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Questions and Answers
What is the total number of sections for Grade 7 students?
Which grade has the highest number of respondents?
In stratified random sampling, what is ensured?
How is the nth respondent determined in systematic random sampling?
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Which sampling technique is described as selecting respondents based on specific criteria?
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What is one characteristic of qualitative research listed?
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What is a requirement when identifying the nth number in systematic random sampling?
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Which described method is NOT a form of quantitative research?
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What type of data is collected through direct observation, interviews, and questionnaires?
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What is the main characteristic of stratified random sampling?
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Which interview type is characterized by a flexible format without a fixed set of questions?
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What impact does the Hawthorne Effect have on research participants?
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Which formula is used to determine the sample size from a population?
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What is secondary data primarily derived from?
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What does a population refer to in research terminology?
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What is the purpose of participant observation in research?
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What type of research design aims to collect data at one point in time and analyze it?
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Which observation method involves the researcher actively engaging with the participants?
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Which type of interview has a fixed format and strictly adheres to a predetermined set of questions?
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In the context of research, which of the following is a characteristic of primary data?
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What does the sample size represent in a research study?
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Which of the following is a key characteristic of secondary data?
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What does the Hawthorne Effect specifically describe in research?
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Which sampling technique focuses on ensuring the representation of specific subgroups within a population?
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What must be ensured when determining the nth number in systematic random sampling?
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In the context of the provided sampling techniques, which one allows for the selection of respondents based on their characteristics?
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What is the method used to reduce bias by selecting subjects in a structured manner?
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Which group of students has the least number of respondents according to the sample data provided?
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In which type of research is a survey questionnaire primarily utilized?
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How many sections does Grade 10 contain and how are the respondents divided?
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Which of the following best represents qualitative research methods mentioned?
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What is the primary difference between quantitative and qualitative research as indicated?
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Study Notes
Research Data
- Data in research is any information observed and collected to validate research findings and draw conclusions. This data can be qualitative or quantitative.
Primary Sources
- Provide raw, first-hand information
- Observation
- Interview
- Questionnaire
Secondary Sources
- Data that is usually second-hand information, discussion, and analysis from other writers and researchers, including books, thesis, and dissertations.
Primary Data
Observation
- Non-participant observation: The researcher observes without actively participating.
- Participant Observation: The researcher actively participates while observing. This may result in the Hawthorne effect.
- Hawthorne effect: Individuals modify or improve their behavior in response to awareness of being observed.
Interview
- Structured Interview: The interview is based on a standardized set of questions asked in a specific order.
- Semi-Structured Interview: Allows for flexibility and allows the researcher to adapt the questions based on the interviewee's responses.
- Unstructured Interview: Has no predetermined questions, the conversation flows naturally.
Questionnaire
- A set of structured questions used to gather information from a sample of individuals.
Secondary Data
- Used to validate primary research findings.
Population and Sample Size
- Population: A large collection of individuals with a common characteristic or trait. This is the main focus of the scientific query.
- Sample Size : A subset of the population being studied. It represents the larger population and is used to draw inferences about the population.
-
Slovin's Formula is used to calculate the sample size based on the population size and margin of error. Formula - n = N/(1+Ne^2)
- n = sample size
- N = population size
- e = margin of error
Sampling Techniques
- Probability Sampling: Used to create a representative sample
- Stratified Random Sampling: The population is divided into subgroups (stratified).
- Example: Divide students by grade level
-
Systematic Random Sampling: The researcher randomly picks the first subject, then selects every nth subject on the list.
- Example: If the 7th name is selected, the next subject would be the 14th
- To be representative, ensure an equal number of male and female respondents in each class.
Research Methodologies
-
Qualitative Research: Focuses on understanding meaning and exploring complex social phenomena.
- Purposive Sampling: Choosing participants based on specific characteristics or traits related to the research topic.
- In-depth Interview: Open-ended conversations to gain a deep understanding of individual experiences, perspectives, and insights.
-
Quantitative Research: Focuses on measuring and quantifying data to examine relationships, trends, and patterns.
- Probability Sampling: Used to ensure the sample is representative of the population.
- Survey Questionnaire: A structured set of questions used to collect quantitative data about a population.
-
Experimental Research: Focuses on manipulating variables to study the effects on a dependent variable.
- Observation: Used to collect data under controlled conditions. The researcher observes and records data related to the experimental variables.
- Quantitative: Data is collected and analyzed using statistical methods
Research Data
- Data is any information that has been observed and accumulated to support research findings.
- Data can be either qualitative or quantitative.
Primary Sources
- Provide raw, first-hand information
- Examples of primary sources include:
- Observation
- Interview
- Questionnaire
Observation
- A method of data collection where the researcher observes and records behavior or events.
Non-Participant Observation
- The researcher observes the phenomenon without actively participating in the situation.
Participant Observation
- The researcher actively participates in the phenomenon being studied.
Hawthorne Effect
- Individuals change or improve their behavior when they are aware of being observed.
Interview
- A method where the researcher asks questions to individuals to gather data.
Structured Interview
- The researcher follows a pre-defined set of questions and does not deviate from the structure.
Unstructured Interview
- The researcher has a list of general topics but allows the conversation to flow naturally.
Semi-Structured Interview
- The researcher has a set of questions, but is willing to adapt to new topics that arise during the conversation.
Questionnaire
- A set of written questions that are distributed to respondents.
Secondary Data
- Data that is not originally collected by the researcher.
- It refers to information analyzed and discussed by other writers and researchers.
- Examples include books, thesis, and dissertations.
Population
- A large collection of individuals with common characteristics or traits.
Sample
- A subset of the population that is selected to represent the larger population and is used to draw inferences.
Slovin's Formula
- This formula is used to determine the sample size of a population.
- Formula: n = (N / (1 + Ne^2))
- n= sample size
- N= population size
- e= margin of error
Sampling Technique
- A method used to select a sample from a population.
Stratified Random Sampling
- Ensures that the sample represents specific subgroups within the population.
- Each subgroup is called a stratum.
Systematic Random Sampling
- The researcher randomly selects the first item or subject and then chooses every nth subject from the list.
- Example: if the 7th subject is chosen, the researcher would then select subjects 14th, 21st, 28th, etc.
Research Methods
- Different approaches to conducting research.
Qualitative Research
- Focuses on understanding the meaning and interpretation of phenomena.
- Examples:
- Purposive sampling
- In-depth interviews
Quantitative Research
-
Focuses on measuring and quantifying phenomena.
-
Examples:
- Probability sampling
- Survey questionnaires
Experimental Research
- A method used to test hypotheses and determine cause-and-effect relationships.
- Uses observation, quantitative data, and variables.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the different types of research data, including primary and secondary sources. Understand the concepts of qualitative and quantitative data along with observation and interview techniques. This quiz will help reinforce your understanding of research methodologies.
