuneros considered him the honorary leader social relationships, and take an active part in meeting of the Katipunan. His guidance was sought by its these needs. emissaries when Dr. Pio Valenzuela visited him in To Guerrero (1998), Rizal was the first Filipino. This Dapitan in 1892. Rizal's name was one of the was because it was Rizal who first called the passwords of the secret society which swore to fight Philippines his fatherland. It was he who taught his for the country's freedom. countrymen that they could be something else, Two years after his death, General Emilio Aguinaldo Filipinos who were members of the Filipino nation. issued a decree on December 20, 1898 ordering that Rizal was born in the decade when other nationalist December 30, the anniversary of Rizal's execution at leaders of Asia were born: Bagumbayan,be commemorated as "a day of Mohandas Gandhi; Rabindranath Tagore and Sun Yat- mourning for Rizal and other victims of the Philippine Sen. According to Austin Coates Revolution." This decree became the basis of the (1968), all the four challenged the West. Of the four, yearly celebration of Rizal Day. On this day, the Rizal was the most remarkable because his ideas Philippine Flag, especially at Rizal Park. Later, the matured at an early age. Philippine Commission set aside December 30 as a Rizal was the first exponent of Asian nationalism since day of observance, by virtue of Act No. 345. he was the source of inspiration for the outbreak of the he early admiration for Rizal is manifested in the Philippine Revolution of 1896 (De Ocampo, 1969). erection of the first monument in his honor. On Although Rizal opposed the revolution because it was December 30, 1898, a group of masons erected a premature and inadequately organized, the revolution simple monument in Daet, Camarines Norte. The broke out, which can be considered the first genuine monument bore the words "A Jose Rizal" (To Jose uprising by an Asian people against Western Rizal) as well as the words "Noli Me Tangere" and "El colonialism. Filibusterismo," the titles of his two important novels Fisher (1962) even called Rizal the Pioneer Exponent and the word "Morga" which refers to the book of Liberal Democracy in Asia. "Sucesos en las Islas Filipinas" annotated by Rizal in According to her, even before Gandhi and Sun Yat- 1890 to correct Spanish misinterpretations in the book Sen began their career of political agitation, Rizal written by Antonio Morga during the 17th century. The monument at Daet antedates the better-known through his essays, letters, and novels had already monument at Luneta in Manila, which was erected in spoken out with firmness and courage ideas on liberal 1911. democracy. These ideas include the following: Though the monument in Luneta was erected during The worth and dignity of the individual; the American Regime, it is the Filipino people The inviolability of human rights; themselves that helped build the monument through The innate equality of all men and races; public subscriptions. The necessity for constitutional government; This was authorized by Act No. 243 of the Philippine Due process of law; Commission. Popular sovereignty as the basis of all political One province, Rizal Province, formerly part of the authority; province of Manila, was named in his honor by virtue Faith in human reason and enlightenment; of Act No. 137 of the Philippine Commission. The rights of the masses to public education; and The basic unit of Philippine currency, the present one- Belief in social progress through freedom. peso coin bears his likeness. All one-peso age. All of It was through Rizal that the basic tenets of modern these are outward signs of the Filipinos' adulation for and social democracy were given a major voice in Asia He is truly a hero of the Filipinos. for the first time. Thus, Rizal deserves to be called the In making Rizal as our Filipino national hero, a number First Asian Nationalist Leader. of conclusions can be drawn (Guerrero, 1998). 1. Since the Filipinos love peace, they have chosen to magnify a man of peace above the men of war. 2. Because Filipinos are lovers of freedom and justice, they have given their worship to a man who gave up all comforts and pleasures of peace for their sake. 3. Filipinos prize virtue more than victory, and sacrifice above success. Major Periods in the Life of Rizal There are four major periods in the life of Rizal: 1861- Fourth Period (1892-1896) 1872; 1872-1882; 1882-1892; and 1892-1896 The year 1892 can be considered the last turning point (Celedonio, 1982). in the life of our national hero, before his martyrdom on First Period (1861-1872) December 30, 1896. Rizal was exiled in Dapitan. It This was the period when the young Rizal learned how was here in Dapitan, where Rizal demonstrated what to read, write and listened to stories that triggered an individual can do and accomplish within a short imaginative and critical thinking on his part. It was a period of time. It was here where he detached his period when the following values and virtues were connection with politics and devoted more of his time developed in him: industriousness instead of idleness; in practical service and usefulness to the community. creativeness instead of unproductiveness; rationality 19th Century World of Rizal instead of blind acceptance; and dignity instead of The nineteenth century is considered the birth of servility. modern life, more so, the birth of many nation-states all Second Period (1872-1882) over the world. For us to understand what Dr. Rizal have This was the first turning point in the life of Rizal. He done during the nineteenth century, let us look the was then 11 years and was enrolled at Ateneo different developments and accomplishments on that Municipal. His mother wanted him to stop after period that changed and shaped the landscape of the finishing his studies at the Ateneo. It was the period Philippines' economy, society and politics. when Fathers Gomez, Burgos, and Zamora were The birth of modernity brought up three revolutions to unjustly executed by the Spanish government. The the world: the Industrial Revolution in England, the martyrdom of these three priests led Rizal to be French Revolution in France and the American awakened to the abuses of the regime and at the Revolution. same time led him to devote himself in the future to During these periods the Spaniards have already been in avenge the victims of injustices and cruelties of the so much power to some parts of the world. Spanish colonizers. Other significant developments in his life during this The Revolutions period include the following: › Strengthening of his religious foundation; When Governor-General Jose de Basco y Vargas arrived Cultivation of the drive toward excellence; in the Philippines, Galleon Trade was not yet in progress. Conception of the Philippines as his fatherland; But trading with China, Japan, Siam (now Thailand), India, Envisioning the Philippines receiving light thru Cambodia, Borneo and the Moluccas (Spice Islands) was already apparent among our ancestors when the education; and Spaniards came to the Philippines. The Spanish Perception of the intimate alliance between religion government continued trade relations with said countries and education. and Manila became the center of commerce in the East. Third Period (1882-1892) The Philippines, allegedly a Spanish colony, was then The year 1882 was the major turning point in the life of governed from Mexico and in 1565, the Spaniards closed Rizal. It was at this time that Rizal decided to leave the the ports of Manila to all countries except Mexico. Hence, Philippines to continue his studies in medicine. He the birth of the Manila-Acapulco Trade, more known as the went to Europe and everywhere he went, Rizal was "Galleon Trade." always an observer and a student, learning from everything he saw, read, and heard. He urged the The Galleon Trade was a government monopoly. It was a Filipino colony in Spain to prove that Filipinos can ship ("galleon"j trade going back and forth between Manila compete with the Europeans in intellect and talent. and Acapulco in Mexico. Only two galleons were used one Thru his membership in exclusive societies of scholars sailed from Acapulco to Manila with some 500,000 pesos and scientists in Europe where he presented worth of goods, spending 120 days at sea and the other monographs and was greatly appreciated, Rizal sailed from Manila to Acapulco with some 250,000 pesos provided his compatriots an example. During this worth of goods spending 90 days at sea. It started when period, Rizal took part in the Propaganda Movement, Andres de Urdaneta, in convoy under Miguel Lopez de based in Europe. Through his articles, essays, and Legaspi, discovered a return route from Cebu (from which novels, hesought to make truthful disclosures of the the galleon actually landed first) to Mexico in 1565. This political, social, and economic conditions in the trading system served as the economic lifeline for the Philippines. Spaniards in Manila, serving most trades between China and Europe.  Economic Context 19th Century 1.The end of Galleon Trade Governor Basco thought of making an organization, the 2.The Suez Canal’s Opening Royal Philippine Company, that will finance both the 3.The Rise of the export of the crop economy agricultural and the new trade that were being made 4.The philippines established monopolies between the Philippines and Spain, and other Asian countries. Some groups like the Catholic Church opposed THE END OF GALLEON TRADE the new organization as changes brought by the planned THE ECONOMIC CONTEXT reforms and traders of the Galleon trade were not There are four historical elements that composed the accepted. There were news that the Royal Philippine economic context of the era in which Jose Rizal was born: Company had issues of mismanagement and corruption. The end of the Galleon Trade; But the governor-general still continued to develop reforms Opening of the Suez Canal; that he prohibited the Chinese merchants from trading The rise of the export of the crop economy; and The internally. He also introduced the development of cash established monopolies in the Philippines. crop farms (crops cultivated for export) and became very THE END OF GALLEON TRADE strict to some policies that allow the continuous opening of Generally, Filipinos were already trading with China, Manila to foreign markets, And finally, he also established Japan, Siam (now Thailand), India, Cambodia, Borneo, monopoly and maximize the production of tobacco. Mollucas (spice Islands) when the Spanish colonizers came to the Philippine. In 1565 the Spanish government The tobacco industry was under the government control closed the ports of Manila to all countries except Mexico during General Basco's time. In 1871, the first tobacco thereby giving birth to the Manila-Acapulo trade popularly monopoly was established in Cagayan Valley, Hocos known as the "Galleon Trade, Region, La Union, Isabela, Abra, Nueva Ecija and The Galleon Marinduque. These provinces were the only ones allowed Trade (156.5 to 1815) was a ship (galleon) trade going to plant the tobacco, and this is the only plan that was back and forth between Manila (which' actually landed first allowed to be planted on the farmlands. in Cebu) and Acapulo, Mexico. It started when Andres de Urdaneta, in convoy under Miguel Lopez de Legaspi, Industrial Revolution discovered a retum route from Cebu to Mexico in 1565. The first among the revolutions was the Industrial The trade served as the central income-generating Revolution, which was about the inventions of steam business for Spanish colonists in the Philippines. engines and machines that were used in the Through this trans-pacific trade, the mongo de Manila, manufacturing sector in different cities of Europe. This tamarind, and rice the cardbao, cockfighting, Chinese tea, revolution was considered as one of the most textiles, fireworks display, tuba (coconut wine) making significant developments in the 19th century = from being went to Mexico. The return voyage, on the other hand a country that relied on brought numerous and valuable flora and fauna into the machines and wage labor, Europe's economic status Philippines including guava, avocado, papaya, pineapple, totally changed. At this time, traders were fortunate to horses, and cattle Galleon Trade. Other consequences of become the first capitalists. The industrial workers were this 250-year trade-were the intercultural exchanges former farmers who migrated from rural areas and remote between Asia (especially Philippines), Spanish America, provinces of Europe. and onward to Europe and Africa. From this, positive effects took place as the industrial because of the galleon trade, manila became a trading revolution contributed many things to the people: hub where China. 1. The Philippines was opened for world commence India, Japan, and Southeast Asian countries sent their 2. Foreigners were engaged in manufacturing and goods to be consolidated for shipping. Those who run the agriculture hub and did most of the work were primarily Chinese. 3. The Philippine economy became dynamic and balanced They arrived in the Philippines in junks yearly in bringing 4. There was rise of new influential and wealthy Filipino goods and workforce. With huge migration of Chinese middle class because of the galleon trade, the Spaniards feared them, 5. People were encouraged to participate in the trade taxed them sent them out to the Parian and eventually, 6. Migration and increase in population were encouraged. when tensions rose massacred some of them. "Such massacres were at their height in 17* century from suspicion, unease, and fear, until the Spaniards and the Chinese leared to live each other in the next few centries, (Ongpin, nd). THE END OF GALLEON TRADE THE RISE OF THE EXPORT OF CROP ECONOMY The Manila Galleon trade allowed modern liberal ideas to Most of the Spaniards in the Philippines were engrossed in enter the Philippines, eventually and gradually inspiring maritime trading undertakings between Mania and Mexico the movement for independence from Spain on September during the Galleon Trade era. 15 1815, Galleon Trade ended with México's war of The exploitation of the Philippines natural resources and independence. the progress of an export crop economy were phenomena Previously, the Philippines were governed by Spain from of the nineteenth fentury, not of the Spanish rules early Mexico- the Spanish crown took direct control of the period. Philippines and administered it directly from Madrid. The Some years after the end of the Galleon Trade, between opening of the Suez Canal and the invention of steam 1820 and 1870, the Philippines was well on its way of ships, which lessened the travel time from Spain to the developing an export crop economy. country to 40 days. made this more convenient. Products, such as sugar, Manila hemp, and coffee were produced for foreign markets while imported goods of the THE OPENING OF SUEZ CANAL European factory industry found their way into many parts THE OPENING OF THE SUEZ CANAL of the Philippines. The various economy activities in the The Suez Canal, as an artificial sea-level waterway in new export-crop economy in the country provided many Egypt, connects the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea opportunities for the expanding Chinese population. through the Isthmus of Suez. Formerly concentrated in Manila, many Chinese moved to Constructed by the Suez Canal Company between 1859 provinces that produced export crop the hemp-producing and1869 under the leadership of French diplomat areas of Southeaster Luzon and Westem Visaya and the Ferdinand de Lesseps, it was officially opened on tobacco provinces in northeastern Luzon. November 17, 1869. The export crop industry's development in the Philippines The distance of travel between Europe and the Philippines was motivated by the commercial undertakings of North was eventually become closer to Spain with the opening of European and North American merchants, who provided the lanal. The streamer from Barcelona had to sail around capital, organization, and access to foreign markets and the cafe of Good Hope to Manila after a menacing joumey sources of imports. But since they based their operations of more than three months, with the Suez Canal, the in port cities, especially Manila, they needed agents who journey was lessened to only 30 to 40 days could distribute imports in the interior and buy up goods for The opening of the Suez Canal became a big advantage export. This role was assumed primarily by the Chinese. in commercial enterprises especially between Europe and East Asia more importantly; it served as a significant factor MONOPOLIES that enabled the growth of nationalistic de sires of Jose During the 1840's, the spanish government legalized (as Rizal and other Filipino illustrados. long as it was restricted chinese) the chinese held the majority of contracts in the monopoly. The Suez Canal expedited the importation not only of An order was issued authorizing wide spread tobacco commercial products but also books, magazines, and cultivation in the Provinces of Cagayan Valley, Ilocos newspapers with liberal ideas from America and Europe, Norte, Ilocos Sur, La Union, Isabela, Abra, Nueva Ecija which ultimately affected the minds of Rizal and another and Marinduque. Filipino reformist. The political views of Western liberai Tobacco monopoly ( March 7, 1872) thinker enter the Philippines. Furthermore, the reduced -increased the government revenue as the colony’s annual route stimulated more and more Spaniards and Europeans subsidy from Mexico was no longer sufficient to maintain with liberal ideas to come to the country and interact with it. local reformists. The Chinese instantly took advantage for this commercial The availability of the Suez Canal has also encouraged opportunity and thus, the rest of the19th century, enjoyed the illustrados especially Jose Rizal, to pursue education a pre-eminent position in monopoly contracting in the abroad and leam scientific -and liberal in European Philippines. academic institutions. Their social dealings with liberal in The opium monopoly was a profitable one. During the the West have influenced their thoughts on nationhood, 1840's, the Spanish goverment had legalized the use of politics, and govemment. opium (provided it was limited to Chinese) and a govemment monopoly or opium importation and sates was created. Most of the contracts in the monopoly were held by the Chinese. But even before 1850, monopolies on some products had been established, which were basically controlled by the colonial govemment. There were monopolies of special crops and items such as spirituous liquors (1712- 1864), betel nut (1764), tobacco (1782-1882), and explosives (1805-1864). MONOPOLIES EDUCATION Among these monopoly system and explosives, (1805- As a result, the Filipino students developed inferiority 1864) among these monopoly systems, the most complex in learning - having learned the culture of controversial and oppressive to locals was perhaps the silence. By the end of 19th century, the only school tobacco monopoly. that offered different courses was the University of On March 1782, Governor General Jose Basco placed the Santo Tomas, an existing higher education in the Philippine tobacco industry under govemment control, Philippines that was founded in 1611. Courses offered thereby establishing the tobacco monopoly. It aimed to were related to medicine, pharmacy, theology, increase revenue since the annual subsidy- coming from. philosophy, canon and civil law. Mexico was no longer sufficient to maintain the colony. An order was thus issued for the widespread cultivation of Expectedly, the only students who enrolled were tobacco in the provinces of Cagayan Valley, llocos Norte, Spaniards and mestizos at first but was later on Ilocos Sur, La Union, Isabela, Abra, Nueva Ecija, and offered to the Filipinos towards the end of half of the Marinduque. 19th century. At that same time, public education for These provinces planted nothing but tobacco and sold the indios were offered. An Educational Decree of their product only to the goverment at a pre-designated 1863, requiring each town in the Philippines to price leaving little or no profit for the local farmers. The establish one elementary school for boys and one system set the required number of tobacco plants that elementary for girls, also paved the way for the must be sold to them by each family. Nobody was allowed establishment of a regular school for the training of to keep even a few tobacco leaves for personal use, teachers to master the Spanish language, under the thereby forcing the local farmers to buy the tobacco they supervision of the Jesuits. This was because it was themselves planted from the government. Fines and/or required, at that time, that Spanish be the main physical punishments were sanctioned to anyone who language in all schools. would transgress any of the decrees under the system. The teaching of Spanish language to Filipinos were The colonial government exported the tobacco to other opposed by the friars. They believed that teaching the countries and to the cigarette factories in Manila. The Spanish language may lead to the development of Monopoly positively raised revenues for the government political and social awareness among the natives, and made Philippines tobacco prominent all over Asia and which will allow them to work for freedom and some parts in Europe. Negatively though, the monopoly independence. The friars was against all efforts given brought about food shortages since the planting of basic to the Filipinos to improve education during the crops like rice was somewhat neglected and abandoned. Spanish colonization but there were schools like The tobacco monopoly was finally abolished in 1880. Ateneo, Letran and UST that used Spanish as their (Some references state that the tobacco monopoly in the medium of instruction. Philippines was from 1781to1881, not 1782 to 1882) Catholic missionaries established and administered although most authors agree that it tasted for exactly 10 schools years). To convert the natives to the Catholic faith and to instill A century of hardship and social injustice caused by obedience in them tobacco monopoly prompted Filipinos in general and Novo The Leyes de Indias (Indianas Law) of King Philip II Ecijanos in particular, to seek freedom from colonial mandated that spanish authorities educate locals, bondage. teach them to read, write, and to learn Spanish. FIRST FORMAL SCHOOL There are three event-factors of the Social Context of -Parochial schools established by missionaries such as the 19 century Philippines: Augustinians, Franciscans 1.Education SPANISH WAY OF TEACHING 2.The rise of Chinese Mestizo one way for the native to quickly learn was through 3.The rise of the Inguilinos. strict diiscipline, such as CORPORAL PUNISHMENT. EDUCATION Education was under the control of the friars during the 19th to mid- 19th century. Fear of God and obedience to the friars were the main lessons taught to students. Children in the schools were taught to instill in their minds that they were inferior to others and were only capable of doing manual work. The students' learning were measured based on how well they read without understanding it. RISE OF CHINESE MESTIZO THE RISE OF INQUILINOS INFLUX OF CHINESE SETTLEMENT The term inquilino, at least in modern Spanish suspicion of the Chinese grew as a result of the Spanish, has the same meaning as the English word influx of Chinese settlements in the Philippines. "tenant". In the context of the 19th century inquilino system These sentiments resulted in the establishment of in the Philippines, the term refers to a qualified system of stringent state policies toward the sangley, ranging from tenancy or the right to use land in exchange for rent. increased taxes to the restriction movement associated As previously stated, with the establishment of the Chinese enclave (Parian) to the end of the outright expulsion policies Galleon Trade and the opening of the Suez Canal enabled CHINESE: NECESSARY OUTSIDERS more intensive rice cultivation and crop production, The Chinese established themselves as "necessary including sugar cane and tobacco. Ás a result, many outsiders" in the colonial society of the Philippines. estates gradually adopted the inquilino system of land While the Spaniards were suspicious of the Chinese, they recognized the critical role they played in tenure. ESTATE OWNER sustaining the economy. The Chinese infused the economy with vitality, from the goods loaded on galleons LEASEHOLDER/ INQUILINO to the development of retail trade. BIRTH OF CHINESE MESTIZOS These Chinese eventually integrated into colonial society, TENANT -SHARECROPPER resulting in intermarriages with Indios and the birth of Chinese mestizos THE CHINESE MESTIZOS THE RISE OF INQUILINOS Throughout the Spanish colonial period, Chinese mestizos Due to the fact that the friars and Spanish were typically played a significant economic role. They shaped the absentee lords, estate management was typically changing economy of the 19th by acquiring land, delegated to an administrator who was a lay Spanish amassing wealth, and wielding influence. mestizo or Filipino lay brother. Accordingly, the increasing population of the 1.During harvest time, the administrator would collect the mestizos prompted the emergence of the following rent of inquilinos, organize the delivery of the harvests to social status in the society: the local market or to Manila, and remit the income from 1. PENINSULARES - (pure-blooded Spaniard born in the sales and rents to the estate owners Iberian Peninsula such as Spain) 2.Inquilinos paid a fixed rent determined by the quality of 2. INSULARES- (pure-blooded Spaniard born in the the land under cultivation. Philippines). 3.With the expansion of missionary congregations' land 3. MESTISOS- (Spanish and Chinese half-breeds) holdings, the proportion of farmlands leased to inquilinos 4. INDIANOS OR NATIVES increased as well, allowing many of them to sublease As the Spaniards lost economic power in the nineteenth parcels of their land to sharecroppers or kasamas. century, they asserted dominance by virtue of their race. This issue brought complications with the rising principalia THE POLITICAL LANDSCAPE and mestizo populations who realized their indispensable The so-called political influences that shaped the position in society as movers and facilitators of the nineteenth-century Philippines disproportionately impacted economy. The renegotiation continued throughout the the locals, particularly Jose Rizal. Among these political century as the mestizos and principalia elite eventually influences, the following are noteworthy. demanded social recognition that the pureblooded 1.LIBERALISM Spaniards had consistently denied them. 2.IMAPACT OF BOURBON REFORM These wealthy mestizos and members of the principalia 3.CADIZ CONSTITUTION continued to amass economic and cultural capital. They also availed themselves of the opportunity to obtain higher degrees of education not only in the Philippines but also in Europe. These activities augmented their relevance in society as it was from these ranks that articulations of nationalism would emerge. LIBERALISM POLITICAL LANDSCAPE Liberalism is a worldview founded on principles of freedom and equality. It encompasses a diverse range of political BOURBON REFORMS ideologies that consider individual liberty to be the most -There were very different impacts of reforms in the significant political goal, and underscore individual rights and diverse Spanish empire, having deep consequences opportunity of equality. Liberals generally believe that of colonial policy innovations in areas, such as government is necessary to protect individuals from abuse by Mexico, while in some other regions, such as the others, but they also recognize that government can pose a Philippines, Chile and New Granada, the reforms had threat to liberty. a much more limited impact. Overall, it gave people, FRENCH REVOLUTION especially the natives of the Philippines, the idea that It began as a political revolution in Europe, and then spread to colonization could be done without much intervention other parts of the world. With the battle cry of Liberty, from Catholic Church. Equality, and Fraternity," this revolution ushered in a period of IMPACT OF THE BOURBON REFORM profound change in France's political history, as the French AIM - The Bourbon Reforms sought to curb illicit governmental structure was transformed from absolute commerce, reclaim monarchy to a more liberal system based on the principles control over the transatlantic trade, limit the power of citizenship and inalienable rights. the church, reform state finance in order to replenish THE POLITICAL CHANGES the dwindling royal coffers, and tighten administrative Liberals also introduced radical changes to the structure of and political control within the empire. government in Spain. These political shifts had their CADIZ CONSTITUTION repercussions the Philippines, “cracking the fabric of the old Cadiz was a very significant period in the political colonial system and introducing perilous possibilities of history of the Spanish-speaking world at least. reform, equality, and even emancipation through the cracks.” For the locals in the Philippines, one critical creed THE WORLD TRADE enshrined in the constitution was the exemption of the When the Philippines was opened to world trade in the 19th natives from paying tribute and performing public century, liberal ideas from America carried by ships and services under the constitution's equality clause. people from foreign ports started to penetrate the country and sway the ilustrados. These political thoughts included the For the Philippines freedom-loving people in the ideologies of the American and French revolutions. nineteenth century, the constitution was extremely THE OPENING OD THE SUEZ CANAL influential because it was a liberal constitution that The opening of the Suez Canal eased importation of books, vested sovereignty in the people, recognized men's magazines and newspapers with liberal ideas from the West, equality and the citizen's individual liberty, and which eventually influenced the thinking of local reformists granted the right of suffrage such as Jose Rizal. Additionally, it enticed an increasing number of liberal Spaniards and Europeans to visit the In March 1812, during Napoleon's occupation of country and mingle with the indigenous people. Moreover, Spain, the shortened route has encouraged lustrados such as Rizal liberal to pursue higher education abroad and study liberal ideas in constitution was European universities. promulgated in Cadiz. The Cadiz Constitution, drafted PHILIPPINE’ ACTUAL EXPERIENCE OF LIBERALISM by elected representatives. implemented in almost The Philippines' actual experience of liberalism stems from presenreases. the Hispanic Monarchy that remained Governor-General Carlos Maria De la Torre, the country's under the Spatio crown control. er milestone "first liberal governor-general". Following the 1868 mutiny in European constitutions, as well as the post- which liberals in Spain exposed Queen Isabela II, a independence American states provisional government was formed, and the new government extended the reforms implemented in the motherland to FIRST DELEGATES FROM THE Spain's colonies. The liberal General De la Torre was PHILIPPINES appointed Governor-General of the Philippines by the The first delegates from the Philippines were Pedro provisional government. Perez de Tagle and Jose Manuel Coretto who took He held the position from 1869 to 1871 and is widely their oath of office in Madrid regarded as the most loved of all Spanish Governors-General assigned to the country. CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY General De La Torre's rule was The constitutional monarchy that the Cadiz essential in the dawn of national consciousness of the locals Constitution attempted to establish did not materialize in the 19th century. Jose Rizal and the others had seen a because King Fernando VII declared it invalid in May preview of a democratic rule and way of life under his liberal 1814 and restored absolute monarchy and democratic governance