Qualitative vs. Quantitative Research Techniques PDF

IMRAD Format Background of the Study Research questions Research Method (Quantitative/ Qualitative) Research Design (Descriptive/Experimental/Phenomenological) Findings Conclusions Recommendations Research Paradigm Research book, page 33- Data Data in research is any informati...

IMRAD Format Background of the Study Research questions Research Method (Quantitative/ Qualitative) Research Design (Descriptive/Experimental/Phenomenological) Findings Conclusions Recommendations Research Paradigm Research book, page 33- Data Data in research is any information that has been observed and collected to validate research findings and use as bases for drawing conclusions. These can be qualitative data or quantitative data.  RESEARCH DATA PRIMARY SOURCES SECONDARY SOURCES >observation >literature >interview >studies >questionnaire PRIMARY DATA >provide raw and first-hand information observation interview questionnaire PRIMARY DATA OBSERVATION OBSERVATION NON-PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION researcher Hawthorne Effect / Observer effect >Individuals modify or improve an aspect of their behavior in response to their awareness of being observed. under monitoring without monitoring PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION Observation: Experimental research INTERVIEW  R R  INTERVIEW STRUCTURED INTERVIEW UNSTRUCTURED INTERVIEW INTERVIEW STRUCTURED INTERVIEW UNSTRUCTURED INTERVIEW SEMI-STRUCTURED INTERVIEW QUESTIONNAIRE SECONDARY DATA >data that are usually second- hand information, discussion and analysis from other writers and researchers. (books, thesis, dissertation, etc.) POPULATION >a large collection of individuals that have a common characteristic or trait and are the main focus of a scientific query. SAMPLE SIZE >the subset of the population being studied. It represents the larger population and is used to draw inferences about the population. SLOVIN’S FORMULA To determine the sample size of the population, Slovin’s formula is used. Where: n= sample size N= population size e= margin of error Compute the sample size 210 Grade 11 students for the SY 2022-2023 210 Grade 11 students for the SY 2022-2023 Compute the sample size 1200 students for the SY 2022-2023 1200 Junior High School Students for the SY 2022-2023 Respondents : Junior High School Students Stratified random sampling is a type of probability sampling technique which intends to guarantee that the sample represents specific subgroups or strata (GRADES 7,8,9,10). Grade 7 395 X 300 = 98.76 99 respondents 1200 Grade 8 305 X 300 = 76.26 76 respondents 1200 Grade 9 290 X 300 = 72.51 73 respondents 1200 Grade 10 210 X 300 = 52.5 53 respondents 1200 Respondents : Junior High School Students Stratified random sampling is a type of probability sampling technique which intends to guarantee that the sample represents specific subgroups or strata (section/batch). Grade 7 (10 sections) Grade 8 (10 sections) Grade 9 (10 sections) Grade 10 (8 sections) Grade 10 (8 sections/batches) Archimedes 1 Einstein 1 26 X 53 = 6.56 7 26 X 53 = 6.56 7 respondents respondents 210 210 Einstein 2 26 X 53 = 6.56 7 respondents Archimedes 2 210 27 X 53 = 6.82 7 respondents 210 Faraday 1 26 X 53 = 6.56 7 respondents 210 Edison 1 Faraday 2 27 X 53 = 6.82 7 27 X 53 = 6.82 7 respondents respondents 210 210 Sampling technique: Systematic random sampling In systematic random sampling, the researcher first randomly picks the first item or subject from the population. Then, the researcher will select each nth subject from the list. (Example: 7th name was selected; you will then select next on the list the 14th, 21st , 28th …) 3rd , 6th 3rd, 6th, 9th, … IN IDENTIFYING THE NTH NUMBER, MAKE SURE THAT THE NUMBER OF FEMALE RESPONDENTS AND MALE RESPONDENTS IN THE CLASS SHOULD BE THE SAME. EX. 5 BOYS AND 5 GIRLS IN EACH SECTION.  SAMPLING TECHNIQUE DESCRIPTIVE QUALITATIVE RESEARCH RESEARCH QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH >purposive sampling, >probability sampling, In-dept interview survey questionnaire EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH >observation, quantitative, variables