Practical Research 2 - Fundamentals of Quantitative Research PDF

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Name: ______________________________________________________________________Score: ______________________________ Grade & Section: __________________________________ Research Group No.:__________ Date: _______________________________ 6. Fast Data Collection. Depending on the type of data needed, FUNDAMENTALS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH collection can be fast and easy. Quantitative research uses In Practical Research 1, you have learned that research can be standardized research instruments that allow the researcher to categorized based on the nature of the methodology. Research can collect data from a large sample size efficiently. For instance, a be classified as either qualitative or quantitative. You have learned single survey form can be administered simultaneously to collect that qualitative research is more of describing a phenomenon in a various measurable characteristics like age, gender, socio- narrative; hence, the data collected can be in the form of words, economic status and etc. images or transcript taken from a small sample, not generalizable to the population. Choosing a small sample size enables the research 7. Reliability. Data is taken and analyzed objectively from a sample to make in-depth data collection and interpretation. In this lesson, as a representative of the population, making it more credible and you will learn about quantitative research, a more formal, objective reliable for policy making and decision making. and systematic approach to obtaining answers to a question or 8. Replicability. Quantitative method can be repeated to verify problem of the study. For this module, you will explore about the findings enhancing its validity, free from false or immature following concepts: conclusions.  Quantitative Research  Importance of Quantitative Research Strengths of Quantitative Research across Fields 1. Quantitative research can be replicated or repeated 2. Findings are generalizable to the population  The Research Process 3. Conclusive establishment of cause and effect  Parts of a Research Paper (A Review) 4. Numerical and quantifiable data can be used to predict outcomes 5. Fast and easy data analysis using statistical software A. Quantitative Research 6. Fast and easy data gathering  the method used in the analysis of 7. Very objective data is usually statistical in nature 8. Validity and reliability can be established  uses structured research instruments like questionnaires or schedules Weaknesses of Quantitative Research  uses large sample sizes that are representatives of the 1. Lacks necessary data to explore a problem or concept in depth population 2. Does not provide comprehensive explanation of human  used to gain greater understanding of group similarities experiences  uses structured processes 3. Some information cannot be described by numerical data such as  methods include census, survey, experiments and feelings, and beliefs secondary analysis 4. Research design is rigid and not very flexible 5. Participants are limited to choose only from the given responses Characteristics of Quantitative Research 6. Respondents may have the tendency to provide inaccurate Quantitative research is commonly used in natural sciences responses research problems because of the following characteristics: 7. Large sample size makes data collection more costly 1. Large Sample Size. In order to obtain more meaningful statistical result, the data must come from a large sample size. Differences: Qualitative vs. Quantitative Research | (Abdullah, 2018) Qualitative Quantitative 2. Objective. Data gathering and analysis of results are done Objective It aims to create new The purpose is to test a accurately, objectively and are unaffected by the researcher’s theory based on the hypothesis or theory. intuition and personal guesses. gathered data. 3.Visual Result Presentation. Data is numerical so it can be A fact-finding research Measures problem presented in graphs, charts, and tables for better presentation and used to gain using rating scale and interpretation. understanding of other research individual differences parameters of group 4. Faster Data Analysis. The use of statistical tool gives the similarities. researcher a less time-consuming data analysis. in terms of feelings and experiences. 5. Generalized Data. Data taken from a sample can be applied to the population if sampling is done accordingly, i.e. sufficient size and Data -natural setting -measurement setting random samples taken. description -making stories out of -performs measures out a certain of a certain phenomenon. phenomenon. Page | 1 PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 | Module 1: Fundamentals of Quantitative Research  -Uses pictures, words, - Uses numbers, scales, numerical data to establish generalizable conclusions. sentences, hypotheses, Both of these research types have their strengths and paragraphs, calculations, weaknesses. compositions, computations and 1.1 Evaluate whether the statement is True or False. “In a narrations and short statistics tools. qualitative research, data gathered from the participants of stories the study can be utilized to reflect the overall view of the Sample Small; Large sample population where the participants were taken.” (size) non-probabilistic representatives of population; probabilistic 1.2 Give two characteristics of a quantitative research. Data Unstructured or semi Standardized / gathering structured (flexible Structured 1.3 How does quantitative research differ from qualitative research in terms of sampling procedures and data analysis? processes) Uses census, survey Uses interviews, questionnaire, checklist, 1.4 Why is it important for researchers to identify the nature participant paper- pencil test and of their study? What would happen if you fail to choose the observation, group experimentation. most appropriate method to collect your data? discussions Uses closed ended Uses open ended questions. These questions. It is a questions can only be 2. A Social Weather Survey (SWS) with the use of freeform survey answered by selecting stratified random sampling was conducted prior to the questions allow a from a limited number of election to determine the top presidential bets of the participant to answer options, usually Filipinos. in open-text format, “multiple-choice”, “yes 2.1 Based on the methods employed, how would you classify responses are or no”, or a rating scale. this research? unlimited to a set of Deductive 2.2 Give two justifications why this research is most suited as options. a quantitative study. Inductive Data Opinions are based on Opinions are based on 2.3 Why do you think random sampling is the most presentation experience or laws, rules, or other appropriate technique for this type of study? observation. There are recognized principles. no criteria used in 2.4 If you were to conduct this study, how would you present data discussions. the results? Data Synthesize data, Statistical analysis interpret, thematic. Objective B. Importance of Quantitative Research Subjective across Fields Data analysis is The researcher employs influenced by the standard criteria in Purpose of Quantitative Research (Gran d Canyon University, 2021) personal experiences analyzing. The purpose of quantitative research is to attain greater knowledge and views. data. and understanding of the social world. Researchers use quantitative Outcome Cultivates Endorse a methods to observe situations or events that affect people. understanding with development. Has high Quantitative research produces objective data that can be clearly high validity. output replicability. communicated through statistics and numbers. We do this in a systematic scientific way so the studies can be replicated by There are no Conclusion is someone else. conclusions formulated formulated. towards the end of the The data is primarily used to: research process.  Find patterns and averages Similarities: Qualitative Research vs. Quantitative Research  Make predictions 1. Both have the process of inquiry and investigation.  Test causal relationships 2. Both improve life and help us in understanding various issues of  Generalize results to wider populations life and in giving solutions to our problems. 3. Both start with a problem and end with a new problem. Contributions of Quantitative Research across Various Fields 4. Both use textual forms in analyzing and interpretation of data. Field Contribution/Application Example 5. Both use inductive and deductive methods of presenting data Social  Effects of intervention to Effects of CHECKPOINT A. Answer the questions briefly. You may Science group behavior. pandemic on  Understanding cultural or social behavior use the back part of this page or additional sheet/s if racial conflicts. and economic necessary.  Human satisfaction and stability. 1. There are two types of research based on methodology: stressors qualitative and quantitative research. Qualitative research explores an in-depth understanding of a phenomenon while quantitative research collects Page | 2 PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 | Module 1: Fundamentals of Quantitative Research  Natural and  Investigate the Antidiabetic 2. Formulation of a hypothesis. A hypothesis is a tentative Physical effectiveness of a product properties of answer to the problem. This is our initial solution to the Sciences or treatment to illnesses. common research problem, and this is the one that we try to prove  Finding or enhancing Philippine vines. or disprove in the process. alternative energy sources. 3. Review of related literature. When we do research, it is  Advancement in material best if our research is supported by theories or ideas from science. previous researches related to the study we are having. Agriculture  Increase yield of crops Effectiveness of These literatures will help us understand the nature of our and Fisheries  Prevention and cure for organic and research. These references will also serve as our basis in crops and livestock inorganic fertilizer comparing the results and data of our study. diseases to vegetable 4. Preparation of a research design. A research design is production. necessary because it functions as the work plan for the research investigation. It specifies not only the resources Sports  Enhance athletic Diet and exercise techniques for needed for the study but also indicates how the resources performance will be utilized to answer the problem. A valid research different kinds of sports. design is the basis for the validity of the entire research. A more comprehensive form of research work plan can be Business  Device marketing Effectiveness of prepared, and it is called as a research proposal. strategies Facebook ads on 5. Actual implementation of research work plan. This is  Improve marketability sales. where the generation of observations and data takes Arts and  Relationship between color Effects of music place. This is the actual experimentation or conduct of the Design and architectural space on learning and research work plan or design.  Multimedia use and behavior. 6. Data collection, organization and processing. A sub- adaptation for recreation, step in the actual implementation of the research work business marketing and plan, this is where the researcher selects samples, lifestyle changes. collects data needed for the research, sorts these data, Environmental  Causes and effects of Environmental and processes the gathered data through appropriate Science climate change factors affecting statistical methods. natural calamities 7. Analysis and interpretation of processed data. The results are now organized into tables and graphs as basis CHECKPOINT B. Analyze the given figure below and for analysis. The interpretation of the results will then be answer the following questions briefly. You may use the the basis for answering the research question and its back part of this page or additional sheet/s if necessary. objectives. 8. Formulation of conclusion. A conclusion summarizes the results of the experiment. It is the final solution the research problem based on the research conducted. The conclusion however does not only end the research but it also suggests future questions left unanswered in the course of investigation. These questions may lead to new researches. 9. Communicating results. This is the most important step https://bagavathux.medium.com/a-comprehensive-case-study-on-the-synergy-of-quantitative-and-qualitative-research-88986c09ee9c in the conduct of research. A completed research must be 1. Based on this representation, what is the purpose of communicated to fellow researchers and to the quantitative research? community or field in which the research deems significant. This way, the knowledge gained from the 2. Give three fields/applications in which patterns and trends research is applied and verified. This can also lead to the in data are investigated to produce reports. (Example: weather development of the research and may provide further forecasting) research suggestions for the benefit of the target research audience and community. 3. How is quantitative research useful in business and economics? CHECKPOINT C: Rearrange the following by 4. How can help your community with your knowledge in putting a number which corresponds to the steps of quantitative research? the scientific/ research method: _____ providing a tentative answer to the problem C. The Research Process _____ searching of related researches and references Now let us learn HOW to do research. Remember _____ conduct of the research work plan that research follows a careful investigation and a _____ summarizing the results of the study step-by-step process—basically, these steps are collectively called as the SCIENTIFIC METHOD. _____ gathering and processing of data _____ identification of research problem 1. Identification of a research problem. _____ sharing of results to the research community Research starts with inquiry. There is no research if there _____ scrutiny of processed data is no problem in the first place. The problem is the focus of the research—this is where we anchor our research _____ crafting a research proposal objectives, and the one we answer and seek solutions for. Page | 3 PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 | Module 1: Fundamentals of Quantitative Research D. Parts of a Research Paper PRELIMINARIES CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY A. TITLE  A methodology is the section of the research paper which explains why the researcher chose to use particular  A complete, concise and accurate methods. The methodology also includes descriptions of description of the content of the any and all theoretical and/or ideological concepts research work. informing and influencing the course of the study, and the  It should focus on the major variables to be studied and researcher’s rationale behind adhering to these concepts. their relationship. A. Research Design B. ABSTRACT  A research design is a plan which structures a study to  A condensed write-up of the research paper. ensure that the data collected and generated will contain  It informs the reader concisely about the objective of the the information needed to answer the initial inquiry as fully study, the materials and methods employed, the findings and clearly as possible. and the conclusion derived from these findings.  This sub-section describes the nature and type of the study, and the overall approach in the conduct of the CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION study.  A chapter which familiarizes the reader with the background of the study, why the study was conducted, B. Research Locale and who will benefit from the study.  It describes where the study is conducted.  The first chapter introduces the problem and clarify  Usually a figure or a map is attached after the description important variables, its delimitations, and its significance of the locale. to the field of study. C. Respondents of the Study  The introduction is important in establishing the cognitive  It describes who will take part in the study or to whom the setting of the research. It has the following elements: research is subjected. o The need to research on the problem  It also states how many respondents will take part on the o Clarification of the important terms used study and what sampling technique is used in the selection of samples. PARTS OF THE INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study D. Research Instrument/ Data Collection Method  In the background of the study, the origin of the problem  This section states the method or instrument used to is defined. It is where you describe the events which led gather data and measure variables. to your research. E. Data Gathering Procedure B. Statement of the Problem  It is where the general and specific procedures on how to  In the statement of the problem, the problem is divided conduct the study is stated. Usually, a flow chart or a flow into main and sub-problems. It leads to defining the data diagram of the study is presented after the procedure is that must be obtained to answer the problem. Since each discussed. sub-problem is a researchable unit, the solutions of the F. Data Analysis sub-problems taken together, combine to solve the main  This states the statistic used to analyze the results in the or entire problem. study. It also states a justification on the use of certain C. Significance of the Study statistical tools in the study.  The significance of the study justifies why pursuing the  In qualitative research, this is where the researcher states problem is worthwhile. The findings from the study could how the data collected will be analyzed, processed, and address a felt need or make a significant contribution to interpreted (e.g. thematic/ narrative analysis). new knowledge, assist policy formulation and help improve the quality of living. CHAPTER 4: PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS & INTERPRETATION OF DATA D. Scopes and Limitations of the Study (Results and Discussions)  This section defines the samples in the study, the  It contains the data and findings of the study. treatments the samples are subjected to, any existing  Tables and figures like graphs, diagrams and other forms limitations of the samples known at the time of the of illustrations are commonly used to present results or investigation, and limitations of data-gathering methods. data; Data presentation is followed by analysis and E. Definition of Terms discussion of data.  This section reports and explains the data that you have  This is where the important terms used in the study is obtained in your research. It can be considered as the defined operationally. ‘meat’ of your paper, as it provides and analyzes your  The terms are arranged alphabetically and defined by the findings. researcher based on how it is used in the study. CHAPTER 5: SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, & CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE RECOMMENDATIONS  A summary of past studies that could be connected to the This section contains the capsulized version of the results and present research. discussion. It emphasizes the significant results and  Involves a precise interweaving of past researches with generalizations. It also presents a concise restatement of the the present, resulting in a meaningful document that will support the need for conducting the study Page | 4 PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 | Module 1: Fundamentals of Quantitative Research essential points made in the discussion of results, and answers the _______________________________12. A condensed write-up of clearly the problem statement the research paper SUMMARY _______________________________13. Contains all the  The summary briefly restates your major findings that references used in the study correspond to each of the research questions or objectives. Simply put, each research question or _______________________________14. It shows how the objective should be accompanied by its own summary of gathered data are to be treated/ analyzed. findings. CONCLUSIONS _______________________________15. It presents what grounds  The conclusion subsection discusses the generalizations, or conditions the study is limited to. deductions, and inferences that can be obtained from your findings. _______________________________16. This is a list of the  The conclusion answers the problem stated earlier in the important terms used and how it is defined in the study. introduction. It is based on the results of the investigation. _______________________________17. Contains raw data that RECOMMENDATIONS can no longer be accommodated in the Results and Discussions  Areas for further research suggestions derived from the conduct of the study are placed under recommendations. _______________________________18. It defines the research  The other aspects of the research that arose during the problem of the study; divides the problem into main and sub- conduct of the study but were not addressed by the problems. investigator are suggested for further research which could be done by the same or different researchers. _______________________________19. It describes the nature and type of the study. CHECKPOINT D. Part 1. Identify which part (section or subsection) is _______________________________20. A chapter which states describe in each statement. the materials and methods used in the study _____________________________1. It contains the data and Part 2. Write S on the black if a quantitative approach is suitable findings of the study. Tables and figures like graphs, diagrams and for the given question and N if it is not. other forms of illustrations are commonly used to present results or _____ 1. Does the environmental literacy of an individual increase data. with age? _____________________________2. It is the instrument used to _____ 2. What are the challenges experienced by student-athletes? measure the variables in the study; used to collect data. _____ 3. Does exposure to CNN programs improve students’ ______________________________3. It states who can benefit speaking skills? from the study. _____ 4. How reliable are admission tests in predicting the future ______________________________4. A complete, concise and performance of students in school? accurate description of the content of the research work _____ 5. What were the roles of children in WW2? ______________________________5. A sub-section in the first Part 3. Answer the question briefly. Write your answers on the space chapter where the origin of the problem is defined. provided. Briefly explain this statement: “Research starts with a problem and ends with a new problem.” ______________________________6. It describes where the study is conducted. ______________________________7. It presents a concise restatement of the essential points made in the discussion of results, and answers the clearly the problem statement. _______________________________8. A chapter which familiarizes the reader with the background of the study, why the study was conducted, and who will benefit from the study. _______________________________9. A summary of past studies that could be connected to the present research. This involves a precise interweaving of past researches with the present, resulting in a meaningful document that will support the need for conducting the study. _______________________________10. It describes who will take part in the study or to whom the research is subjected. _______________________________11. These are the areas for That in all things may God be glorified! further research suggestions derived from the conduct of the study. 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