PRE Mesopotamia.pdf

Image Source: https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/135459901264835161/ Image Source: Mesopotamia slideshare.net/rociobautista/mesopotamia-27422323 Image Source: https://slideplayer.com/slide/9785948/ Image Source: Abraham’s Journey https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/76983474861859621/  Geog...

Image Source: https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/135459901264835161/ Image Source: Mesopotamia slideshare.net/rociobautista/mesopotamia-27422323 Image Source: https://slideplayer.com/slide/9785948/ Image Source: Abraham’s Journey https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/76983474861859621/  Geographical Influence An ancient region in western Asia between the TIGRIS and the EUPHRATES rivers, comprising the land of the Sumer and Akkad and occupied successively by Sumerians, Babylonians, Assyrians and Persians now part of Iraq. Image Source https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Tigris_River,_Diyarbakir.jpg  Geological Influence Due to floods and rains, it resulted in the conversion of its earthen into clay to produce brick in Assyria and Babylon Due to rare experience of rain in Persia, they use timber and colored limestone. Image Source: Image Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bas- allenfotowild.com/Iran/Nasqhe-Rostam-Achaemenid-tombs relief_of_Mu%C5%A1%E1%B8%ABu%C5%A1%C5%A1u_at_the_procession_stre et_of_Babylon,_Iraq.jpg  Climatic Influence Mesopotamia experienced floods and heavy rains which have resulted in the building of “Ziggurats” in Persia, they have dry & hot climate which resulted in building open type temples. Image Source: The Ancient Ziggurat, Iran https://www.dreamstime.com/ancient-ziggurat-chogha-zanbil-iran-chogha-zanbil- ancient-elamite-complex-khuzestan-province-iran-one-image105155982 Religious Influence MESOPOTAMIANS were superstitious, believers of symbolism and also believers of genies and demons. PERSIANS were believers of Image Source: https://www.google.com.ph/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&c ad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwie_Zi9qMnNAhWFNJQKHd2YCsgQjRwIBw&url=https:/ww. good and evil. tes.com/lessons/aep16-mxTeDW9g/mesopotamia-s-religion-by- lana&bvm=bv.125596728,d.dGo&psig=AFQjCNEDqhdxx3mpShYaNRQbPCosXTePKQ&ust =1467154891471912 They believe that good usually triumphs in the end. Social and Political Influence BABYLONIANS among the three were considered extraordinary because they achieved highest degree of civilization. ASSYRIAN and PERSIAN believe in military superiority thus manifested in their buildings. Image Source: Assyrian king Sennacherib during the  Image Source: https://www.bibleatchurch.com/biblehistory/2015/06/14/israel-and-the- geography-and-history-of-the-ancient-near-east/ Historical Influence 1. Sumerian Period 2. Assyrian Period 3. Neo-Babylonian Period 4. Persian Period Image Source: https://www.ancienthistorylists.com/mesopotamia-history/top-11- inventions-and-discoveries-of-mesopotamia/  ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER Image Source: https://sites.google.com/site/ancientmesopotamia2017/ziggurats-and-step-pyramids Massiveness Monumentality Grandeur  Period Characteristics Features Persian Architecture Columnar and Trabeated with flat timber roof sometimes domed Assyrian and Babylonian Architecture Arcuated type of construction; Arch, vault and flat strips, buttresses with glazed tile Image Source: Digging into Mesopotamia. The Arch adornment. https://pmsancientmesopotamia.weebly.com/the-arch.html S U M E R I A N Image Source: https://medium.com/history-of-yesterday/the-ancient-and- forgotten-sumer-civilization-222e2159b553 ARCHITECTURE Dominated the Southern Mesopotamia from the 4th to the end of the 3rd millennium B.C. Characterized by: monumental temples of sun dried brick faced with burnt or glazed brick, often built upon the ruins of their predecessors.  SUMER An ancient region in southern Mesopotamia, where a number of independent cities and city-states were established as early as 5000 B.C. A number of cities are major archeological sites such as Eridu, Uruk, and Ur Image Source: earthismysterious.com/the-forgotten-civilization-of-ancient-sumer/ ZIGGURATS or Holy Mountains, the chief building structure, square or rectangle in plan with steeply battered sides & an open flat form on top. Three types of Ziggurats 1. Archaic Ziggurat 2. Two or More Stages Ziggurat 3. Seven Stages Square Base Ziggurat 1. Archaic Ziggurat Usually have one flat top rectangular mound carrying the upper temple. Ex. White Temple Ziggurat, Uruk Image Source: https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ap-art-history/ancient-mediterranean- ap/ancient-near-east-a/a/white-temple-and-ziggurat-uruk  The White Temple on its Ziggurat at Uruk 3500-3000 B.C. A white-washed brick temple dedicated to the sky God-ANU. It has sloping brick wall so as to form a gigantic flat form standing some 12 meters high Image Source: above the surrounding plains. https://www.ancientpages.com/2018/06/07/anu-supreme-ruler-of- the-heavenly-abode-in-sumerian-pantheon-of-gods/ Ziggurat at Ur Image Source: https://www.ancient-origins.net/ancient- places-asia/great-ziggurat-ur-001767 2100 B.C. made of sun dried brick a massive 15 meters high base with two successively smaller stages of which the upper must probably served as pedestal for the shrine. three ramp-like stairways of 100 steps converged towards a tower flanked gateway. Image Source: https://www.flickr.com/photos/jmcfall/46769923 Ziggurat, Ur 2. Two or More Stages Ziggurat rectangular in plan, design with several tiers or stages Ex. Tower of Babel Ziggurat has stages dedicated to seven heavenly planets 3. Seven Stages Square Base Ziggurat Ex. Palace of Nebuchadnezzar “Hanging Garden of Babylon”  The Tower of Babel, Mesopotamia Image Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_of_Babel Hanging Garden of Babylon Image Source: https://favpng.com/png_view/hanging-gardens-of-babylon-ishtar-gate-seven-wonders-of-the-ancient-world-png/XDXDAa4T A S S Y R I A N ARCHITECTURE Image Source: https://www.facebook.com/ASSYRIAFIRSTEMPIRE/ A S S Y R I A N Image Source; Ancient City https://www.pinterest.com.mx/pin/452 893306250119057/ ARCHITECTURE Mesopotamian architecture developed under the Assyrian king- emperors of the 9th to 7th centuries B.C. City walls strengthened by towers with crenelated battlements , palaces to o k pr ecedence over religious buildings. Vaulting played a greater role and polychrome glazed brickwork showed the influence of Egyptian decoration. The Citadel (Palace) of Sargon II at Khorsabad, 720 B.C. Entrance portals flanked with status headed winged bull and lions. It contains 700 rooms. It has sloping brick wall so as to form a gigantic flat form standing some 12 meters high above the surrounding plains. The Citadel (Palace) of Sargon II at Khorsabad Image Source: https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/9992430396762984/  WINGED BULLS Palace of Sargon II at Khorsabad LAMASSU a celestial being from ancient Mesopotamian religion bearing a human head, bull's body, sometimes with the horns and the ears of a bull, and wings. It appears frequently in Mesopotamian art. Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamassu#: Image Source: ~:text=The%20lamassu%20is%20a%20ce Colossal winged bull from the Palace of Sargon II lestial,appears%20frequently%20in%20 https://www.bmimages.com/preview.asp?image=00091496001 Mesopotamian%20art. The Citadel of Sargon II Parts of Palace SERAGLIO Palace proper which includes the kings residence, men’s apartment and reception courts. HAREM Usually designed with a private family apartments or women’s quarter. KHAN Or service chambers, it is a Moslem “inn” for travelers prototype.  PLAN OF THE PALACE OF SARGON II AT KHORSABAD Image Source: https://quod.lib.umich.edu/h/hiaaic/x- bf48h/BF48H?chaperone=S-HIAAIC-X- BF48H+BF48H;evl=full- image;lasttype=boolean;lastview=reslist;quality= 1;resnum=1;size=50;sort=hiaaic_typ;start=1;sub view=download;view=entry;rgn1=hiaaic_typ;sele ct1=phrase;q1=plan PALACE OF SARGON II AT KHORSABAD Image Source: https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/520376931929290290/  NEO-BABYLONIAN Image Source: https://www.dkfindout.com/uk/history/mesopotamia/babylon/ NEO-BABYLONIAN ARCHITECTURE the collapse of Assyria in 612 B.C. was brought about the invasion of Scythian and Medes. Nebuchadnezzar II restored order. Image Source: https://pulpitandtable.org/king-nebuchadnezzars-end-video/ the Mesopotamian architecture developed after the decline of the Assyrian Empire, derived from Assyrian architecture and enhanced by figured design as of heraldic animals in glazed brickwork. HANGING GARDEN OF BABYLON regarded as “One of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World”  HANGING GARDEN OF BABYLON a series of irrigated ornamental gardens planted on the Citadel the palace complex in ancient Babylon with Ziggurat and built w/ eight monumental arched gateways in the fortified city walls one of the gates connected with the inner city processional road lined Image Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SdA821Yshf8 with 60 Lions figure cloned in brightly colored bricks and dedicated to Goddess Ishtar.  Image Source: https://www.ancient.eu/hammurabi/ CODE OF HAMMURABI A Babylonian legal code instituted by Hammurabi in the mid-18th century B.C. based on the principles absorbed from Sumerian Culture. The Hammurabi code of laws, a collection of 282 rules, established standards for commercial interactions and set fines and punishments to meet the requirements of justice Source: https://www.history.com/topics/ancient-history/hammurabi  THE ISHTAR GATE the Eighth Gate to the inner city of Babylon. The surface of Ishtar gate is superimposed tiers of 2 figures in profile The Dragon of Marduk Image Source: alternating with https://www.livescience.com/43036-ishtar-gate.html The Bull of Adad  Image Source: THE https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/232709505723619692/ ISHTAR GATE MOSAIC Dragon of Bull of Marduk Adad Image Source: https://www.flickr.com/photos/ilri/39260454734 Lion Image Source: Pergamum Museum, Ishtar Gate https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/23369466813776652 THE ISHTAR GATE Image Source http://www.thirdeyemax.net/2013/08/the-difference- between-inanna-and.html was constructed in about 575 BC by order of King Nebuchadnezzar II on the north side of the city. dedicated to the Babylonian goddess Ishtar, the gate was constructed of blue glazed tiles with alternating rows of bas-relief (dragons) ISHTAR the goddess of fertility the roof and doors of the gate were of cedar, and revelry of Babylon according to the dedication plaque.  THE ISHTAR GATE Image Source: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Ishtar-Gate-neo-babylonian-art-of- glazing-630-562-BCE-Pergamon-museum-Berlin-43_fig1_331718561 THE ISHTAR GATE Through the gate ran the Processional Way, which was lined with walls covered in lions on glazed bricks (about 120 of them). Statues of the deities were paraded through the gate and down the processional way each year during the New Year's celebration. Originally the gate, being part of the Walls of Babylon, was considered one of the Seven Wonders of the World until, in the 6th century AD, it was replaced by the Lighthouse of Alexandria.  THE ISHTAR GATE Image Source: https://community.foundry.com/discuss/topic/57344/ishtar-gate-city-of-babylon?mode=Post&postID=514566 PERSIAN ARCHITECTURE Image Source: https://www.ancient.eu/Persia/ PERSIAN ARCHITECTURE The architecture developed under the Achaemenid dynasty who ruled ancient Persia from 550 B.C. until its conquest by Alexander the Great in 331 B.C. Characterized by synthesis of architectural elements of surrounding countries as Assyria, Egypt and Ionian Greece. Image Source: althistory.fandom.com/wiki/Achaemenid_Dynasty_(Guardians) Image Source: https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/why-the-ancient-ruins-of- persepolis-are-one-of-the-greatest-wonders-of-the-ancient-world/ THE ANCIENT CITY OF PERSEPOLIS  THE ROYAL PALACE Ancient City of Persepolis (in modern-day Iran) Was one of four capitals of the sprawling Persian Empire. Built beginning around 520 B.C., the city was a showcase for the empire's staggering wealth Image Source: https://holidayfromwhere.com/ancient-city-persepolis/ THE ROYAL PALACE a. with grand architecture, b. extravagant works of silver and gold, c. and extensive relief sculptures such as portraying envoys with offerings for the king. Image Source: https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ap-art-history/ancient-mediterranean-ap/ancient-near-east-a/a/persepolis Image Source: Image Source: https://www.pinterest.es/pin/622059767250408556/ https://www.gettyimages.com/photos/hall-of-a-hundred- columns?mediatype=photography&phrase=hall%20of%20a %20hundred%20columns&sort=mostpopular HALL OF 100 COLUMNS Persepolis DOUBLE BULL CAPITAL “Cradle Capital” at Persepolis, Persia Image Source: https://www.pinterest. ph/dingdango/pars/  Image Source: https://www.history.com/news/alexander-the-great-defeat-persian-empire Image Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_the_Great The height of Persian rule lasted from about 550 B.C. until 331 B.C., when Alexander the Great overthrew the ruling Achaemenid dynasty and burned Persepolis to the ground. Notable PERSIAN Architectural Development 1. The use of columns and capitals the double bull ( Cradle Capital) 2. The use of beams (post and lintel construction) 3. Develop the covered courts 4. Used of square (grid) plans  References: History of Architecture by Sir Banister Fletcher Visual Dictionary of Architecture by Francis D.K. Ching JPT Review Center Handbook