Emilio Aguinaldo College School of Engineering and Technology PDF

EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE Gov. D. Mangubat St., Brgy. Burol Main, City of Dasmariñas, Cavite 4114 Philippines Tel. Nos. (046) 416-4341-42 www.eac.edu.ph SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY...

EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE Gov. D. Mangubat St., Brgy. Burol Main, City of Dasmariñas, Cavite 4114 Philippines Tel. Nos. (046) 416-4341-42 www.eac.edu.ph SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY PRELIM REVIEWER IN PROFESSIONAL COURSE - ∎ Circum Pacific Belt SPECIALIZED 1 - this is the path around the outer edge of the LESSON 1: STRONGEST EARTHQUAKE IN THE Pacific Ocean where most earthquakes occur. PHILIPPINES Considered a mirror of the volcanic ring of fire in which a great seismic activity zone happens. Earthquake ∎ Plate Tectonics Theory - is a natural phenomenon that we humans cannot control. Earthquake means the shaking of the - The movement of plates beneath the plates earth surface. It is a sudden trembling of the moves in different directions because of surface of the earth. While some earthquakes are convection current. Earth's outer shell is divided weak in nature and probably go unnoticed. In into large slabs of solid rock, called “plates,” that contrast, some earthquakes are major and violent. glide over Earth's mantle, the rocky inner layer The major earthquakes are always devastating on above Earth's core. Also, proves that the earth the environment and quite unpredictable and this surface or the continents move. is what makes them dangerous. ∎ Convection Current Focus - a process that involves the movement of energy from one place to another. It is also called - The point underground where the actual convection heat transfer. breaking of the rock occurs. It is the focal points of the earthquake - The feature of the Earth’s rigid lithosphere that is broken into plates and considered to be moving Epicenter very slowly around the Earth entirety due to - It is the location of the earth’s surface directly convection current that occurs within the Earth. above the focus. MOVEMENTS OF PLATE TECTONICS STORYLINE Destructive or Convergent Movement Alfred Wegener - plate boundaries are where the tectonic plates - In 1912, perceived the similar thing and are moving towards each other. proposed that the continents are once Constructive or Diverging compressed. In which he also believed that over time has drifted apart from each other into their - where plates are moving away from each other current placement. as new crust is created between the two plates. PANGEA Sliding or Transform Movement - means “ ALL LANDS” - move laterally between tectonic plates, creating minimal changes to the Earth's crust, simply - that billions of years ago, these islands were shearing the edges of each plate. wedged together into a single protocontinent. Volcanic Activity Continental Drift Theory - is the expulsion of gases, rock fragments, and/or - proves that the earth surface or the continents molten lava from within the Earth through a vent moved. onto the Earth's surface or into the atmosphere. Causes of an Earthquake STRONGEST EARTHQUAKE IN THE PHILIPPINES ▪Tectonic Plates ▪ 2012 SAMAR EARTHQUAKE ▪Volcanic Activity ~E~  EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE Gov. D. Mangubat St., Brgy. Burol Main, City of Dasmariñas, Cavite 4114 Philippines Tel. Nos. (046) 416-4341-42 www.eac.edu.ph SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY - An earthquake off the coast of Samar occurred - The shaking lasted for about a minute, causing on August 31, 2012. widespread panic and significant structural damage in various towns and cities across - The populated islands of Visayas were struck by Mindanao. an earthquake of magnitude 7.6. - A tsunami followed, with waves reaching as high - The epicenter was in the Philippine Sea, Eastern as 9 meters (30 feet) in some coastal areas. Visayas. - The 1976 Moro Gulf Earthquake remains one of - The earthquake occurred at a depth of 45 km the deadliest natural disasters in the Philippines. (27.9 miles). ▪ 1918 CELEBES SEA EARTHQUAKE ▪ 2023 MINDANAO EARTHQUAKE - The 1918 Celebes Sea earthquake occurred on - The earthquake occurred on December 2, 2023. August 15 at 12:18 UTC near the Moro Gulf coast - The earthquake had a magnitude of 7.6. of Mindanao. - The earthquake had a magnitude of 8.3 - The epicenter was in the Philippine Sea, near Bislig, Mindanao, Philippines. - It had an estimated depth of 20 kilometers - The earthquake originated at a depth of 40 - It triggered a tsunami of up to 7 m in height. kilometers. - It impacted Caraga, Davao, and LESSON 2: STRONGEST EARTHQUAKE IN THE Northern Mindanao. JAPAN - The quake caused significant structural damage, - On March 11, 2011, Japan was struck by a infrastructure disruptions, and led to casualties magnitude 9.0 earthquake, known as the Great and property loss. East Japan Earthquake, or more commonly, the ▪ 1990 LUZON EARTHQUAKE 2011 Tohoku Earthquake. - On July 16, 1990, at 4:26 PM PST, the Philippines - This was the most powerful earthquake ever experienced one of its strongest seismic events— recorded in Japan and the fourth most powerful the 1990 Luzon Earthquake. globally. - With a magnitude of 7.7, the earthquake struck ∎ WHY IS JAPAN PRONE TO SO MANY near Nueva Ecija and affected Northern and EARTHQUAKES? Central Luzon, including major areas like Baguio - Japan and its surrounding area account for 18 City, Dagupan City, Cabanatuan City, and parts of percent of earthquakes in the world because of Metro Manila. the active tectonics, said Saeko Kita, seismologist - The shaking was felt across the entire Luzon at the International Institute of Seismology and Island, causing widespread damage in several Earthquake Engineering in Ibaraki, Japan. regions. MOVEMENTS OF PLATES IN JAPAN - The earthquake was caused by movement along ▪ Convergent (Collision) the Digdig Fault, part of the larger Philippine Fault System. ▪ 1976 MORO GULF EARTHQUAKE - Occurred on August 17, 1976 at 12:11 AM. A powerful earthquake struck the Moro Gulf with a magnitude of 8.1. Mountains ~E~  EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE Gov. D. Mangubat St., Brgy. Burol Main, City of Dasmariñas, Cavite 4114 Philippines Tel. Nos. (046) 416-4341-42 www.eac.edu.ph SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY - occupy over 80% of Japan ' s landmass. - Time: 5:46 AM (UTC) [1:46 PM in the Philippines] ▪Convergent (Subduction) - Epicenter: 130km ESE off Oshika Peninsula, Depth 24km - Shaking: lasted about six minutes. - Largest Aftershock: Magnitude 7.6 at 11 March 2011 15:15 JST (06:15 UTC). Japan ACRONYM- Japan Meteorology Agency (JMA) - is home to approximately 110 active volcanoes, Top 10 Biggest Earthquake ever Recorded making it one of the most volcanically active Location Date Magnitude countries in the world. Also, a country prone to Valdivia, Chile May 22, 1960 9.5 earthquake. Alaska, USA March27,1964 9.2 Sumatra December 26, 9.1 to 9.3 2004 Tohoku March 9.1 11,2011 Kamchatka, November 9.0 Russia 05,1952 Chile February 8.8 27,2010 Rat Island February 8.7 03,1965 Assam – Tibet August 8.6 15,1950 Aleutian April 01,1946 8.6 Islands Indian Ocean April 11,2012 8.6 - The 2011 Tohoku Earthquake in Japan occurred at the boundary between the Pacific Plate and the North American Plate. These plates are converging at a rate of about 8 cm/year. China and Indonesia - A country which is actually experiencing the most earthquake. 2011 Tohoku Earthquake - Date: March 11, 2011 ▪Earthquake Intensity - Magnitude: 9.0 magnitude Megathrust ~E~  EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE Gov. D. Mangubat St., Brgy. Burol Main, City of Dasmariñas, Cavite 4114 Philippines Tel. Nos. (046) 416-4341-42 www.eac.edu.ph SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY - With a magnitude of 9.0 (according to the JMA), 5.3 m horizontal movement toward the east to it is the largest earthquake recorded in the history southeast and vertical subsidence of up to 1.2 m. of seismic observation in Japan. The highest - Vol.59 December, 2011 “The Crustal intensity, VII (JMA scale), was recorded at Deformation and Fault Model of the 2011 off the Kurihara City, Miyagi Prefecture. Pacific Coast of Tohoku Earthquake. SEISMIC INTENSITY IN REINFORCED-CONCRETE TSUNAMI BUILDINGS - Series of extremely long waves causes by a sudden displacement of the ocean floor, usually the result of an earthquake below or near the ocean floor. As the ocean floor rises or falls, so does the water above it. The 2011 Tohoku Earthquake and Tsunami -The 2011 event resulted from thrust faulting on the subduction zone plate boundary between the ▪ What GSI did in emergency response phase? Pacific and North America plates, according to the 1. Provision of maps of affected areas Immediately U.S. Geological Survey. (< 1h) to designated Government offices starting - A magnitude (Mw) 9.0 earthquake struck off the from small-scale maps (1:500k) northeast coast of Honshu on the Japan Trench. A - Vol.59 December, 2011 “Assessment of Tsunami tsunami that was generated by the earthquake Flood Situation from the Great East Japan arrived at the coast within 30 minutes, Earthquake” overtopping seawalls and disabling three nuclear reactors within days. 2. Air survey (Aerial photos +Orthoimages) Photo interpretation and measurement of damaged - This region has a high rate of seismic activity, areas with the potential to generate tsunamis. Past earthquakes that generated tsunamis in the - Vol.59 December, 2011 “Providing Aerial region have included the deadly events of 1611, Photographs and Geographic Information of the 1896, and 1933. Disaster Area by the Great East Japan Earthquake” VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL DISPLACEMENT 3. Detection and analysis of ground surface ABOVE THE HYPOCENTER movement with GNSS control point network - shows the horizontal movement, and Figure 2 the vertical movement, of GEONET sites in northeastern Japan (GSI, 2011a). The maximum movement is recorded at the Oshika site in Ishino maki City, Miyagi Prefecture, and comprises about ~E~  EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE Gov. D. Mangubat St., Brgy. Burol Main, City of Dasmariñas, Cavite 4114 Philippines Tel. Nos. (046) 416-4341-42 www.eac.edu.ph SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY earthquakes in history. The Great Tohoku Earthquake, which triggered massive tsunami waves travelling up to 800km/hr. The breakwater largely crumpled under the first 30-foot-high wave, leaving Kamakshi defenseless. - The barrier broke and failed to protect the people, but it reduced the tsunami height by 40% (13.7 m to 8.1 m) in the harbor. - Comparison between before and after the event yielded coseismic displacements of 5 to 24 m - At the mouth of Kamakshi Bay there were two toward ESE and –0.8 to 3 m upward. breakwaters stretching from north to south. Though the northern breakwater was 990 m and southern was 670 m long both were destroyed by tsunami. Tsunami Travel Times - The earthquake triggered tsunami warnings throughout the Pacific basin. The tsunami raced outward from the epicenter at speeds that approached about 800 km/hour. It generated waves 3.3 to 3.6 meter high along the coasts of - Conceptual sketch integrating interpretations Kauai and Hawaii in the Hawaiian Islands chain from the seismic data shown in Figure 5 to show and 1.5-meter waves along the island of Shemya (a) the trench cross section before the 2011 in the Aleutian Islands chain. Several hours later earthquake and (b) movements during the 2.7-meter tsunami waves struck the coasts of earthquake. California and Oregon in North America. Finally, some 18 hours after the quake, waves roughly 0.3 Kamaishi Tsunami Protection Breakwater meter high reached the coast of Antarctica and - The Kamaishi tsunami breakwater was the caused a portion of the Sulzberger Ice Shelf to highest in the world and was designed to protect break off its outer edge. the populated area in Kamaishi. It was Casualties after the 2011 Tohoku Tsunami constructed in 1973 and was completed in 2009, requiring an investment of almost 30 years and $ - The official total for the number of those 1 Billion. confirmed dead or listed as missing from the disaster was about 20,000. Breakwater - Miyagi prefecture suffered the greatest losses, - A breakwater is an offshore shore-parallel with some 10,800 killed or missing and another structure that “breaks” waves, reducing the wave 4,100 injured. The great majority of those killed energy reaching the beach and fostering sediment overall were drowning victims of the tsunami accretion between the beach and the breakwater. waves. In addition, more than half of the victims Made of rock, concrete, or oyster shell, these were age 65 years or older. structures can be floating or fixed on the ocean floor and can be continuous or segmented. - In Japan, the event resulted in the total Breakwaters can be placed attached to the destruction of more than 123,000 houses and shoreline as headlands or submerged near the damage to almost a million more. Ninety-eight shoreline as sills2 years after its construction, percent of the damage was attributed to the Japan was hit by one of the strongest recorded tsunami. The costs resulting from the earthquake ~E~  EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE Gov. D. Mangubat St., Brgy. Burol Main, City of Dasmariñas, Cavite 4114 Philippines Tel. Nos. (046) 416-4341-42 www.eac.edu.ph SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY and tsunami in Japan alone were estimated at - 54 commercial nuclear reactors were in $220 billion USD. operation with a total generation capacity of 48,847 MW and about 30% of electricity comes - Although the majority of the tsunami’s impact from nuclear power. was in Japan, the event was truly global. The tsunami was observed at coastal sea level gauges Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant in over 25 Pacific Rim countries, in Antarctica, and The two Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant in on the west coast of the Atlantic Ocean in Brazil. Fukushima Prefecture, Japan operated by Tokyo - The tsunami caused $31 million USD damage in Electric Power Company: Hawaii and $100 million USD in damages and Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant recovery to marine facilities in California. Additionally, damage was reported in French - Location: Ōkuma and Futaba Polynesia, Galapagos Islands, Peru, and Chile. - Operation: 1971 and 1979 NUCLEAR DISASTER - Reactor Units: Six (6) Boiling water reactors NUCLEAR POWER PLANT (BWRs) - A nuclear power plant is a facility that generates Fukushima Daini Nuclear Power Plant electricity using nuclear reactions. Nuclear power - Location: Naraha and Tomioka, South of plants are known for their ability to produce large Fukushima amounts of electricity with low greenhouse gas emissions. - Operation: between 1982 and 1986 Nuclear Energy in Japan - Reactor Units: Four (4) Boiling water reactors (BWRs) - Japan has a limited supply of natural resources and relies on imports for approximately 80% of its Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant primary energy needs. Nearly 90% of its crude oil ▪The Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant is a is imported from the Middle East. crucial component of Japan’s energy - Following the oil crises of 1973 and 1979, Japan infrastructure, playing a significant role in the diversified its energy sources by introducing country’s electricity generation. nuclear energy, liquefied natural gas (LNG), and ▪ The plant comprised six General Electric light coal. water boiling water reactors with a combined - As a result, around 30% of Japan ' s electricity is power of 4.7 gigawatts, making it one of the world' generated from nuclear power, and the country ' s s 25 largest nuclear power stations. reliance on oil for primary energy supply Reactor Units decreased from 77% in FY1973 to 42% in FY 2009. The plant originally had six boiling water reactors (BWRs), which were designed by General - Japan has developed the research of nuclear Electric. Reactor 1: Began operation in 1971. power generation since the middle of the 1950s. Reactors 2-6: Came online between 1974 and - A test power reactor, JPDR, started operation in 1979. 1963 and Tokai Power Station, the first commercial reactor went into commercial Safety Measures at Nuclear Power Plant operation in 1966 with a generation capacity of - The reactors were designed with multiple safety 166 MW. systems, including reactor shutdowns, emergency cooling systems to remove heat from nuclear fuel, ~E~  EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE Gov. D. Mangubat St., Brgy. Burol Main, City of Dasmariñas, Cavite 4114 Philippines Tel. Nos. (046) 416-4341-42 www.eac.edu.ph SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY radioactive material containment, and backup - Lost ability to maintain reactor cooling and power generators. water circulation. - Ensures safety of neighboring communities. - Overheating and Meltdowns of fuel rods in reactors unit 1, 2, and 3. - Prevents leakage of radioactive materials, preventing environmental impact. Timeline of the Unfolding Crisis and Meltdowns Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident: MARCH 11, 2011 Second Worst Nuclear Disaster - A massive earthquake and tsunami struck Japan, - The accident was triggered by the 2011 Tohoku causing extensive damage to the Fukushima earthquake and tsunami. These natural disasters Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant. led to electrical grid failure and damaged backup MARCH 12, 2011 energy sources at the plant. - Reactor No. 1 experienced a meltdown, when - The accident was rated level 7 (the highest high temperatures in the pressure vessel severity) on the International Nuclear and evaporated too much water, causing the fuel rods Radiological Event Scale (INES) scale, making it to produce hydrogen gas. the worst nuclear incident since the Chernobyl disaster in 1986. MARCH 14, 2011 Earthquake Impact on Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear - Reactor No. 3 was destroyed by a chain of events Power Plant similar to the explosion in building No. 1, causing a rise in temperature, pressure buildup, and - Reactors were seismically stable. hydrogen explosion. - The Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station MARCH 15, 2011 experienced severe shaking. - Reactor No. 2' s explosion occurred on March 15, - Units 1, 2, and 3 took emergency trips and began involving a primary containment vessel. cooling the nuclear cores. May 2011 - Damage to routine equipment occurred, but no damage to critical safety facilities was identified. - Investigations revealed that the nuclear fuel in - Reactors 1, 2, and 3 had melted through the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident: reactor pressure vessels. Second Worst Nuclear Disaster Scale of the Evacuation Zone and Relocation of Tsunami Impact on Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Residents Power Plant Evacuation Zone - The big tsunami struck 50 minutes after the earthquake. - On March 11, 2011, the government declared a nuclear emergency and ordered the evacuation of - The reactors were vulnerable to the tsunami. residents within a 3-kilometer radius of the - Pumps and outside heat-release equipment Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant. were damaged. - Expanded to 10-kilometer radius - Flooded the premises, inflicting considerable - By March 12, the evacuation zone was extended damage. Water flooded turbine building, making to a 20-kilometer radius to protect residents from structures and power-supply facilities unable to radiation exposure. function. Relocation of Residents ~E~  EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE Gov. D. Mangubat St., Brgy. Burol Main, City of Dasmariñas, Cavite 4114 Philippines Tel. Nos. (046) 416-4341-42 www.eac.edu.ph SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY - An estimated 200,000 residents were relocated making, etc. Decontamination and due to concerns about radiation. Decommissioning Works Spread of Radiation 1. Ongoing Decontamination Efforts - The map depicts evacuation distances from 2 to - Continuous Decontamination - Efforts are 30 kilometers, radiation impact, and safe zones ongoing to clean up radioactive contamination in outside the 30- kilometer buffer. the surrounding areas. - Large amounts of radiation entered the Pacific -Techniques include removing contaminated soil, Ocean, with 18,000 Tbq of radioactive cesium-137 washing buildings, and treating water. released. - The goal is to reduce radiation levels to safe Environmental Impact of Fukushima Daiichi limits for residents to return. Nuclear Power Plant Accident 2. Long-Term Decommissioning Plans On Land -Decommissioning Timeline - The - Radioactive cesium-137 was discharged from decommissioning process is expected to take 30 the nuclear reactor. The isotope made its way into to 40 years. the soil that will remain present in topsoil for a - It involves dismantling the reactors, removing long period. spent fuel, and managing radioactive waste. In Water Ocean Steps for Decommissioning - Contamination: Large amounts of radioactive ▪Fuel Removal water were released into the Pacific Ocean, raising concerns about marine life and seafood safety. - Removing spent fuel from storage pools and reactors. - Groundwater: Contaminated groundwater posed ongoing challenges for decontamination ▪ Debris Removal efforts. - Clearing radioactive debris from the site. Environmental Impact of Fukushima Daiichi ▪Waste Management Nuclear Power Plant Accident - Safely storing and disposing of radioactive waste. Wildlife and Ecosystems ▪Site Restoration - Radiation exposure has affected the local wildlife, including birds, insects, and plants. - The - Restoring the site for future use, potentially as a contamination has disrupted the local green space or industrial area. ecosystems, with some species showing Economic Impact of the 2011 Tohoku significant genetic damage and altered population Earthquake on Japan dynamics. - There were severe social and economic effects Fukushima Daiichi Decontamination & for the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake and Tsunami. Decommissioning Engineering Company Particularly in the Tohoku region, the natural - Fukushima Daiichi Decontamination & disaster caused great disturbance in companies, Decommissioning Engineering Company was industries, and the larger economy. Particularly in established in April 2014 to clearly define the high-tech and automotive industries, the damage responsibilities and authorities for to factories, infrastructure, and transportation decommissioning and measures against systems limited the output capacity of affected contaminated water, to accelerate decision- locations. While efforts at recovery were quick, ~E~  EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE Gov. D. Mangubat St., Brgy. Burol Main, City of Dasmariñas, Cavite 4114 Philippines Tel. Nos. (046) 416-4341-42 www.eac.edu.ph SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY industrial output did not reach pre-disaster levels negative, as resources were diverted from other for months. Japan ' s economy suffered much from economic activities to focus on rebuilding. the loss of economic production as well as Social Impact of the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake on rebuilding expenses. Japan - The Tohoku earthquake and tsunami in 2011 - On a social level, the psychological trauma was not just a humanitarian disaster but also an experienced by survivors was immense. The scale economic one. The scale of destruction was so of the disaster, coupled with the ongoing threat vast that it significantly affected Japan ' s economy, from the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear incident, led which is the third-largest in the world. to widespread fear and anxiety. ▪Physical and Capital Losses - Long-term recovery for affected communities - The earthquake caused extensive damage to involved not only the rebuilding of homes and Japan ' s infrastructure, homes, and industrial infrastructure but also addressing the mental facilities. The total damage was estimated health needs of the population. Many individuals between $195 billion to $305 billion. This loss of struggled with post-traumatic stress, and the physical and human capital hindered the country displacement of thousands added to the social ' s ability to produce goods and services. strain. ▪Industry and Production Social Impact of the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake and Tsunami - Japan ' s economy relies heavily on industries like car manufacturing and electronics. The - The 2011 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami had earthquake damaged key factories that produce profound social impacts on Japan. The disaster essential parts, leading to global supply chain not only caused immediate loss of life and disruptions. Many industries worldwide were displacement but also led to long-term affected, especially those dependent on Japanese disruptions in communities, social services, and parts. the overall social fabric of the affected areas. The loss of homes, schools, and critical infrastructure, ▪Economic Contraction and Recession coupled with the trauma experienced by - As a result of the earthquake, Japan’s economy survivors, severely affected the daily lives and contracted for two quarters, effectively entering a well-being of millions. recession. The country experienced a slowdown ▪Displacement and Homelessness in economic activity, with reduced production, consumer spending, and business revenue. - The 2011 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami caused widespread destruction of homes and ▪Financial Markets and Currency infrastructure, leading to massive displacement. - The disaster led to significant fluctuations in Thousands of people were forced to live in Japan’s currency, the yen. A strong yen made temporary shelters for extended periods as their Japanese products more expensive for other homes were destroyed or uninhabitable. countries to buy, which further hurt Japan’s ▪Mental Health and Trauma economy. International intervention was required to stabilize the currency. - The trauma from the disaster had a profound impact on the mental health of survivors. The ▪Long-term Economic Effects sudden loss of loved ones, homes, and livelihoods - The need for large-scale reconstruction created led to an increase in mental health issues, jobs and eventually helped Japan’s economy grow including depression, anxiety, and PTSD. again. However, the immediate impact was ▪Community Disintegration ~E~  EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE Gov. D. Mangubat St., Brgy. Burol Main, City of Dasmariñas, Cavite 4114 Philippines Tel. Nos. (046) 416-4341-42 www.eac.edu.ph SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY - The earthquake disrupted the social fabric of - One innovative approach adopted post disaster many communities, as people were displaced, and was the use of Building Roller Foundation entire neighborhoods were destroyed. The loss of technology. This technology allows buildings to community ties and the scattering of families move with the seismic waves rather than resisting affected social cohesion. them, significantly reducing the damage during earthquakes. By incorporating such advanced Impact On Social Media Services and engineering solutions, Japan aimed to create Infrastructure structures that are not only resilient but also - The disaster severely impacted Japan ' s social capable of safeguarding human lives in the event services and infrastructure, including healthcare, of another major disaster. education, and transportation. Many facilities - In Japan, after the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake, this were damaged or destroyed, making it difficult for technology became even more relevant. survivors to access essential services. Engineers and architects began incorporating Changes in Social Behavior and Risk Perception these seismic isolation systems more frequently in new buildings, especially in areas prone to - The disaster led to changes in social behavior strong earthquakes. By allowing the building to ' and how people perceive risk. The awareness of ride out' the seismic waves rather than resist natural disaster risks increased, leading to them, roller foundations are a significant changes in lifestyle, planning, and preparedness advancement in the effort to protect human lives at both the individual and community levels. and property from the devastating effects of Preparedness and Mitigation Efforts earthquakes. - In the aftermath of the disaster, Japan took Use Of Rollers In Building Foundations significant steps to enhance its preparedness and With Rollers (Seismic Isolation) mitigation strategies against future events. One of the key areas of improvement was the early - The use of rollers or seismic isolation bearings in warning systems. The earthquake and tsunami building foundations is a technique designed to highlighted the need for faster and more accurate enhance earthquake resistance. These rollers warnings. In response, Japan upgraded its seismic allow the building to move independently of the monitoring and tsunami prediction systems, ground motion during an earthquake, reducing aiming to reduce the time between detection and the amount of stress transmitted to the structure. public alerts. This effort was crucial in minimizing The rollers essentially absorb and dissipate the casualties in potential future events. energy from seismic waves, preventing it from causing significant damage to the building. This - Another major lesson was the importance of method is particularly effective in protecting high- strengthening building codes and infrastructure rise buildings and critical infrastructure from the resilience. The earthquake-resistant design of destructive forces of earthquakes. buildings in Japan already saved countless lives, but the destruction witnessed prompted further Without Rollers (Fixed Base) enhancements. Building codes were revised to - Buildings without rollers have a fixed base, ensure even greater structural integrity, meaning the foundation is directly anchored to particularly in coastal areas prone to tsunamis. the ground. During an earthquake, the entire Additionally, infrastructure such as roads, building moves with the ground motion, which bridges, and public facilities were reinforced to can lead to severe stress on the structure. This can withstand both seismic and tsunami forces the cause cracks in walls, structural damage, and in social strain. the worst cases, complete collapse. Buildings with Innovative Building Roller Foundation fixed bases are more susceptible to damage ~E~  EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE Gov. D. Mangubat St., Brgy. Burol Main, City of Dasmariñas, Cavite 4114 Philippines Tel. Nos. (046) 416-4341-42 www.eac.edu.ph SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY because they cannot absorb and dissipate seismic structural integrity, adherence to current seismic energy effectively. standards, and overall building safety. LESSON 3: STRONGEST EARTHQUAKE IN THE WORLD ∎ 1960 VALDIVIA EARTHQUAKE - Also known as the Great Chilean Earthquake, was the most powerful earthquake ever recorded. - Occurred on May 22, 1960 - Location: Valdivia, Chile - 9.5 magnitude scale (Mw) Seismic Regulations In Japan - Duration is approximately 10 minutes Overview - It had an estimated depth of 33km (shallow- - Japan has one of the most stringent seismic focus earthquake) regulations in the world due to its location on the TECTONIC PLATES & PLATE MOVEMENT Pacific Ring of Fire, an area with frequent seismic activity. - also called the Lithospheric Plate. A massive slab of solid rock which makes up the earth crust and Building Standards Law upper mantle. - Japan’s Building Standards Law mandates that - It constantly moves but can get stuck at their all buildings must be designed to withstand edges due to friction. When the stress on these earthquakes. These regulations are continually edges surpasses the friction, an earthquake updated to incorporate the latest seismic research occurs. and technology. Earthquake Frequency Three Tiers of Earthquake Proofing - According to the United State Geological Survey 1.Taen (耐震) (USGS), the National Earthquake Information - Basic structural requirements ensuring general center now located about 20,000 earthquakes sturdiness for all buildings. around the globe each year (55 earthquakes per day). 2. Seishin (制震) Nazca and South American Plate Subduction - Intermediate requirements for taller buildings, incorporating seismic dampers to counteract - The 1960 Valdivian Earthquake was the result of swaying during an earthquake. the Nazca Plate Subducting under the South American Plate. A sudden breaking in the rocks 3. Menshin (免震) along the Nazca Plate caused the earthquake, - Advanced requirements for highrise buildings, which has been generally agreed to have had a using base isolation techniques to allow the magnitude of 9.5 – the largest earthquake building to move independently of the ground. recorded in the 20th century. Regular Safety Inspections Impact in Chile - Buildings must undergo safety inspections - Extensive damage to infrastructure and every 10 years to ensure ongoing compliance with buildings. seismic regulations. These inspections check for - Between 1000 to 6000 people died ~E~  EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE Gov. D. Mangubat St., Brgy. Burol Main, City of Dasmariñas, Cavite 4114 Philippines Tel. Nos. (046) 416-4341-42 www.eac.edu.ph SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY – 2 million people were left homeless LESSON 4: MOST DEVASTATING EARTHQUAKE IN THE PHILIPPINES Global Effects Earthquakes - The earthquake and the resulting tsunamis had widespread impact not only in Chile but also - are ruthless destroyers of human and animal life across the Pacific Ocean, affecting countries as far as well as private and public property. They strike away as Japan, the Philippines, New Zealand, and without any warning and without discrimination. the United States. This report explores the global Anybody can be a victim – he or she only has to be effects of the Valdivia Earthquake. at the wrong place at the wrong time. Despite huge technological advances achieved in this Tsunami Generated and Global Reach ultramodern world, not one scientist, researcher, Hawaii inventor, or innovator out there has successfully come up with an instrument to accurately predict - 61 deaths, damage in Hilo, waves up to 35 feet. where and when the next big earthquake would Japan strike. - 142 deaths, property damage, waves up to 18 Pacific Ring of Fire feet. - Philippines is located in the Pacific Ring of Fire, Philippines an area in the Pacific Ocean where many volcanic eruptions and earthquakes occur which is why - 32 deaths, significant damage around 20 earthquakes are experienced per day. US West Coast - Many countries in the Asia-Pacific region, -Flooding and damage to boats including the Philippines are frequently threatened with: volcanic eruption, earthquakes, New Zealand and Pacific Islands and tsunamis. - wave activity causing infrastructure damage Top 3 Earthquake Long-Term Global Effects 1. Casiguran, Aurora ▪ Scientific Advancements - August 2, 1968 at 4:19 AM - contributions to seismology and plate tectonics - Epicenter is at Casiguran, Aurora ▪ Improved Tsunami Warning Systems - With a magnitude of 7.3 - enhancements in global warning systems. - Casualties: 207-271 ▪ Geological Research Intensity Report (Based on Adapted Rossi-Forel - influenced research on large-scale earthquakes. Earthquake Intensity Scale of I-IX) Lesson Learned Intensity VIII: Casiguran, Quezon - Importance of early warning systems Intensity VII: Manila and Palanan - Advances in earthquake-resistant construction Intensity VI: Baler, Quezon City, Tuguegarao, techniques. Aparri, Baguio, Dagupan, Iba, Cabanatuan, Albat - Improved understanding of tectonic activity and Intensity V: Tarlac, Ambulong, Infanta, Jomalig tsunami generation. Intensity IV: Legaspi, Lucena, Aurora, Laoag, Catarman, Virac ~E~  EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE Gov. D. Mangubat St., Brgy. Burol Main, City of Dasmariñas, Cavite 4114 Philippines Tel. Nos. (046) 416-4341-42 www.eac.edu.ph SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY Intensity III: Romblon, Vigan Baguio City INTENSITY VIII: Building That Suffered - Key structures include the Hyatt Terraces Considerable Structural and Non-Structural Baguio Hotel, Hotel Nevada, and various other Damage (Manila) - Trinity Building - Diamond buildings such as hotels, factories, government, Tower - Liwayway Hotel - National Library - Old university buildings, private homes, and Philippine National Bank - Boie Building - Araneta establishments. and Tuason Building - Development Bank of the Loakan Airport Philippines - Phoenix Building - La Tondena Building - New Philippine National Bank - - It was damaged, limiting access to Baguio City by Overseas Terminal - Far Eastern University Arts air. - Cabanatuan : The Christian College of the and Sciences Building Philippines (CCP) building, a six-story concrete school, collapsed, causing numerous casualties. INTENSITY VII: Philippine Bar Association Building - Aloha the Ater - West side near north Dagupan end - Ruby Tower - Around 90 buildings were damaged, with 2. Northern/Central Luzon approximately 20 collapsing due to liquefaction. - July 16,1990 at 4:30 PM - Near the town of Rizal, La Union Nueva Ecija - Important structures include the Agoo - With a magnitude of 7.8 Municipal Hall, Museo de Iloko, the parish church of Aringay, and the Basilica Minore of Our Lady of - Casualties: 2,412 Charity, which either collapsed or sustained - Strike Slip: San Andreas Fault severe damage. - The 16 July 1990 earthquake (Ms = 7.8) 3. Moro Gulf, Mindanao produced a 125 km-long ground rupture that - August 17, 1976 at 12:11 AM stretches from Dingalan, Aurora to Kayapa, Nueva Vizcaya as a result of strike-slip movements along - Epicenter is in the Celebes Sea between the the NW segment of the Philippine Fault Zone and islands of Mindanao and Boneo its splay, the Digdig Fault. The earthquake - With the magnitude of 7.9 epicenter was placed at 15º 42' N and 121º 7' E near the town of Rizal, Nueva Ecija. - Casualties: 7,079-8,000 - Damage to buildings, infrastructures, and Some Examples of Damages Caused By The properties amounted to at least P 10B, a part of Earthquake and Tsunami which was caused by ground rupturing. ▪Bridges Structures directly straddling the ground rupture were totally damaged as a result of large lateral TAMONTAKA BRIDGE shifting and substantial vertical displacement. - This bridge spans about 230 m across However, some houses within 1-2 m on either side Tamontaka River approximately 6 kms south- of the ground rupture survived owing to their southwest of Cotabato City. After the earthquake, light-weight construction while those built of the center section moved east and west in excess reinforced concrete within this zone suffered of 38 cm each way evidenced by the broken partial damage. concrete keepers on each end of the supporting Overall Recorded Damaged Infrastructures piers. The northern section moved even greater Caused by the Earthquake/Tsunami distances. The southern section moved but with ~E~  EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE Gov. D. Mangubat St., Brgy. Burol Main, City of Dasmariñas, Cavite 4114 Philippines Tel. Nos. (046) 416-4341-42 www.eac.edu.ph SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY lesser distance. There was damage to the railings ▪ Hotel and Restaurant at the abutments and the expansion joints. 1. D'Max Restaurant ▪ School 2. Imperial Hotel #1 HARVADIAN COLLEGE 3. Imperial Hotel #2 - The building was built in 1962. The building was 4. Melbourne Hote reportedly designed for three stories with the fourth and fifth floor added later with no 5. New Society Hotel 6. Sagittarius Hotel strengthening of the lower stories. 7. Dawns Hotel 8. Saltan Hotel ▪ Hotel ▪ The Atres - A four-story reinforced concrete frame building 1. Cotabato Cinema with shear walls and reinforced concrete slabs for its floors and roof. It was built in 1968. 2. Francel Theater - Proximity of the river and the high-water table 3. Rita Theatre would suggest a very strong ground shaking but ▪Churches there had been factors that ruled out this possibility and instead, flaws in the structure 1. Immaculate Conception Church were considered as the principal causes of failure. 2. Tamontaka Catholic Church - The building collapsed as the building twisted in ▪ Others a counterclockwise motion; the northwest corner of the second floor dropped down to the street; 1. Amicus Building and the opposite southeast corner suffered 2. Boston Bakery torsional failure of the corner pilaster and out-of- plane shearing of the adjacent walls. 3. Cotabato Auto Supply - Tsunami damage north of Zamboanga and Bongo 4. Cotabato Fire and Police Station Island 5. First Gift and Bookstore - Seashore damage south of Cotabato City 6. LCT Hardware and Auto Supply Overall Recorded Damaged Infrastructures 7. Melineen Building Caused by the Earthquake/Tsunami 8. South Seas Trading ▪ Schools 9. Tan Bo Building 1. Cotabato Chinese School Gymnasium 10. Tison Building 2. Administration Building (two building referenced: one at Harvadian College) 11. Waterfront Warehouse 3. Harvadian College ▪ Bridges 4. Notre Dame University (several building 1. Quirino Bridge mentioned) 2. Tamontaka Bridge - Administration Building Locations in Other Cities - Auditorium and Science Building - New Residence Hall ~E~  EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE Gov. D. Mangubat St., Brgy. Burol Main, City of Dasmariñas, Cavite 4114 Philippines Tel. Nos. (046) 416-4341-42 www.eac.edu.ph SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY 1. Zamboanga City - City Hall - Ateneo de - Together, these factors contribute to the overall Zamboanga - Zamboanga Agricultural and devastation of an earthquake, determining not Engineering College only the immediate impact but also the long-term consequences for affected areas. 2. Pagadian City - Coastal districts of Santa Lucia, Santiago, San Pablo, San Roque, and White Beach For An Earthquake To Be Considered Devastating, Barangay - Pagadian City Wharf - Saint Columban It Can Cause The Following Types of Damage: College 1. Structural Damage LESSON 5: MOST DEVASTATING EARTHQUAKE 2. Ground Rupture IN JAPAN 3. Landslides What Makes An Earthquake So Dangerous? 4. Tsunamis - The violent shaking of the ground during an earthquake can trigger a series of destructive 5. Liquefaction events like ground ruptures, landslides, tsunamis, 6. Fires tidal waves, liquefaction, and fires. These secondary effects can greatly amplify the 7. Utility Disruptions devastation caused by the initial shaking, making 8. Casualties earthquakes extremely dangerous. 9. Economic Impact How Do Earthquakes Cause Damage? 10. Psychological Effects - While ground shaking is the primary cause of damage, earthquakes can also lead to ground Most Devastating Earthquake in Japan ruptures, landslides, tsunamis, liquefaction, and 1. Hyogo-ken nanbu, Kobe fires, spreading destruction far beyond the immediate area. This widespread damage can Magnitude: 6.9 extend hundreds of miles from the epicenter, Date: January 17, 1995 making earthquakes one of the most devastating natural disasters. Location: Kobe and surrounding areas (Hyogo Prefectures) What Factors Make Some Earthquakes More Destructive Than Others? Casualties: Approximately 6,434 dead - The level of devastation caused by an earthquake Epicenter: Northern part of Awaji Island, 12.5 depends on several key factors, as highlighted by miles (20km) off the coast of Kobe Smithsonian Magazine: Depth: Approximately 10 miles (16km) below the 1. Location Earth surface 2. Magnitude Fault Type: East-west strike-slip fault 3. Depth 2. Fukui Earthquake 4. Distance from the Epicenter Magnitude: 6.8 5. Local Geologic Condition Date: June 28, 1948 s 6. Secondary Effects Location: Fukui Prefecture 7. Building and Infrastructure Design Casualties: Approximately 3,769 dead and 22,000 injured ~E~  EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE Gov. D. Mangubat St., Brgy. Burol Main, City of Dasmariñas, Cavite 4114 Philippines Tel. Nos. (046) 416-4341-42 www.eac.edu.ph SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY Hypocenter: Located 10 kilometers north-east of LESSON 6: MOST DEVASTATING EARTHQUAKE Fukui, in the current district of Maruoka, within IN THE WORLD the city of Sakai. 1. Shaanxi Earthquake Fault: Various studies have indicated that the Date: January 23,1556 earthquake was caused by the movement of a transcurrent fault, now known as the "Fukui Location: Huazhou District Earthquake Fault," which extended for Magnitude: 8.0 approximately 25 kilometers (16 miles) from Kanasu to Fukui. Intensity: XI in Mercall 3. Tohoku Earthquake and Tsunami Tectonic Plate Magnitude: 9.0–9.1 - Is a large section of Earth’s crust that moves independently. Date: March 11, 2011 - Convergence of Eurasian Plate and Indian Plate. Location: Off the coast of northeastern Japan (Tohoku region) - Wie River Valley (Epicenter of the Shaanxi Earthquake). Casualties: Approximately 15,899 dead, 6,100 injured, and around 2,500 missing. 2. Ancash Earthquake “Great Peruvian Earthquake” 4. Great Kanto Earthquake Date: May 31, 1970 Magnitude: 7.9 Location: Coast of Peru Date: September 1, 1923 Magnitude: 7.9 Epicenter: Near Oshima Island in Sagama Bay in South of Tokyo Intensity: VIII in Mercalli Location: Kantō region, including Tokyo and - It was a system-wide disaster Yokohama - Village of Yungay and Ranrachira is considered Casualties: Approximately 140,000 people are as National Cemetery dead or missing, and 500,000 homes destroyed, - Peru Government declares May 31 as National making millions of Japanese homeless. Disaster Education - Estimated economic damage was 5.5 billion yen, Reflection Day which affected them greatly. - An Avalanche is a mass of snow, rock, ice, and Most Devastating Earthquake in Japan soil that tumbles down a mountain. - Hyogo-ken nanbu, Kobe Damages - Fukui Earthquake - The Earthquake affected an area of about 83,000 - Tohoku Earthquake sq.km - Great Kanto Earthquake - Damages in Pan-American Highway - Casualties: 66,794 - 70,000 death, 100,000 injured and 800,000 homeless. 3. Loma Prieta Earthquake Location: United State ~E~  EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE Gov. D. Mangubat St., Brgy. Burol Main, City of Dasmariñas, Cavite 4114 Philippines Tel. Nos. (046) 416-4341-42 www.eac.edu.ph SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY 4.Indian Ocean Earthquake Date: December 26, 2004 Location: Indonesian Island of Sumatra Magnitude: 9.1 Nickname given: Boxing Tsunami and Earthquake Total Deaths: 230,000 people Boxing Day - a Holiday Events that happens every December 26 Tsunami - is a series of waves caused by earthquake or undersea volcanic eruption. Factors Causing A Tsunami: Earthquake - 72% Landslide - 10% Volcanoes - 5% Atmosphere - 2% Other/Unknown - 11% 4. Haiti Earthquake (Near-Port-au-Prince, Haiti) Magnitude: 7.0 Date: January 12, 2010 Location: 18.46° N 72.53° W Depth: 13km (8.1 miles) ~E~