Practical Research 2: The Nature of Inquiry and Research PDF

 Research is a systematic process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting information in order to increase our understanding of a phenomenon about which we are interested or concerned (Leedy & Ormrod, 2013).  works with a unbiased; all angles...

 Research is a systematic process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting information in order to increase our understanding of a phenomenon about which we are interested or concerned (Leedy & Ormrod, 2013).  works with a unbiased; all angles system or method presented Research is a systematic and objective creation of knowledge. (Creswell, 2013)a creative process Present the answer Collect data to answer to the question Pose a question  Add to existing knowledge. Improve practice. Inform policies Solve problems, not emergencies. Why DO RESEARCH?  In comparison to qualitative research. single reality vs. multiple realities establishing relationships and explaining cause of correlation vs. understanding situations in a participant’s perspective pre-established design vs. emerging design detached researcher vs. immersed Quantitative researcher Research to generalize vs. to assess applicability Fraenkel & Wallen, 2009 Characteristics of Quantitative Research Characteristics of Quantitative Research Characteristics of Quantitative Research Individual Activity 1 Quantitive Research m b e r s n o f nu s t ic a l) ci s io sta t i ü Pre if ic a n c e ( r e s u l ts l o f s ign d – t h at e ü Lev e determine ce alone ca n b d u e t o ch a n p l in g es o f e not t o sameaknes s a r Its STRENGTHS and less prorenssing W e is d s ea r c h m ple A d v e Re WEAKNESSES ü S a u a n t it a t i g. , n t it a t i bias Q u t e d , eo. ing qua c o m p r in d res a n b e R ig o c e d u E r r o rc ür r c h p ro ü li n g e rro resea it a t ive sa m p f qu a l it io n o u b jec üA d d e so f s g q u o t o m d u s in w h n s f rom t (pers d) to suppor o te collec results Strengths of Quantitative Research Strengths of Quantitative Research Strengths of Quantitative Research Weaknesses of Quantitative Research Weaknesses of Quantitative Research Quantitative Research Design Quantitative Research Design  ▷ This design aims to accurately describe the facts and characteristics of a given population, situation, or phenomenon. ▷ The study focuses at the present condition. The purpose is to find new truth or new generalizations. Non- ▷ This descriptive methodology focuses Experimental more on the “what” of the research subject Research than the “why” of the research subject. Design  ▷ This design aims gather critical insights from a target audience ▷ It uses questionnaires as the key instrument of data collection. Non- Experimental Research Design  This design aims to aims to describe and measure the degree of association between two or more variables or sets of scores. Non- Experimental Research Design  ▷ This design compares two or more things with a view to discovering something about one or all of the things being compared. Non- Experimental Research Design  ▷ This design is used to evaluate a product or concept and collect data to help improve solution. ▷ This kind of research is typically introduced in the early phases of the Non- design process to test existing or Experimental Research new solutions. Design ACTIVITY ONE Internet availability at home and Determine the student’s average sleeping time at night Social media involvement and practices design of Grade 12 HUMSS students The marketability of to SHS students. Children of single parents and their level of Math anxiety. Factors affecting the buying habits of SHS Students Quantitative Research Designs Experimental Research Types Independent Pre- Experiments variable attempts to influence a True experiments particular variable Quasi-experiments Dependent tests hypotheses about variable cause-and-effect relationships It is a research design that answer the question what will be  ▷ The simplest form of research design. ▷ Single group or multiple groups are observed subsequent to some agent or treatment presumed to cause change.A ▷ This will help to tell if the investment of cost and time for conducting a true Experimental experiment is worth a while. Research Design  ▷ One-shot Case Study Research Design ▷ One-group Pretest-posttest Research Design ▷ Static-group Comparison Experimental Research Design  ▷ This design practices the treatment of a single group. ▷ It only takes a single measurement after the experiment. ▷ A one-shot case study design only Experimental analyses post-test results. Research Design  ▷ This design works on just one experimental group. ▷ But this one takes two measures into account. ▷ A pre-test and a post-test are Experimental conducted. Research Design  ▷ This compares two experimental groups. ▷ One group is exposed to the treatment. ▷ The other group is not exposed to the treatment. ▷ The difference between the two groups is the result of the experiment. Experimental Research Design  ▷ This design relies on stati s t i c a l analysis to prove or disprove a researcher’s hypothesis. ▷ It is one of the most accurate forms of research because it provides specific scientific evidence. Experimental ▷ Out of all the types of experimental Research designs, only a true experimental Design design can establish a cause-effect relationship within a group.  In a true experiment, a researcher must satisfy these three factors: ▷ There is a control group that is not subjected to changes and an experimental group that will experience the changed variables ▷ Independent variables that influence the Experimental working of other variables must be there for Research the researcher to control and observe changes. Design ▷ Random assignment: Participants must be randomly distributed within the groups.  The three types are: 1) Post-test-only control group design. 2) Pre-test post-test control group design. 3) Solomon four group control design. Experimental Research Design  Post-test-only In this type of true experimental research, the control as well as the experimental group that has been formed using random allocation, are not tested before applying the experimental methodology. This is so as to avoid affecting the quality of the study. Experimental Research Design  Pre-test post-test It is a modification of the post-test control group design with an additional test carried out before the implementation of the experimental methodology. This two-way testing method can help in noticing significant changes brought in the research groups as a result of the experimental Experimental intervention. There is no guarantee that the Research results present the true picture as post-testing Design can be affected due to the exposure of the respondents to the pre-test.  Solomon four group 1. A treatment group with both pre-intervention and post-intervention measurements (a.k.a. pretest and posttest) 2. A control group with both pretest and posttest measurements 3. A t r e a t m e n t g r o u p w i t h o n l y a p o s t t e s t measurement 4. A control group with only a posttest measurement Experimental Research The objective is to assess the efficacy o f the Design treatment (or intervention).  Solomon four group Experimental Research Design  Solomon four group Important notes regarding the Solomon four-group design: 1. The assignment of participants is done at random. 2. The outcome of interest is measured simultaneously across groups. 3. The design is asymmetric: Only participants in Experimental groups 1 and 2 receive pretest measurements Research (1A and 2A in the figure above), however, all Design participants receive posttest measurements (1B, 2B, 3B and 4B).  Quasi-Experimental The word “Quasi” means similarity. A quasi- experimental design is similar to a true experimental design. The difference between the two is the assignment of the control group. In this research design, an independent variable is manipulated, but the participants of a group are not randomly assigned. This type of research design is used in field Experimental settings where random assignment is either Research irrelevant or not required. Design Useful tool in situations where true experiments cannot be used for ethical or practical reasons. Experimental Research Design