PPT3-PROKARYOTICEUKARYOTIC-ENDOSYMBIOSIS-CELLTYPES.pdf

PROKARYOTIC VS. EUKARYOTIC CELLS Subject: General Biology 1 Teacher: Arcellie L. Patdu, LPT Objectives: At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to: a. identify prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms; b. distinguish prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells according to their distinguishing...

PROKARYOTIC VS. EUKARYOTIC CELLS Subject: General Biology 1 Teacher: Arcellie L. Patdu, LPT Objectives: At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to: a. identify prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms; b. distinguish prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells according to their distinguishing features; c. describe specific examples of specialized animal and plant cells; and d. classify different cell types and functions of animal and plant tissues.  Eukaryotic (Multicellular) Comes from the Greek words ‘eu’ Cell Two Basic types which means ‘true’, and ‘karyon’, which means ‘nut or kernel,’ referring to the nucleus. Organelles are membrane bound. Prokaryotic Fundamental or basic unit of (Unicellular) life. Comes from the Greek words ‘pro’ which means ‘before’, and ‘karyon’, which means ‘nut or kernel,’ referring to the nucleus. The best example of a prokaryotic cell is the single-celled bacterium, Escherichia Coli.  Example of Prokaryotic Organisms Blue-green algae, bacteria and mycoplasma. Among prokaryotes, bacteria are the most common and multiply very fast. Examples of Eukaryotic Organisms Bees, mushroom, green algae, monkey, flowers, and yeast. Their cells are organized into compartmentalized structures such as nuclei, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and Golgi bodies.  Organelles are Long, linear DNA membrane-bound wrapped around histone proteins. Usually larger and complex Larger ribosomes No membrane- bound organelles Short circular DNA Usually smaller and less complex Small ribosomes  Asexual- one parent copies itself to form Sexual- an organism combines the genetic a genetically identical offspring. information from each of its parents and is genetically unique. PROKARYOTIC ORGANISMS EUKARYOTIC ORGANISMS ARCHAEBACTERIA BACTERIA ANIMALS FUNGI PLANTS PROTIST ENDOSYMBIOTIC THEORY States that the mitochondria and chloroplast in eukaryotic cells were once aerobic bacteria (prokaryote) that were ingested by a large anaerobic bacteria (prokaryote). This theory explains the origin of eukaryotic cells. Two organisms coexisting in one host caused the formation of eukaryotic organism. A ciliate (single-celled organism that has cilia structures.) species living in symbiotic relationship with green algae. The algae reside within the Paramecium and provide nourishment in the form of maltose; a by-product of Algal photosynthesis PARAMECIUM BURSARIA Classification and Function of Cell Types in Animal and Plant Tissue Complexity In Structure Of Organisms In all animals, except a few simple types, the circulatory system is used to transport nutrients and gases through the body. It is network of cylindrical vessels: the arteries, veins, and capillaries that emanate from a pump, the heart. Cell Types in Plants GROUND TISSUE: PARENCHYMA Structure: Parenchyma cells are living cells with thin primary cell walls. They have a relatively simple structure and are typically loosely packed with large intercellular spaces. Function: Parenchyma cells perform various functions depending on their location in the plant. They can store nutrients, photosynthesize, and facilitate gas exchange. In leaves, they form the mesophyll tissue. Location: Parenchyma cells are found in almost all plant organs, including leaves, stems, roots, and fruits GROUND TISSUE: COLLENCHYMA Structure: Collenchyma cells have thicker primary cell walls than parenchyma cells, but they lack of lignin, which makes them more flexible than sclerenchyma cells. They often have unevenly thickened walls, which provide mechanical support. Function: Collenchyma cells provide support and mechanical strength to young plant organs such as stems and leaves. They can elongate as the plant grows. Location: Collenchyma cells are commonly found beneath the epidermis in stems and petioles of young plants and in leaf veins. GROUND TISSUE: SCLERENCHYMA Structure: Sclerenchyma cells have thick, rigid secondary cell walls containing lignin, which makes them strong and durable. These cells are usually dead at maturity. Function: Sclerenchyma cells provide mechanical support and protection to the plant. They are particularly well-suited for providing support in mature plant parts. Types: Sclerenchyma cells can be classified into two types: Fibers, which are long and slender cells arranged in bundles Sclereids, which are shorter and irregularly shaped cells found in various plant parts. Location: Sclerenchyma cells are found in mature plant organs, such as stems, roots, and seed coats, where rigidity and support are essential. VASCULAR: XYLEM AND PHLOEM Xylem: Responsible for transporting water and minerals from the roots to the leaves. Xylem consists of vessel elements, tracheids, fibers, and parenchyma cells. Phloem: Responsible for transporting organic nutrients, primarily sugars, produced during photosynthesis from the leaves to other parts of the plant. Phloem consists of sieve tube elements, companion cells, fibers, and parenchyma cells. Cell Types in Animals  CELL TYPES IN ANIMALS FUNCTIONS Smaller units in kidneys aid in the filtering of blood NEPHRON CELLS and extraction of wastes. Send electrical signals among the brain, spinal cord NERVE CELLS and other organs of the body. Red blood cell's main function is to carry oxygen BLOOD CELLS from the lungs and deliver it throughout our body. White blood cell’s main function is to help destroy the harmful substance and prevent illness. Platelets are small, colorless cell fragments in our blood that form clots and stop or prevent bleeding.  CELL TYPES IN ANIMALS FUNCTIONS Stored fat for energy. FAT CELLS Produce hormones that influence metabolism. Protect underlying structures such as the lining in EPITHELIAL your mouth (Example: Squamous epithelial cells of CELLS inner lining mouth). Protection of the body against damage (Example: Stratified squamous epithelial cell of frog’s skin) There are two kinds of sex cells — sperm and eggs. REPRODUCTIVE/ Both a sperm and an egg are needed for human SEX/GAMETES CELLS reproduction.  CELL TYPES IN ANIMALS FUNCTIONS Bone cells are the cells that make up bone tissue. BONE CELLS Bone is a highly specialized connective tissue with three main functions; to protect the internal organs, to create a rigid frame for muscular movement, and to store minerals such as calcium and phosphorous. Muscle cells are specialized to contract, i.e. create a pulling MUSCLE CELLS force to stabilize or move parts of the body. There are three types of muscle cell: skeletal, smooth and cardiac. These stem cells are found in small numbers in most adult STEM CELLS tissues, such as bone marrow or fat. Compared with embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells have a more limited ability to give rise to various cells of the body. Generated for treatment of disease and tissue repair. Embryonic Stem Cells These stem cells come from embryos that are 3 to 5 days old. At this stage, an embryo is called a blastocyst and has about 150 cells. Adult Stem Cells These stem cells are found in small numbers in most adult tissues, such as bone marrow or fat. Compared with embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells have a more limited ability to give rise to various cells of the body.  LUNG CENTER OF THE PHILIPPINES- ST. LUKE'S MEDICAL CENTER, INC.-CENTER FOR MOLECULAR AND DIAGNOSTICS AND STEM CELL RESEARCH AND BLOOD AND MARROW CELLULAR THERAPEUTICS LABORATORY TRANSPLANT CENTER They offer: Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation Corneal resurfacing with limbal stem cells Skin regeneration with epidermal stem cells VENN DIAGRAM I. Compare the Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells using Venn Diagram PROKARYOTIC EUKARYOTIC II. Identify what type of cells make up the following. 1. Ribs 6. Teeth 2. Brain 7. Intestines 3. Heart 8. Sweat Glands 4. Skin 9. Nose 5. Hair 10. Ovaries Epithelial Cells Muscle Cells Nerve Cells Reproductive Cells Keratinocyte Bone Cells