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Questions and Answers
What type of variable is characterized by having a clear definition of zero indicating absence?
What type of variable is characterized by having a clear definition of zero indicating absence?
- Discrete variable
- Ratio variable (correct)
- Nominal variable
- Interval variable
Which of the following is an example of a discrete variable?
Which of the following is an example of a discrete variable?
- Number of children in the family (correct)
- Temperature
- Height
- Weight
In a scientific experiment, what role does the independent variable play?
In a scientific experiment, what role does the independent variable play?
- It predicts the outcome of the dependent variable.
- It is the variable being tested.
- It remains constant throughout the experiment.
- It is the variable that is changed or controlled. (correct)
Which variable can be ranked but does not have a defined interval between categories?
Which variable can be ranked but does not have a defined interval between categories?
What distinguishes a nominal variable from other types of variables?
What distinguishes a nominal variable from other types of variables?
What term describes the variable that is being tested and measured in an experiment?
What term describes the variable that is being tested and measured in an experiment?
Which of the following is an example of an interval variable?
Which of the following is an example of an interval variable?
What is essential for identifying and stating a research problem?
What is essential for identifying and stating a research problem?
What is the main purpose of correlational research?
What is the main purpose of correlational research?
Which of the following best defines evaluation research?
Which of the following best defines evaluation research?
Which characteristic is NOT associated with quantitative research?
Which characteristic is NOT associated with quantitative research?
What type of research design would you use to study the same group of people over a long period?
What type of research design would you use to study the same group of people over a long period?
In which type of research is numerical data collected primarily to identify patterns and averages?
In which type of research is numerical data collected primarily to identify patterns and averages?
Which of the following is an example of correlational research?
Which of the following is an example of correlational research?
What distinguishes cross-sectional research from longitudinal research?
What distinguishes cross-sectional research from longitudinal research?
Which type of research would be most appropriate for assessing the implementation of nursing care in a hospital?
Which type of research would be most appropriate for assessing the implementation of nursing care in a hospital?
What is the primary focus of transformative research?
What is the primary focus of transformative research?
What type of research is classified as developmental?
What type of research is classified as developmental?
What characterizes action research?
What characterizes action research?
What is the goal of orientation research?
What is the goal of orientation research?
Which type of research is primarily concerned with describing the characteristics of a population?
Which type of research is primarily concerned with describing the characteristics of a population?
What distinguishes the evaluation or assessment research?
What distinguishes the evaluation or assessment research?
What is one of the challenges identified with structured research instruments?
What is one of the challenges identified with structured research instruments?
What does it mean when research is referred to as pragmatic?
What does it mean when research is referred to as pragmatic?
What should be avoided in creating a research title?
What should be avoided in creating a research title?
Which section outlines the purpose of the research in a research paper?
Which section outlines the purpose of the research in a research paper?
What is a primary source for ideas when selecting a research topic?
What is a primary source for ideas when selecting a research topic?
Which statement is true regarding the introduction of a research paper?
Which statement is true regarding the introduction of a research paper?
What should the scope and delimitation section of a research paper include?
What should the scope and delimitation section of a research paper include?
What is the first section of a research paper called?
What is the first section of a research paper called?
Why is it important to choose a relevant research topic?
Why is it important to choose a relevant research topic?
What is one reason a researcher might choose a specific topic?
What is one reason a researcher might choose a specific topic?
What type of qualitative research design involves randomisation of participants from a population to form a sample for the experiment?
What type of qualitative research design involves randomisation of participants from a population to form a sample for the experiment?
What is a key characteristic of Quasi-Experimental Design?
What is a key characteristic of Quasi-Experimental Design?
Which of the following is an example of a confounding variable?
Which of the following is an example of a confounding variable?
What distinguishes a Continuous Variable from other types of variables?
What distinguishes a Continuous Variable from other types of variables?
Which variable can act as a moderator variable affecting the relationship between independent and dependent variables?
Which variable can act as a moderator variable affecting the relationship between independent and dependent variables?
Which research design typically has no random assignment of treatment to groups?
Which research design typically has no random assignment of treatment to groups?
What is an extraneous variable?
What is an extraneous variable?
What is the relationship between the amount of studying and the knowledge input in long-term memory?
What is the relationship between the amount of studying and the knowledge input in long-term memory?
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Study Notes
Dependent and Independent Variables
- Dependent Variable (DV): The variable being tested and measured; the outcome or effect.
- Independent Variable (IV): The variable that is changed or controlled to test its effects on the DV; the causal variable.
Variable Types
- Interval Variable: Measurements where the difference between values is meaningful (e.g., temperature).
- Ratio Variable: Possesses properties of interval variables and has a clear zero point (e.g., height, weight).
- Discrete Variable (Categorical): Has a limited number of distinct values (e.g., gender, blood type).
- Nominal Variable: Used for labeling, with no quantitative value (e.g., gender, religion).
- Ordinal Variable: Categories can be ranked (e.g., contest winners).
Forms of Applied Research
- Innovation: Developing new or improved products, processes, or techniques.
- On-Farm/On-Field Research: Testing theories in a limited area before large-scale implementation.
- Developmental Research: Applying practical research results to a wider scope before mass implementation.
- Evaluation/Assessment Research: Assessing the effects or outcomes of practices, policies, or programs.
Forms of Basic/Theoretical Research
- Discovery: Generating entirely new ideas that may revolutionize thinking.
- Evaluation: Assessing the worth, merit, or quality of something (object, program, project).
- Action Research: Solving local problems through a combination of action and research.
- Orientation Research: Advancing an ideological position, often focusing on marginalized groups.
Characteristics of Quantitative Research
- Objective
- Clearly defined research questions
- Numerical data analysis
- Generalizable results
Major Types of Quantitative Research
- True Experimental Design: Random assignment of participants to experimental and control groups; manipulation of the independent variable.
- Quasi-Experimental Design: Participants are not randomly assigned, but there is manipulation and a control group (or groups).
- Pre-Experimental Design: No random assignment; control group may or may not be present.
Types of Variables (in Quantitative Research)
- Quantitative Variables: Numerical data representing amounts (e.g., age, height).
- Continuous Variable: Can take on infinite values within a range (e.g., height).
Extraneous and Confounding Variables
- Extraneous Variable: Any variable that isn't being investigated but could affect the dependent variable.
- Confounding Variable: An extraneous variable that affects the dependent variable and is related to the independent variable.
Moderator Variable
- A variable that affects the relationship between the dependent and independent variables. It changes the strength or direction of this relationship at different levels.
Research Titles
- Should be broad but concise (under 15 words).
- Avoid phrases like "Analysis of," "A Study of," or "An Investigation of."
- Use an inverted pyramid format if more than one line.
- All words should be capitalized.
Sources of Research Topics
- Prevailing theories or philosophies
- Observations and intuitions
- Fields of interest or specialization
- Existing problems in educational settings or the community
- Societal needs
Research Paper Chapter I Contents
- Introduction: Outlines the purpose of the research; provides background.
- Background of the Study: Gives context to the research topic.
- Objectives of the Study: States the goals of the research.
- Statement of the Problem: Clearly defines the issue being addressed.
- Hypotheses: Testable predictions about the relationships between variables.
- Scope and Delimitations: Spells out the boundaries of the research.
- Significance of the Study: Explains the value and importance of the research.
- Definition of Terms: Clarifies any specialized terminology.
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