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LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH 2. Invention – where a new technique or method is created. What is Research? 3. Reflection – where an existing theory te...

LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH 2. Invention – where a new technique or method is created. What is Research? 3. Reflection – where an existing theory technique or It is a systematic process geared towards working group of ideas is re-examined possibly in a on exhaustive inquiry, investigation or different organizational or social context experimentation, to aim of finding new facts 4. Applied or Practical Research - done for the (knowledge). purpose of testing or applying an existing principle Coined from the French word cerhier, which or theory with specific purpose of improving means “seek”. human condition. The prefix “re” research is to repeat and to look for APPROACHES IN RESEARCH something. 1. Quantitative research – an approach for testing It deals in bringing something new through objective theories by examining the relationship analytical reasoning, which the product is an among variables organized knowledge. 2. Qualitative Research – It is a method that used to It is the crux of human development – a human gather non-numerical data to understand product to generate more new products/ideas. concepts, opinions, and experiences. ascribe to a social or human problem. Most common design: WHY STUDY RESEARCH? Narrative; Phenomenological; Ethnography; case studies; Grounded theory. 3. Mixed approach – inquiry involving collecting both quantitative and qualitative data and integrating the two forms of data Types of Mixed Approach: 1. To become research literate 2. To develop critical thinking 3. To generate knowledge 4. To come up with solutions to a certain problem PHILOSOPHICAL VIEWS IN RESEARCH 1. Post-positivist – subscribe to the idea that everything should be quantified and to produced meaningful concrete results 2. Contructivist – to believe that experience expressed through words that create a better Forms of Applied Research picture of a certain phenomena. 1. Innovation – to develop and come up with a new, 3. Transformative – to support the idea that better or practical product process or technique research should be conducted to increase quality out of the existing one’s product development & of life and produce better societies. packaging research. 4. Pragmatic – promoting used of both quantitative 2. On – Farm or On Field Level Research – to test and qualitative data in expressing research the theories in the field or limited area of findings. application prior to implementation in large scale. 3. Developmental Research – done by applying the Forms of Basic/Theoretical Research results of practical research in a wider scope of 1. Discovery – where a totally new or novel idea of analysis and interpretation prior to mass explaining emerges and may revolutionise implementation or production of outputs or thinking. results.  4. Evaluation or Assesment Research – pursues to 4. Many information are difficult to gather using find out the worth, merit or quality of a certain structured research instruments (sensitive issues object, program or project. like pre-marital sex). 5. Action Research - based on the concept that 5. If not done seriously and correctly, data from ‘action is both an outcome and a part of research’. questionnaires may be incomplete and focuses on solving local problems or immediate inaccurate. problematic situation for the practical concerns of the involved people. KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH 6. Orientation Research – done for the purpose of 1. DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH – concerned with advancing an ideological position. More focused describing the nature, characteristics, and on inequality, discrimination, empowering and components of the population or a phenomenon. emancipation of the marginalized groups or ideas Ex: You want to know how many hours to eliminate alienation and domination. SHS students spend in social media; the number of malnourished students who GENERAL KINDS OF RESEARCH failed in the achievement test. 1. Basic/Fundamental/Theoretical or Pure 2. CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH – systematic Research – purpose of knowing, understanding or investigation of the nature of relationships, or explaining natural and social phenomena. associations between and among variables It seeks to explore knowledge for its own without necessarily investigating into causal sake, exploring concepts to expand reasons underlying them. scientific understanding. It also aims to Ex: If you want to know if pre-board develop a theory that can explain such examination results can be used to phenomena without immediate or predict performance in LET, then the specific application. higher pre-board grade, the higher most most academic form of research likely be the score in LET. 3. EVALUATION RESEARCH – aims to assess the LESSON 2: QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH effects, impacts, or outcomes of practices, Qualitative Research – is the process of policies or programs. collecting and analyzing numerical data. It can be Ex: Determining the impact of a new used to find patterns and averages, make treatment procedure; Assessing the predictions, test causal relationships, implementation of nursing care in a and generalize results to wider populations. hospital. 4. SURVEY RESEARCH – used to gather information CHARACTERISTICS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH from groups of people by selecting and studying 1. Objective samples chosen from a population. it may be 2. Clearly defined research questions cross-sectional or longitudinal. 3. Structured research instruments Cross-sectional – information is 4. Numerical data collected from a sample in just single 5. Large sample sizes point in time. Ex: Child-rearing practices 6. Replication of single parents. 7. Future outcomes Longitudinal – information is collected STRENGTHS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH from the same subjects over a period, 1. It is objective. sometimes lasting many years. Ex: 2. The use of statistical techniques facilitates Growth of rice yield in a country. sophisticated analyses and allows to comprehend 5. CAUSAL-COMPARATIVE RESEARCH – also know a huge amount of vital characteristics of data. as “ex post facto” (Latin for “after the fact 3. The numerical data can be analyzed in easy way. research.). is research derives conclusion from 4. Quantitative studies are replicable. observations and manifestations that already occurred in the past and now. WEAKNESSES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH Ex: How weight influences stress-coping 1. Large number of respondents. level of adults 2. It is costly. 6. EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH – utilizing scientific 3. Contextual factors to help interpret results or to method to test cause-and-effect relationships explain variations are usually ignored. under conditions controlled by the researcher. Ex: A teacher wants to know if a new teaching strategy is effective or not. (The  teacher then will teach one section with 2. MEDIATING AND MODERATOR VARIABLE - can the aid of the NEW teaching strategy and be mediating or intervening or go-between will teach another without the new variable which affects the test result of the strategy. Achievement test will be given to dependent variable. both sections to compare results) Ex. Amount of studying (IV) leads to input of knowledge in long-term memory MAJOR TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH (mediating variable), which affects test 1. TRUE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN – randomisation of results (DV). participants (subjects e.g. pupils) from a Can be moderator variable that affects population (e.g. Grade IV) to form the sample (N) the relationships between DV and IV at for the experiment. There’s a manipulation by different levels. having experimental groups and control or MV: DV AND IV: Ex. The relationship comparison groups that the treatment will be between the amount of studying (IV) and applied. A assignment of treatment to groups. test results (DV) changes at different 2. QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN – there is levels with the use of memory-enhancing randomisation of participants from a population drug (moderator). but restricted to pre-assigned groups. There’s a manipulation with the presence of control group. EXTRANEOUS AND CONFOUNDING VARIABLE 3. PRE-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN – no randomisation Extraneous variable – is any variable that not of participants from a population. Presence of investigating that can potentially affect the control group in some cases, but usually not. No dependent variable of study. random assignment of treatment to groups. A confounding variable – is a type of extraneous variable that not only affects the dependent TYPES OF VARIABLES variable, but is also related to the independent Quantitative variables is also called as a variable. numerical variables where the data represent Continuous Variable – a variable that can take amounts (e.g. height, weight, or age). the infinite number on the value that can occur within a population. Ex: age, height, temperature DEPENDENT AND INDEPENDENT VARIABLES Interval variable – a measurement where the Variables can be dependent (DV) or effect or difference between the two values have meaning outcome Variable and the other one is (temperature) independent (IV) or the causal variable. Ratio variable – has the property of interval variable and has a clear definition of zero indicating that there is none of that variable (height, weight) Discrete Variable – also known as categorical or classificatory variable; a variable that has a limited number of distinct values Ex: gender, blood group, number of children in the family Nominal variable – variable with no quantitative value, used for labeling (gender, religion) Ordinal variable – variable that has 2 or more categories that can be ranked (winners in a contest. 1. Dependent Variable (DV) – variable being tested and measured in a scientific experiment.  LESSON 3: RESEARCH TOPIC 7. Independent Variable (IV) – variable that is changed or controlled in a scientific experiment to IDENTIFYING AND STATING THE PROBLEM test the effects on the DV. A research problem is an intellectual stimulus Ex: ”Effects of Playing Computer calling for an answer in the form of scientific Games to the Academic Excellence of inquiry. SHS Students” Topic are general questions about relations among DV: Academic Excellence shs student variables, or characteristics of the phenomenon (measures) which a researcher needs to undertake IV: effects Playing of computer games (explanatory) RESEARCH TITLE CHAPTER I CONTENTS The title must be broad and at the same time, 1. Introduction must be brief and concise as possible. 2. Background of the study “Analysis of”, “A Study of”, “An Investigation of” 3. Objective of the study and the like should be avoided 4. Statement of the problem If the title contains more than one line, it should 5. Hypothesis be written in inverted pyramid all words in title 6. Scopes and delimitation page should be in capital letters. 7. Significance of the study The title should not be longer than 15 words. 8. Definition of terms. Avoid long and detailed title that gives too much INTRODUCTION information. By clearly outlining the purpose of the research, SOURCES OF RESEARCH TOPIC the introduction draws the reader idea, provide Prevailing theories or philosophy broad explanations of the topics that researcher Observations, intuitions or a combination of both will cover in study. Different subjects taken and from them, identify a Topic or subject matter problem that interests you the most Importance of the topic Fields of interest of specialization Reason for choosing the topic Existing problems in the classroom, school, Purpose of the study campus, or university BACKROUND OF THE STUDY’ Existing needs of the community or society It is the first section of a research paper and gives Repetition or extension of studies already context surrounding the research topic. It explains conducted to the reader where your research journey started, Related studies and literatures why you got interested in the topic, and how you Advice of authorities or experts developed the research question Offshoots of friendly conversations Consists of statements and/or factors that led the Incidental from interesting topics of professors investigator to launch the study. during the lecture A brief rationale to justify the problem GUIDELINES IN SELECTING A TOPIC A present state of knowledge regarding the problem Should be something new or different The researchers can state the antecedents of the MUST be original study, the reasons why it is relative to previous Should be significant to one’s field of study or studies. discipline Discussion of problem in general and the specific Should be of researcher’s interests situations (macro to micro approach) Should be a modest one for a beginner to be Concepts and ideas related to the problem carried within a limited period including clarification of important terminologies Should be clear and ambiguous Discussion of the existing or present conditions Should be specific, not general and what is aimed to be in the future. Should consider the training and personal qualifications of the researcher OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY Should consider the availability of data involved also known as a goal or an “objective”, is a and effective instruments to be used sentence or question that summarizes the Should consider the financial capacity of the purpose of study or test. researcher Statement of a long-term objective expected to be Should consider the time factor achieved by the study. It is usually prefixed by this introductory phrase: LESSON 4: CHAPTER 1 “The main objective of this study is to…” This chapter provides an overview of the study and its background. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Introduces the research problem and the It is a clear, concise, and specific statement that evidence supporting the existence of the problem. describes the issue or problem that the research It outlines an initial review of the literature on the project addresses. study topic and articulates the purpose of the Specific questions which are to be answered in study. the study.  It can be a general statement of the whole LESSON 5: CHAPTER 2 problem followed by specific questions or sub- The purpose of Chapter is to provide the reader problems into which the general problem is with a comprehensive review of the literature broken up. related to the problem under investigation. HYPOTHESIS RRL refers to "Related Research Literature" or A tentative answer to a research problem. "Review of Related Literature". NULL Hypothesis is the one that NO relationship It is a section in a research paper that discusses between variables. Its function is to let the the relevant studies, theories, and concepts that research test the hypothesis statistically; denoted have been published in academic journals, books, by Ho. or other sources that are related to the research topic. ALTERNATIVE Hypothesis is usually taken to show that the observations are the result of a real PURPOSE AND FUNCTION OF RRL effect; denoted by Ha. To provide justification of the study. Ex: Ho: Experience on the job has no impact on To identify gaps, problems, and needs of related the quality of a brick mason's work. studies. Ha: The quality of a brick mason's work is To provide rationale of the study as well as the influenced by on-the-job experience. reasons of conducting the study. SCOPE AND DELIMITATION To have basis that will be used to support findings The SCOPE describes the coverage of the study; it of the study. specifies what is covered in terms of concept, 2 KINDS OF LITERATURE REVIEW number of subjects, and timeline when the study was conducted CONCEPTUAL RESEARCH LITERATURE LITERATURE DELIMITATION refers to factors or variables that are not included in the study and the boundary in it contains foreign and/or These are empirically terms of time frame, number of subjects who are local literature coming from based, like scientific excluded books, journalism, and paper, theses, and other forms of material, dissertations, both SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY concerning or relevant to published and It is a statement that explains why your study the study, but are data-free unpublished, coming matters and what contribution it makes to your or non-empirical material. from local and foreign field. sources. Usual beneficiaries of a research: CHARACTERISTIC OF THE MATERIALS CITED Experts concerned about the problem The review material must be current, at least 6 Administrators who make decisions or implement years back. programs Materials must be as objective and unbiased as The subjects themselves possible. Future researchers Materials must be relevant to the study. Coherence principle must be observed in writing DEFINITION OF TERMS literature review. (logical) It refers to the clarification and explanation of key concepts, terms, and terminology used in the SOURCES OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES study. 1. Graduate theses and dissertation Terms should be arranged alphabetically. 2. Encyclopedia of Educational Research Terms should be defined operationally and 3. Journals conceptually. 4. Articles Conceptual definition – describes what a 5. Books construct or word actually means; dictionary 6. Internet sites and resources meaning. 7. Dictionaries in education or other field of Operational definition – describes how the specialization particular construct or word was used in the study. JOURNAL VS ARTICLE Journal – comes from Latin word “diurnalis” which means daily; a scholarly periodical aimed  IN-TEXT CITATION – used when directly quoting or at specialists and researchers relating to a paraphrasing a source. particular academic discipline. DIRECT QUOTATION – use quotation marks account of events, topics, issues. around the quote and include page numbers. its content takes in the form of articles. Ex: Samovar and Porter (1997) point out that ARTICLE – comes from the Latin word “articulus” “language involves attaching meaning to symbols” meaning small joint; the old French word “article” (p.188). means separate part of anything written. Alternatively, “Language involves meaning to Generally written by experts in the subject, using symbols” (Samovar & Porter, 1997, p.188) more technical language. INDIRECT QUOTATION – no quotation marks. It is a full-length document on original research. Ex: Attaching meaning to symbols is considered to be the origin of written language (Samovar & CITATIONS & REFERENCES Porter, 1997). Acknowledgement of the authors and/or sources CITATIONS FROM A SECONDARY SOURCE of the article, journal, or any literature that was Ex: As Hail (1999) asserts, “culture also defines reviewed boundaries of different groups” (as cited in A way of strengthening or concretizing one’s idea Samovar & Porter, 1997, p.14) Referencing is a method used to demonstrate to the readers that you have conducted a thorough THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK and appropriate literature search and reading. It is a foundational review of existing theories that serves as a roadmap for developing the arguments CITATION STYLE that can use in research work. Theories are It is predefined styles stating how to properly cite developed by researchers to explain phenomena, or give credit to the sources of your literature. draw connections, and make predictions. Highly IMPLICIT: Statement (Authors, year) related theories and principles that were Ex: An e-learning system with higher educational established and proven by experts/authorities. compatibility is believed to effectively facilitate the learning processes of students (Xu & Wang, 2006). EXPLICIT: Author_(Year)_Verb_Statement Ex: Taylor and Todd (1995) suggested that social influence affects other people’s opinion, superior influence, and peer influence. INTRODUCTORY: Verb_Author_(Year)_Statement Ex: As suggested by Taylor and Todd (1995), social influence affects other people’s opinion, superior influence, and peer influence. CITATION GUIDELINES Works by single author: If the citation is NOT at the end of the text, include the surname of the CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK author followed by the year (in parenthesis) when A tentative explanation of the phenomenon or the work was published. problem and serves as the basis for the Ex: According to Flippo (1984), proper job formulation research hypotheses. performance is achieved only if employees are trained because they will improve their skills. Works by multiple authors: When a work has two authors, always cite both names everyt time the reference occurs in the text. In a narrative text, join the names of the two authors with the word “and”. Ex: As Leiter and Maslach (1998) demonstrated, scholastic standing impacts the confidence level of the student. RESEARCH PARADIGM It is a set of beliefs, values, and assumptions that guide researchers in their work. It encompasses the theoretical framework, methodologies, and approaches to knowledge that shape how research is conducted and interpreted. A diagrammatic representation of a conceptual framework. It shows the flow of the research and how the study will be conducted. It should follow the IPO Model (INPUT-PROCESS- OUTPUT). INPUT: Who are your respondents? PROCESS: How will the study be conducted? OUTPUT: What are the expected results of the study? (main objetive) Prepared by: Aldrian Mark F. Bernardo Peace Officer, HUMSS 12 Y1-1P