Practical Research 1 PDF

CHAPTERS 1 - 3 PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1 PREPARED BY: ALYSSA FATIMA DALIGDIG, LPT TOPIC OUTLINE: 01 THE PROBLEMS AND ITS BACKGROUND 02 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 03 METHOD AND PROCEDURES CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY THEORETICAL/CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK STATEMENT OF THE PR...

CHAPTERS 1 - 3 PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1 PREPARED BY: ALYSSA FATIMA DALIGDIG, LPT TOPIC OUTLINE: 01 THE PROBLEMS AND ITS BACKGROUND 02 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 03 METHOD AND PROCEDURES CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY THEORETICAL/CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM HYPOTHESIS SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY DEFINITION OF TERMS THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND It discusses the existence of the problem that led to the present research. INTRODUCTION IT INTRODUCES THE VARIABLES INVOLVED IN YOUR STUDY. SHOULD CATCH THE ATTENTION OF THE READER AND CONVINCE HIM/HER THAT YOUR RESEARCH TOPIC IS WORTH STUDYING. ORIENT THE READER ON WHAT PROMPTED THE RESEARCHER TO UNDERTAKE THE STUDY. SHOWS DATA GAP AND QUESTIONS REMAIN UNANSWERED. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY IMPORTANCE AND VALIDITY OF THE PROBLEM. GENERAL ORIENTATION TO THE PROBLEM AREA. A BRIEF RATIONALE TO JUSTIFY THE PROBLEM MUST BE PROVIDED. PRESENT STATE OF KNOWLEDGE REGARDING THE PROBLEM. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK IT DISCUSSES THE THEORIES ON WHICH YOUR STUDY IS ANCHORED. RELEVANT THEORIES OR LAWS ARE PRESENTED AND EXPLAINED HOW THEY LEAD TO THE PRESENT STUDY. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK BASED ON THE THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK, CREATE YOUR OWN IDEA ON HOW YOU WILL INVESTIGATE THE VARIABLES IN YOUR STUDY. RELEVANT THEORIES OR LAWS ARE PRESENTED AND EXPLAINED HOW THEY LEAD TO THE PRESENT STUDY. FIGURE 1. (NAME) (EXPLANATION) STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM (SOP) ANSWERS FOR THE SUB- PROBLEMS SHOULD LEAD TO THE ANSWERS FOR THE MAIN PROBLEM OF YOUR STUDY. SUB-PROBLEMS- CONTAINS THE VARIABLES NEEDED IN THE STUDY MAIN-PROBLEMS- INVESTIGATES THE SIGNIFICANT RELATIONSHIP OR DIFFERENCE BETWEEN OR AMONG VARIABLES HYPOTHESIS EDUCATED GUESS THAT WILL BE TESTED USING INFERENTIAL STATISTICS ANSWERS THE MAIN PROBLEM OF THE SOP SCOPE AND DELIMITATION SCOPE - COVERAGE OF THE STUDY (CONCEPTS, VARIABLES, POPULATION, TIMELINE AND LOCALE COVERED BY THE STUDY DELIMITATION - BOUNDARY, EXCLUDED FACTORS AND WHY YOU EXCLUDED THEM SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY EXPLAINS WHY THE STUDY IS IMPORTANT. WHO WILL BENEFIT FROM THE STUDY? DEFINITION OF TERMS MINI-DICTIONARY IN YOUR STUDY THAT CONTAINS IMPORTANT TERMINOLOGIES/CONCEPTS IN YOUR PAPER THAT NEEDS TO BE DEFINED. CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES VARIABLES AND DATA RRL AND STUDIES DISCUSSES, INVESTIGATES AND CRITIQUES WHAT THE OTHER AUTHORS AND RESEARCHERS HAVE DONE IN RELATION TO YOUR PRESENT STUDY. SOP, THEORECTICAL FRAMEWORK AND BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY FROM CHAPTER 1 MAY HELP YOU DECIDE WHETHER A CERTAIN LITERATURE/STUDY IS RELEVANT OR NOT. LITERATURE - PUBLISHED MATERIALS (BOOKS, JOURNALS, NEWSPAPER/INTERNET ARTICLES, PAMPHLETS, ETC) STUDIES - UNPUBLISHED MATERIALS (RESEARCHES, THESES AND DISSERTATIONS) SHOULD INCLUDE BOTH WORKS FROM FOREIGN AND LOCAL AUTHORS AS RECENT AS POSSIBLE (MAY BE 10 YEARS BACK) YOU AS THE RESEARCHER SHOULD COHERENTLY, CLEARLY AND CONCISELY WRITE CHAPTER 2 VARIABLES DIFFERENT QUALITIES AND QUANTITIES INVOLVED IN A STUDY. QUALITIES - BEHAVIOR, OPINIONS, OR THEMES QUANTITIES - STATISTICS, FREQUENCIES, OR PERCENTAGES DATA COLLECTED INFORMATION PER VARIABLE RESEARCHERS USE DIFFERENT STATISTICAL TOOLS TO ANALYZE THE DATA AND MAKE MEANING OUT OF THEM CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH DESIGN POPULATION AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUES RESEARCH INSTRUMENT DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE STATISTICAL TREATMENT OF DATA RESEARCH METHODOLOGY It discusses the over- all plan of the research and how the researchers will carry out the data collection methods. RESEARCH DESIGN DESCRIPTIVE - DESCRIBE THE STATUS OF THE VARIABLE/S UNDER INVESTIGATION DESCRIPTIVE NORMATIVE SURVEY - DESCRIBE THE TREND OF THE VARIABLE BY SURVEYING THE REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLE OF A POPULATION CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH STUDY - INVESTIGATES HOW THE DIFFERENT VARIABLES ARE RELATED TO ONE ANOTHER DESCRIPTIVE EVALUATIVE STUDY - LONGITUDINAL STUDY (CHANGES OF THE VARIABLE IN AN AGE GROUP OVER A PERIOD OF TIME) AND CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES (INVOLVE DIFFERENT AGE GROUPS) ASSESSMENT/EVALUATION STUDY - DETERMINE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE POLICY/PRACTICE DESCRIPTIVE COMPARATIVE STUDY - ESTABLISH SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES BETWEEN TWO OR MORE GROUPS OF SUBJECTS BASED ON CRITERIA EXPERIMENTAL - USES SCIENTIFIC METHOD TO IDENTIFY AND IMPOSE CONTROL OVER ALL OTHER VARIABLES EXCEPT ONE HISTORICAL - COLLECTS, VERIFIES AND SYNTHESIZES EVIDENCES FROM THE PAST TO ESTABLISH FACTS THAT SUPPORT OR REJECT THE RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS -PRIMARY DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCES -SECONDARY SOURCES DATA COLLECTION DATA ANALYSIS REPORT OF FINDINGS POPULATION AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUES SLOVIN'S FORMULA - USED TO COMPUTE THE SAMPLE SIZE GIVEN THE POPULATION STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING - DIVIDES THE ENTIRE POPULATION INTO HOMOGENOUS GROUPS CALLED STRATA. POPULATION (N) - TOTALITY OF ALL THE ELEMENTS OR PERSONS FOR WHICH THE RESEARCH IS CONDUCTED; USES PARAMETERS. SAMPLE (N) - SUBSET OR REPRESENTATIVE OF THE POPULATION WHICH ACTUALLY TAKE PART IN THE STUDY; USES ESTIMATES OR STATISTIC. MARGIN OF ERROR - PERCENTAGE YOU ALLOT JUST IN CASE ERRORS/MISCALCULATION HAPPEN IN THE RESULTS OF THE SAMPLING PROCESS CAN YOU COMPUTE THIS USING SLOVIN’S FORMULA? AS THE MARGIN OF ERROR DECREASES , THE SAMPLE SIZE INCREASES. ANOTHER COMPUTATION. LET’S DO THIS!!  14.94 18.23 10.92 13.32 = 174 | 20.11 24.53 1 + (174)(0.05)*2 19.54 23.84 15.52 18.93 = 174 | 18.97 23.14 1.435 X100 100.00 122 = 121.25 = 122 HOW SHOULD WE SELECT OUT OF THE POPULATION? SAMPLING TECHNIQUES - A METHOD OF CHOOSING A SAMPLE OUT OF A POPULATION. THERE ARE 2 TYPES: PROBABILITY SAMPLING - IT IS A RANDOMIZATION OR CHANCE -TIME CONSUMING AND COSTLY 1. SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING -FISH BOWL SAMPLING 2. SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING/SYSTEMATIC RANDOM SAMPLING -CHOOSING THE "NTH" PARTICIPANT FROM THE LIST 3. STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING -SPLITTING THE POPULATION INTO MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE GROUPS CALLED "STRATA" THEN USES SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING TO SELECT THE SAMPLE -STRATA ARE HOMOGENOUS GROUPS (EX. RACE, GENDER, RELIGION) 4. CLUSTER RANDOM SAMPLING -DIVIDES THE SAMPLE INTO GROUPS CALLED "CLUSTERS" -CLUSTERS ARE USUALLY BASED ON GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION (EX. CITY, MUNICIPALITY, PROVINCE) 5. MULTI-STAGE RANDOM SAMPLING -COMBINATION OF DIFFERENT RANDOM SAMPLING TECHNIQUES NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING - IT IS BIASED AND NO RANDOMIZATION 1. CONVENIENCE SAMPLING -COLLECTING RESPONDENTS BASED ON THE RESEARCHER'S CONVENIENCE; IT ALSO KNOWN AS ACCIDENTAL, OPPORTUNITY OR GRAB SAMPLING 2. HAPHAZARD SAMPLING -A RESEARCHER PICKS RESPONDENTS (TRYING TO SIMULATE RANDOMNESS) BUT HIS CHOICE MAY BE BIASED AND NOT BE TRULY RANDOM 3. PURPOSIVE SAMPLING -PARTICIPANTS ARE SELECTED BASED ON THE STUDY'S PURPOSE 4. EXPERT SAMPLING -SAMPLE IS BASED ON A LIST OF EXPERTS IN THE FIELD 5. HETEROGENEITY/DIVERSITY SAMPLING -CHOOSE MEMBERS SO THAT ALL VIEWS ARE REPRESENTED, BUT THE REPRESENTATION MAY NOT BE PROPORTIONAL. 6. MODAL INSTANCE SAMPLING -MOST "TYPICAL" OR MOST "COMMON" MEMBERS FROM THE LIST. 7. QUOTA SAMPLING -RESEARCHERS ARE GIVEN QUOTAS TO FILL FROM DIFFERENT GROUPS OF POPULATION, AND THE QUOTA IS PROPORTIONAL TO THE POPULATION. 8. SNOWBALL SAMPLING -NETWORKING OR REFERRALS ARE DONE WHEN PARTICIPANTS ARE HARD TO FIND. 9. SELF-SELECTION SAMPLING -PARTICIPANTS VOLUNTEER AS SAMPLE RESEARCH INSTRUMENT INSTRUMENT - A DEVICE USED TO COLLECT DATA FROM THE RESPONDENTS INSTRUMENTATION - IT IS THE PROCESS HOW THE INSTRUMENT WAS MADE, VALIDATED, TESTED AND USED QUALITY OF INSTRUMENT RELIABILITY - IT REFERS TO THE CONSISTENCY OF THE RESEARCH INSTRUMENT VALIDITY - A VALID INSTRUMENT MEASURES WHAT IT INTENDS TO MEASURE TYPES OF VALIDITY FACE VALIDITY- GRAMMAR, FORMAT, ALIGNMENT OF QUESTIONS TO SOP CONSTRUCT VALIDITY- THE EXTENT TO WHICH THE INSTRUMENT MEASURE THE CRITERION BEING STUDIED TYPES OF VALIDITY CONTENT VALIDITY- HOW WELL THE INSTRUMENT MEASURES THE INDIVIDUAL ASPECTS OF THE CRITERION CRITERION VALIDITY- HOW RELATED THE INSTRUMENT IS TO OTHER INSTRUMENT THAT MEASURES THE SAME VARIABLE DATA GATHERING IT NARRATES HOW THE RESEARCHERS ADMINISTERED THE TEST/SURVEY STATISTICAL TREATMENT OF DATA IT EXPLAINS ALL THE RELEVANT FORMULAS FOR THE ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA BASED ON THE SOP AND ITS RESEARCH OBJECTIVES. IT IS A VERBAL INTERPRETATIONS FOR THE COMPUTED VALUES MAY ALSO BE SUMMARIZED IN TABLES. SIMPLE PERCENTAGE - IT IS THE DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE VARIABLES OF THE RESPONDENTS WERE ANALYZED USING THE SIMPLE PERCENTAGE WITH THE FOLLOWING FORMULA. WEIGHTED MEAN - IT IS USED TO COMPUTE THE WEIGHT OF THE RESPONSES IN THE QUESTIONNAIRE ASSIGNED BY THE RESPONDENTS DURING THE ACTUAL DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE. LIKERT SCALE - IT IS USED AS THE GUIDE FOR INTERPRETING THE DATA GATHERED. SPEARMAN PRODUCT MOMENT CORRELATION COEFFICIENT- THIS IS USED TO TEST THE CORRELATION BETWEEN THE TWO VARIABLES INVOLVED. T-TEST FOR THE CORRELATION COEFFICIENT R- IT IS UTILIZED TO TEST THE NULL HYPOTHESIS STATED IN THIS STUDY USING THE COMPUTED VALUE OF THE COEFFICIENT R. SLOVIN’S FORMULA - IT IS USED TO CALCULATE THE SAMPLE SIZE NECESSARY TO ACHIEVE A CERTAIN CONFIDENCE INTERVAL WHEN SAMPLING A POPULATION. THANK YOU