Chapter 3 Research Methodology PDF

 Desciptive Research - surveys - assessment and evaluation - comparative studies - correlational studies  Qualitative Research - unstructured, non-numeric primary data  Quantitative Research - structured, quantifies the variation...

 Desciptive Research - surveys - assessment and evaluation - comparative studies - correlational studies  Qualitative Research - unstructured, non-numeric primary data  Quantitative Research - structured, quantifies the variation in a phenomenon 1. Documentary data- Secondary data -data not obtained directly - books, journals, newspapers, etc. 2. Empirical data- primary data - data obtained directly from the respondents - questionnaire, personal interviews, and observations  Population - All elements under consideration 1. Finite - frames that can be counted 2. Infinite - frames that cannot be counted -ex: stars, no. of pedestrian that will cross the street, cars that will cross mendiola  It is a part of the population  It maybe representative or not, depending on how it is selected  It is the small group that is observed by the researchers  Slovin’s formula n= N ------------- 1+ Ne2 n – a sample size N – population size e – the margin of error (at.05 minimum) Population size is 1000 Margin of error is.05 n = 1000 ------------ 1 + 1000 (.05)2 n = 285.7 or 286 1. Rule of thumb – 20% of the population is tenable but there is no statement regarding its validity 2. Central Limit Theorem {for descriptive and survey research) – the greater the sample size the nearer the result - if the population is not very large, 50% and above should be considered 1. Descriptive research – 10% of the population. For smaller population, a minimum of 20% may be required. 2. Correlational research – 30 subjects 3. Experimental research – 15-30 subjects per group 3. When lesser than 50% but lower than 30%, parametric statistics may be used but interpretations shall be limited for the sample considered. 4. When lesser than 30 elements and it is a purposive sample, the interpretation are limited to the samples only 1. Probability sample – all elements in the population are given equal chance of being selected - random samples - best representative samples of the population frame and are valid 2. Non-Probability sampling –sample is not proportion of the population and there is no system in selecting sample a. Simple random 1. Lottery method – fish bowl technique 2. Table random number – most systematic, mechanically generated by a computer b. Systematic sampling with a random start - planned strategy with for selecting members from a starting point at random a. Identify the population of the study b. Determine the desired samlple size, then apply the formula: N K= ------- n K= desired interval N= population n= sample size Example: population=800 and your desired sample size is 10%, which is 80. Formula: N 800 K= ------ 10 = ------- n 80 Sampling interval is 10 c. Hence , in the example, every 10th in the list is taken as a member of the sample. d. Close your eyes and run your finger down the list and then stop. The number, which the finger points to at, is the random start number. e. From the random start number, pick every 10th in the list until the desired sample size is obtained 3. Stratified Random sampling (used when the respondents of the study has class stratification or grouping) Note: the sample size should be proportional or the same percent is applied for each class or stratum 4. Purposive sampling Determines the target population or those to be involved in the study 1. Accidental sampling No system of selection but only those whom the researcher meets by chance are included in the sample. This is only resorted when there is no other alternative 2. Convenience sampling – the process of picking out people in the most convenient and fastest way to immediately get their reaction. (biased in nature)  Discuss the following: a. the construction of your instrument b. the parts/ sections of your instrument c. the validity and reliability of the instrument d. evaluation and scoring Structured Self-Report Instruments - formal, written instrument - interview schedule, either face- to-face or telephone interviews - questionnaire or SAQ (self- administered questionnaire) - PAPI (Paper-and-pencil instrument a. The language must be clear and specific; it should not be equivocal in meaning b. The items on the questionnaire must represent a single idea c. The items in the questionnaire must be free from bias and assumptions d. The questionnaire must give the proper evaluation and scoring, and proper interpretation. An example for the scoring should be shown e. The item in the questionnaire, in order to be statistically viable, should, as much as possible, have the same scoring and the same options for a single objective or purpose Questionnaires -most commonly used tool to generate data -also called the survey form -it refers to paper and pencil data- gathering method by letting the subject or respondent complete the questionnaire -an inventory of pieces of information which the researcher anticipates to gather from a respondent 1. Open-ended Questionnaire - respondents are asked to give written reply in their own words in narrative fashion - adequate space must be provided to permit a full response 1. Open-ended Questionnaire Advantage: - allows richer and fuller perspective on the topic of interest - gives freedom to respondents and are not forced into choosing from response options 1. Open-ended Questionnaire Disadvantages: - analysis is more difficult and time-consuming - difficult to get cooperation from respondents who are unable to express themselves verbally 2. Closed-ended questionnaire - fixed-alternative questions - offer respondents response options, from which they must choose the one that most closely matches the appropriate answer - 2. Closed-ended questionnaire Advantages: - easy to administer and to analyze - more efficient because respondents can complete answering in a given amount of time - minimizes respondents writing burden 2. Closed-ended questionnaire Disadvantages: - Difficult to construct - they can be superficial, may neglect or overlooked potentially important responses Checklist - sometimes called matrix questions - include several questions with the same response format - two-dimensional arrangement in which a series of questions is listed along one dimension (usually vertically) and response alternatives are listed along the other Likert Scale – most widely used scaling technique named after pyschologist Rensis Likert. - consist of declarative items that express a viewpoint on a topic, indicate the degree to which the respondents agree or disagree with opinion express Discuss the following in sequence of events a. Preliminaries letter to the Dean/ Brgy Captain/ Chief Nurse/ Hospital Administrator/ Manager, etc. b. Orientation/ briefing of interviewers c. Distribution system d. Retrieval/ retrieval rate  Indicate the statistical tools of the study  Identify which part of the research problem will make use of the specified statistical tools. 1. Percentage and frequency distribution – used to get the profile of the respondents 2. Weighted mean – used to get the average response of the participants 3. Pearson r- used to determine if there is significant relationship between variables 4. T-test – used to determine if there is significant difference between 2 groups of participants 5. Analysis of variance – (ANOVA) used to determine if there is significant difference between 3 or more groups of participants 6. Chi-square test – used to test significant differences when there are one or more categorized variable 7. Z-test – non-parametic test for testing significant difference or proportion