PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1(1).pdf

Basic and or case study. — This is the type of research that is a 6. OBJECTIVE purely direct application but increasing — it is unbiased and logical. All findings a...

Basic and or case study. — This is the type of research that is a 6. OBJECTIVE purely direct application but increasing — it is unbiased and logical. All findings are the nature of understanding about logically based on real-life situations. the problem. It develops the scientific ETHICS IN RESEARCH theories to be more understandable to the readers. 1. Honesty Applied — Maintain all communication. Data should — It is a type of research that needs an not be faked answer to a specific question. It 2. Objectivity provides solutions and validation in — Avoid biases in experimental designs, order to apply to the real setting. data analysis, interpretation, expert testimony, and other aspects of research. NATURE OF RESEARCH 3. Integrity — Keep your promises and agreements. 1. Systematic and Scientific 4. Carefulness — Research follow a certain structural —Avoid careless errors and negligence process. 5. Openness 2. Objectivity —Share data, results, ideas and tools. Be free from biases, prejudices and open to criticism and new ideas. subjectivity. 6. Confidentiality 3. Definiteness — Protect confidential communication. —definite/accurate in its process as well 7. Responsible Publication as product —Avoid duplicating publications. 4. Verifiability 8. Responsible Mentoring — Research lays emphasis on the proper — Help to educate, mentor, and advise verification of the collected others information, data or facts. 9. Respect Colleagues 5. Generality —Treat all peers fairly. — Research is making generalizations on a 1 0. Social Responsibility particular happenings or events. — Strive to promote social good. Avoid 6. Predictability social harm. — 11. Non- Discrimination The results obtained through — avoid discrimination against colleagues scientific method are characterized or students on the basis of sex, races, with the ability of predicting the ethnicity, and or others. future outcomes of the things or events. 12. Legality — Be informed and obey relevant laws and CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH institutional governmental policies 13. Respect of Intellectual Property 1. EMPIRICAL — Give proper acknowledgment or credits — is based on observations and to all researchers. experiments of theories. 14. Human Subject 2. SYSTEMATIC — Minimize risks that involve human lives, —follows orderly and sequential dignity, and privacy. procedures, based on valid procedures and principles. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH 3. CONTROLLED —scientific method of observation to — all variables, except those that are gather non-numerical data tested/ experimented on, are kept constant. PURPOSE 4. EMPLOYS HYPOTHESIS — refers to a search for facts, answers to — Qualitative Research promotes a deep, questions and solutions to problems. holistic understanding of a 5. ANALYTICAL particular phenomenon. —shows analytical procedures in gathering the data, whether Historical, descriptive, CHARACTERISTICS OF QUALITATIVE NARRATIVE RESEARCH RESEARCH designed to present things or events 1. Human understanding and that have happened in the past interpretation in data analysis. through a logical progression of the relevant information. The main 2. Active, powerful and forceful in data purpose of a narrative report is to gathering and rephrasing interview present a factual depiction of what questions. has occurred. 3. Multiple research approaches and CONTENT ANALYSIS methods that allows you to plan your study and being multi-method research. is a research technique that analyzes the modes of communication such as 4. Specificity to generalization letters, e-mails etc. on specific ideas will lead to generalizations or conclusions. DISCOURSE ANALYSIS 5. Contextualization - context or is the study of social life, understood situation of individual,s life. through analysis of language it includes face-to-face talk, non-verbal interaction, 6. Diversified data in real-life images and symbols. situations on collecting data in a natural setting. HISTORICAL ANALYSIS 7. Abounds with words and visuals that is a qualitative method where there is an presents people,s view in a picture, video, examining of past events to draw drawing or graphs. conclusions and make predictions about the future. 8. Internal analysis on examining the data yielded by the internal traits of the Choosing a Topic for a Research Study subject persons. 1. Interest KINDS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH 2.Availability 3.Timeliness CASE STUDY 4. Limitation 5. Personal long time study of a person, group, organization or situation and an RESEARCH TOPICS TO BE AVOIDED empirical inquiry that investigates current phenomenon. 1.Controversial topics - These are topics that depend greatly on the writer‘s opinion, ETHNOGRAPHY which tend to be biased or prejudicial. Facts cannot support topics like these. a study of a particular cultural group. 2.Highly technical subjects - For a PHENOMENOLOGY beginner,researching on topics that require an advance study,technical “live-experienced” of a phenomenon. knowledge, and vast experience is a very difficult. GROUNDED THEORY 3.Hard-to-investigate subjects - There is takes place when there is a discovery of no available data or reading materials new theory which underlies your study at about it and if such materials are not-up the time of data collection and analysis. - date or obsolete. 4. Too broad subjects - prevent the 2. Issues researcher from giving a concentrated or in – depth analysis of the subject 3. Objectives matter of the research paper. 4. Contributions 5.Too narrow subjects - The subjects are so limited or specific that an extensive or Inverted Pyramid Approach thorough searching or reading for information about the subject is necessary. 1. General Topic/ Background Info 6.Vague subjects - Titles beginning with 2.Define Major Variables indefinite adjectives such as several, many,some, etc., are vague enough to 3. Facts, Statistics, Legal Bases decrease the readers, interests and curiosity. 4. Reason of conducting the study RESEARCH INTRODUCTION STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM. Present the rationale and background of — The problem should provide a accurate your study and clearly indicate why it is and specific synopsis of the overall worth doing. purpose of the study. It sets the stage for the entire study through establishing the ASSUMPTIONS (BELIEFS/EXPECTATIONS) issue/concern leading to the research. — Preparations considered to be true BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY depending on the repossitions without the distinction of the facts. This includes legal ( constitutional provisions, laws and statutes, orders, SCOPE AND DELIMITATIONS circulars, memoranda, etc.) or other bases (speeches, quotations, excerpts etc.), — Aim to norrow the scope of the study, personal justification and other these are choices made and boundaries relevant ideas related to or for conducting the study. LIMITATIONS. This must answer and proves the necessity that the research is relevant. — aims to identify the potential weaknesses of the study; these are the TECHNIQUES IN WRITING RESEARCH influences INTRODUCTION DESCRIPTIVE QUESTION — A descriptive Deficiencies Model ( J. W Creswell, 2 0 1 2 ) question in research is one that seeks to gather detailed information about a The research problem; specific aspect of a phenomenon, situation, or group. It focuses on outlining. Studies that have addressed the problem; and documenting what exists or what occurs, without exploring causal. Deficiencies in the studies; relationships or underlying reasons. The aim is to provide a comprehensive and. The importance of the study for an factual description of the subject under audience; and study.. The purpose statement EXPLORATORY QUESTION — An exploratory question is a type of inquiry T.I.O.C Approach (A. Nuqui, 2019) designed to investigate, explore, or gain a 1. Trends deeper understanding of a topic or issue. Unlike questions with a clear right or wrong answer, exploratory questions aim to open up discussion, uncover new information, and generate insights. They are often used in research, problem-solving, and learning contexts to expand knowledge and explore different perspectives EXPERIENTIAL QUESTION — An experiential question is designed to explore and reflect on personal experiences or practical engagements. It seeks to understand how individuals perceive, interpret, and learn from their direct experiences in a particular context. These questions often focus on individual or collective experiences, feelings, and insights gained through real-world involvement. COMPARATIVE QUESTION — A comparative question is designed to examine the similarities and differences between two or more subjects, concepts, or phenomena. PROCESS - ORIENTED QUESTION — A process- oriented question is one that focuses on understanding the procedures, methods, or steps involved in accomplishing a task or achieving a goal. THEORITICAL QUESTION — A theoretical question seeks to explore concepts, principles, or abstract ideas that underpin a subject or phenomenon. It is concerned with understanding the underlying theories, frameworks, or generalizations that explain how or why something occurs. 1. Trends