Qualitative Research PDF

 Describe the characteristics, strengths, weaknesses, and kinds of qualitative research Differentiate qualitative and quantitative research. Illustrate the importance of qualitative research across fields. Data are factual information (such as measurements or statistics) used as a b...

 Describe the characteristics, strengths, weaknesses, and kinds of qualitative research Differentiate qualitative and quantitative research. Illustrate the importance of qualitative research across fields. Data are factual information (such as measurements or statistics) used as a basis for reasoning, discussion, or calculation. When it comes to conducting research and data analysis, you’ll work with two types of data: quantitative and qualitative. Each requires different collection and analysis methods, so it’s important to understand the difference between the two. Quantitative data refers to any information that can be quantified. If it can be counted or measured, and given a numerical value, it’s quantitative data. Size, length, distance, width, dimensions, weight, temperature, scores, rating, count. Examples: Quantitative data can tell you “how many,” “how much,” or “how often”. 1.How many people attended last week’s science fair? 2.How much is the price of a compound microscope? 3.How often does a laboratory technician replace his/her gloves?  Unlike quantitative data, qualitative data cannot be measured or counted. It’s descriptive, expressed in terms of language rather than numerical values. Qualitative data also refers to the words or labels used to describe certain characteristics or traits—for example, describing the sky as blue or labeling a particular ice cream flavor as vanilla. Perhaps you want to know how a user feels about a particular product; qualitative data can provide such insights. In this case, you’re not just looking at numbers; you’re asking the user to tell you, using language, why they did something or how they feel. Researchers will often turn to qualitative data to answer “Why?” or “How?” questions. Pick a partner. Describe your partner using quantitative and qualitative data. It is commonly called “interpretive research” …its methods rely heavily on “thick” verbal descriptions of a particular context being studied.  TAKE NOTE: Generally speaking, qualitative researchers…. spend a great deal of time in the settings being studied (fieldwork) rely on themselves as the main instrument of data collection (subjectivity; intersubjectivity) analyze data using interpretative lenses TAKE NOTE: Generally speaking, qualitative researchers…. Data sources are real-world situations Data are descriptive TAKE NOTE: Generally speaking, qualitative researchers…. Data analysis is inductive Describes the meaning(s) of research finding(s) from the perspective of the research participants One advantage of qualitative methods in exploratory research is that use of open-ended questions and probing gives participants the opportunity to respond in their own words, rather than forcing them to choose from fixed responses, as quantitative methods do. Another strength/ advantage of qualitative methods is that they allow the researcher the flexibility to probe initial participant responses – that is, to ask why or how. Exploratory Advantage. The researcher can get in-depth responses to make the study substantial. Sample Size Can Be a Big Issue: Qualitative research often involves smaller sample sizes because it focuses on in-depth understanding rather than generalization. However, small sample sizes can limit the ability to draw broader conclusions or make the research findings less representative of a larger population. Sample Bias Sample bias occurs when the participants selected for the study are not representative of the broader population or the phenomenon being studied. This bias can be intentional or unintentional. Sample bias can skew the results and lead to conclusions that do not accurately reflect the diversity of experiences or perspectives within the population of interest. Artificial This limitation refers to the potential for research environments or interactions to become artificial or unnatural. For example, participants may alter their behavior or responses because they know they are being observed or interviewed, a phenomenon known as the "observer effect." This artificiality can affect the authenticity of the data collected, leading to findings that do not fully capture the true nature of the phenomenon under investigation. 1. Biographical Study 2. Phenomenology--The lived experience 3. Grounded theory 4. Ethnography 5. Case Study The study of an individual and her or his experiences as told to the researcher or found in documents and archival material. In biographical study, the researcher needs to collect extensive information about the subject of the biography Sample Research Titles: 1. Student Life of Jose Rizal: A Documentary 2. The comparative analysis of 19th Century scientists: Common and Contrast 3. Who is Lapu-Lapu?: A closer look to a brave hero Describes the meaning of the lived experience about a concept or a phenomenon for several individuals. Concerned with the feelings of the participants regarding a particular event or activity. Hence, the uniqueness of their lived situations can be described. Interview is the common instrument used for its data collection with the suggested sample size ranging from 5 – 25. Describes the meaning of the lived experience about a concept or a phenomenon for several individuals. Concerned with the feelings of the participants regarding a particular event or activity. Hence, the uniqueness of their lived situations can be described. Interview is the common instrument used for its data collection with the suggested sample size ranging from 5 – 25. Example: Losing family members to Covid-19 hasn’t been easy. A detailed study of survivors and people who’ve lost loved ones. What’s it like to be diagnosed with a terminal disease when a person becomes a parent. Sample Research Titles: A Phenomenological Study of the Lived Experiences of Tagumpay National High School Teachers Involved in Online Learning Action Cell Session Phenomenological Study on Lived Experiences of 15 Grade 11 Students who Travels a Long Distance from their School The intent of grounded theory is to generate or discover a theory that relates to a particular situation. If little is known about a topic, grounded theory is especially useful. This kind of qualitative research intends to explain a phenomenon through developing theory. In comparison with phenomenological study that primarily describes lived experiences, grounded theory aims to provide explanation and theory behind those lived experiences. Interview and supporting documents are the commonly used data collection instrument for its participants approximately ranging from 20 – 30 or until data achieve saturation. Example: A researcher attempts to conceptualize the breast cancer survivorship process among Caviteños. A researcher attempts to generate a theory of defense mechanisms of students who experience cyberbullying. Sample Research Titles: 1. Using Grounded Theory in Feminist research – A research about women’s exclusion from administration positions in primary education 2. The Delivery of Quality Nursing Care: A Grounded Theory Study of the Nurses' Perspective 3. Grounded Learning: An Application of Grounded Theory In Educational Practice A description and interpretation of a cultural or social group or system. The researcher examines the group’s observable and learned patterns of behavior, customs, and ways of life. It is a kind of qualitative research which concentrates on the study of a group of people in a particular environment. To characterize behaviors, culture, challenges, and possible occurring themes, the researcher is required to engage himself/herself with participants through immersion in extended period of time. Ethnographical Research needs extensive time to collect data. Observation, along with the use of interview and survey is an essential instrument for this type of study. Example: A researcher seek to determine the cultural practices and healthcare beliefs of the ethnic group living in Bataan province. A researcher seeks to characterize the survival strategies of families in an urban poor community. Sample Research Titles: 1.Goffman in 'the home': exploring the viability of a Goffmanian Style Analysis of the Nanny and Parent Relationship 2. Ethnographic Analysis on Internet-Mediated Communication Practices in Cambodia 3. Child Rearing Practices of Manobo Tribe: A Close Encounter A case study is an exploration of a “bounded system” or a case (or multiple cases) over time through detailed, in-depth data collection involving multiple sources of information rich in context. Data collection strategies include direct observation, interviews, documents, archival records, participant observation, physical artifacts and audiovisual materials. Analysis of themes, or issues and an interpretation of the case by the researcher. Sample Research Titles: 1. Cultural Influences on the Social Network Marketing Effectiveness: A Case Study in Thailand 2. Gender Differences Within Academia: A Case Study on the Probability of Promotion 3. Case Study on Male prostitution in Cebu City Let’s summarize what we have learned in today’s discussion.