Introduction to Embedded Systems PDF

INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS 1 What is an embedded system? 2 3 Embedded, Everywhere 4 Embedded, Everywhere - Fitbit 5 Embedded, Everywhere – WattVision on Kickstarter...

INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS 1 What is an embedded system? 2 3 Embedded, Everywhere 4 Embedded, Everywhere - Fitbit 5 Embedded, Everywhere – WattVision on Kickstarter 6  What is driving the embedded everywhere explosion? 7 Outline Technology Trends Design Questions Course Administrivia Tools Overview/ISA Start 8  Bell’s Law of Computer Classes: A new computing class roughly every decade log (people per computer) Number Crunching Data Storage Mainframe Minicomputer productivity Workstation interactive PC streaming Laptop information CPSD to/from physical world year “Roughly every decade a new, lower priced computer class forms based on a new programming platform, network, and interface resulting in new usage and Adapted from the establishment of a new industry.” D. 9Culler Moore’s Law (a statement about economics): IC transistor count doubles every 18-24 mo 10 Intel Photo Credit: Dennard Scaling made transistors fast and low-power: So everything got better! 11  Source: Joe Cross, DARPA MTO Dennard Scaling…is Dead 12 And the Party’s Over 13 Flash memory scaling: Rise of density & volumes; Fall (and rise) of prices 14 Hendy’s “Law”: Pixels per dollar doubles annually Credit: Barry Hendy/Wikipedia 15 MEMS Accelerometers: Rapidly falling price and power O(mA) Pr ic e Po 25 µA @ 25 Hz w er ADXL345 [Analog Devices, 2009] 10 µA @ 10 Hz @ 616bits [ST Microelectronics, annc. 2009] MEMS Accelerometer in 2012 1.8 µA @ 100 Hz @ 2V supply! ADXL362 [Analog Devices, 2012] 17 MEMS Gyroscope Chip 1m m nse Dr Se Å iv 0.01 e J. Seeger, X. Jiang, and B. Boser 18  Energy harvesting and storage: Small doesn’t mean powerless… RF [Intel] Clare Solar Cell Thin-film batteries Shock Energy Harvesting CEDRAT Technologies Electrostatic Energy Harvester [ICL] Piezoelectric [Holst/IMEC] Thermoelectric Ambient 19 Energy Harvester [PNNL] Bell’s Law, Take 2: Corollary to the Laws of Scale 15 40 x si 55 x tr ze d x s an ec m sis rea all to UMich Phoenix Processor er rs se Introduced 2008 λ Initial clock speed 106 kHz @ 0.5V Vdd Number of transistors 92,499 Photo credits: Intel, U. Michigan Manufacturing technology 0.18 µ 20 Why study 32-bit MCUs and FPGAs? 21 MCU-32 and PLDs are tied in embedded market share 22  What distinguishes a Microprocessor from an FPGA? 23 MPU FPGA 24 Modern FPGAs: best of both worlds! 25 Is the party really over? 26  Why study the ARM architecture (and the Cortex-M3 in particular)? 27 Lots of manufacturers ship ARM products 28 ARM is the big player ARM has a huge market share As of 2011 ARM has chips in about 90% of the world’s mobile handsets As of 2010 ARM has chips in 95% of the smartphone market, 10% of the notebook market Expected to hit 40% of the notebook market in 2015. Heavy use in general embedded systems. Cheap to use ARM appears to get an average of 8¢ per device (averaged over cheap and expensive chips). Flexible Spin your own designs. 29  What differentiates these products from one another? 30 The difference is… Peripherals Peripherals Peripherals 31