Practice Test PDF

Practice test 1. Which statement about the resting membrane potential is correct? A. It is usually around +70 mV. B. It depends primarily on sodium leak channels. C. The sodium-potassium pump contributes significantly to maintaining it. D. It is closer to the sodium equili...

Practice test 1. Which statement about the resting membrane potential is correct? A. It is usually around +70 mV. B. It depends primarily on sodium leak channels. C. The sodium-potassium pump contributes significantly to maintaining it. D. It is closer to the sodium equilibrium potential than the potassium equilibrium potential. E. None of the above Correct Answer: C 2. Which ion’s movement has the most influence on the resting membrane potential? A. Sodium B. Potassium C. Calcium D. Chloride E. A and D Correct Answer: B 3. The sodium-potassium pump actively transports ions in which manner? A. 3 Na⁺ out, 2 K⁺ in B. 2 Na⁺ in, 3 K⁺ out C. 1 Na⁺ in, 1 K⁺ out D. Equally Na⁺ and K⁺ in opposite directions E. None of the above Correct Answer: A 4. At what voltage is the threshold potential for generating an action potential typically reached? A. -90 mV B. -70 mV C. -55 mV D. +30 mV E. None of the above Correct Answer: C 5. What occurs during the repolarization phase of an action potential? A. Sodium channels open, and sodium enters the cell. B. Potassium channels open, and potassium leaves the cell. C. Sodium channels close, and chloride enters the cell. D. Calcium channels open, and calcium enters the cell. E. B and D Correct Answer: B  6. Which of the following directly restores the resting membrane potential after hyperpolarization? A. Potassium leak channels B. Sodium leak channels C. Sodium-potassium pump D. Voltage-gated sodium channels E. None of the above Correct Answer: C 7. Which event occurs last in the sequence at the NMJ? A. Voltage-gated calcium channels open in the presynaptic membrane. B. Acetylcholine binds to its receptor on the motor end plate. C. Acetylcholine-gated sodium channels open, causing depolarization. D. Acetylcholinesterase breaks down acetylcholine. E. Calcium triggers acetylcholine release. Correct Answer: D 8. What is the role of acetylcholinesterase at the NMJ? A. Prevents overstimulation by breaking down acetylcholine. B. Increases acetylcholine concentration in the synaptic cleft. C. Binds to acetylcholine receptors to facilitate sodium influx. D. Recycles acetylcholine for reuse. E. None of the above Correct Answer: A 1. What is the typical resting membrane potential in most cells? A. +70 mV B. -70 mV C. -90 mV D. +90 mV E. B and C Correct Answer: B 2. Which ion movement contributes most significantly to the negative resting membrane potential? A. Sodium influx B. Potassium eXlux C. Chloride influx D. Calcium eXlux E. None of the above Correct Answer: B  9. Which of the following is necessary for sustained muscle contraction? A. High-frequency action potentials B. Elevated sarcoplasmic calcium levels C. Adequate ATP supply D. SuXicient acetylcholine at the NMJ E. All of the above Correct Answer: E 10. Which muscle fiber type is best suited for endurance activities? A. Type I (Slow-twitch) B. Type IIA (Fast-twitch, oxidative) C. Type IIB (Fast-twitch, glycolytic) D. Type III E. A and B Correct Answer: A Bone Fractures and Healing 11. Which type of fracture is most common in osteoporotic patients? A. Spiral B. Impacted C. Oblique D. Linear E. Comminuted Correct Answer: B 12. What is the correct sequence in bone healing? A. Callus ossification → Callus formation → Bone remodeling → Hematoma forms B. Hematoma forms → Callus formation → Callus ossification → Bone remodeling C. Bone remodeling → Hematoma forms → Callus formation → Callus ossification D. Callus formation → Hematoma forms → Bone remodeling → Callus ossification E. Hematoma forms → Bone remodeling → Callus ossification → Callus formation Correct Answer: B Joints 13. Which type of joint is amphiarthrotic? A. Synarthroses B. Diarthroses C. Syndesmoses D. Symphyses E. C and D Correct Answer: E 14. Which joint contains fibrocartilage pads for shock absorption? A. Synchondroses B. Symphyses C. Gomphoses  D. Sutures E. None of the above Correct Answer: B Brain Anatomy and Functions 15. Which structure connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain? A. Thalamus B. Corpus callosum C. Cerebellum D. Basal nuclei E. None of the above Correct Answer: B 16. What is the function of the cerebellum? A. Regulate hormone release B. Control automatic reflexes C. Smooth and coordinate movements D. Process olfactory signals E. None of the above Correct Answer: C Metabolic Pathways 17. Which metabolic pathway provides immediate ATP but is unsustainable? A. Creatine kinase pathway B. Aerobic pathway C. Anaerobic pathway D. Adenylate kinase pathway E. None of the above Correct Answer: C 18. Which pathway is most eLicient for prolonged moderate exercise? A. Creatine kinase pathway B. Aerobic pathway C. Anaerobic pathway D. Adenylate kinase pathway E. None of the above Correct Answer: B 3. The resting membrane potential is closest to the equilibrium potential of which ion? A. Sodium B. Potassium C. Calcium D. Chloride E. None of the above Correct Answer: B 4. The sodium-potassium pump: (choose the correct statement) A. Pumps 3 Na⁺ in and 2 K⁺ out. B. Pumps 3 Na⁺ out and 2 K⁺ in. C. Is responsible for generating the resting membrane potential. D. Does not require ATP. E. A and D Correct Answer: B 5. What property of potassium leak channels influences resting membrane potential? A. Their higher permeability compared to sodium leak channels B. Their ability to actively transport potassium C. Their equal permeability to sodium D. They require ATP to function E. None of the above Correct Answer: A Action Potentials 6. Which voltage is referred to as the threshold potential? A. -70 mV B. -55 mV C. +30 mV D. 0 mV E. None of the above Correct Answer: B 7. What event occurs first during an action potential? A. Potassium channels open. B. Sodium channels open. C. Sodium channels close. D. Potassium channels close. E. None of the above Correct Answer: B 8. What causes hyperpolarization in an action potential? A. Excess sodium influx B. Slow closing of potassium channels C. Excess calcium influx D. Activation of chloride channels E. None of the above Correct Answer: B 9. Which structure restores the resting potential after an action potential? A. Sodium leak channels B. Potassium leak channels C. Sodium-potassium pump  D. Calcium ATPase E. A and C Correct Answer: C 10. During depolarization, sodium: (choose the best answer) A. Moves out of the cell. B. Moves into the cell. C. Remains static. D. Moves against its concentration gradient. E. None of the above Correct Answer: B Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ) 11. Which neurotransmitter is involved in muscle contraction? A. Dopamine B. Acetylcholine C. Glutamate D. Serotonin E. None of the above Correct Answer: B 12. Which enzyme terminates acetylcholine’s action at the NMJ? A. Acetylcholinesterase B. Choline acetyltransferase C. Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase D. Calcium ATPase E. A and B Correct Answer: A 13. What is the role of calcium at the NMJ? A. Opens acetylcholine-gated sodium channels B. Stimulates acetylcholine release C. Breaks down acetylcholine D. Repolarizes the membrane E. None of the above Correct Answer: B 14. Which event occurs last during muscle contraction initiation? A. Calcium enters the presynaptic terminal. B. Acetylcholine binds to its receptor. C. Sodium influx at the motor end plate. D. Acetylcholine is degraded by acetylcholinesterase. E. B and C Correct Answer: D 15. What would happen if acetylcholinesterase were inhibited? A. Continuous muscle contraction B. Muscle relaxation C. Increased calcium reuptake  D. Decreased acetylcholine release E. None of the above Correct Answer: A Muscle Contraction and Types 16. Which of the following is not required for sustained muscle contraction? A. High sarcoplasmic calcium levels B. ATP availability C. Acetylcholine presence D. Low-frequency action potentials E. None of the above Correct Answer: D 17. What is the function of calcium ATPase (SERCA)? A. Pumps calcium out of the cell. B. Sequesters calcium into the sarcoplasmic reticulum. C. Transports calcium to the neuromuscular junction. D. Triggers myosin-actin binding. E. A and D Correct Answer: B 18. What type of muscle fiber has high fatigue resistance and is suited for endurance? A. Type I (Slow-twitch) B. Type IIA (Fast-twitch, oxidative) C. Type IIB (Fast-twitch, glycolytic) D. None of the above E. A and B Correct Answer: A Bone Fractures and Healing 19. Which step occurs first in bone healing? A. Callus ossification B. Bone remodeling C. Callus formation D. Hematoma formation E. A and C Correct Answer: D 20. Which type of fracture is characterized by scattered bone fragments? A. Comminuted B. Transverse C. Spiral D. Oblique E. None of the above Correct Answer: A Brain Anatomy and Functions 21. Which structure regulates hunger and thirst? A. Thalamus B. Hypothalamus C. Pons D. Medulla oblongata E. A and B Correct Answer: B 22. Which lobe processes visual information? A. Frontal B. Parietal C. Temporal D. Occipital E. None of the above Correct Answer: D 23. Which part of the brain smooths movements and is aLected by alcohol? A. Cerebellum B. Basal nuclei C. Thalamus D. Brainstem E. None of the above Correct Answer: A 24. What is the function of the corpus callosum? A. Connects the brainstem to the cerebellum B. Connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain C. Processes auditory signals D. Controls involuntary reflexes E. A and D Correct Answer: B Metabolic Pathways 25. Which pathway provides immediate ATP during high-intensity exercise? A. Aerobic pathway B. Anaerobic glycolysis C. Creatine kinase pathway D. Adenylate kinase pathway E. B and C Correct Answer: C 26. What is the byproduct of anaerobic metabolism? A. Pyruvate B. Lactate C. ATP D. Creatine phosphate E. None of the above Correct Answer: B 27. Which pathway is the most eLicient for sustained activity? A. Aerobic metabolism B. Anaerobic glycolysis C. Adenylate kinase D. Creatine phosphate E. None of the above Correct Answer: A