US HC Systems and History of Pharm and Prof Pharm Orgs (PDF)

(PPT NO. 1 – PROFESSOR KRINSKY) US HC Systems and History of Pharm and Prof Pharm Orgs 1. What is the primary focus of the US healthcare system? A: It focuses on treating illness rather than prevention, often referred to as a "sick care" system. 2. Name two key reports from the Institute of...

(PPT NO. 1 – PROFESSOR KRINSKY) US HC Systems and History of Pharm and Prof Pharm Orgs 1. What is the primary focus of the US healthcare system? A: It focuses on treating illness rather than prevention, often referred to as a "sick care" system. 2. Name two key reports from the Institute of Medicine related to healthcare improvement. A: "To Err is Human" (1999) and "Crossing the Quality Chasm" (2001). 3. What are the main goals of Healthy People 2030? A: To promote quality of life, reduce disparities, and improve overall health through 355 measurable objectives. 4. What is a healthcare disparity? A: A difference in health outcomes across various population groups due to factors like race, gender, and socioeconomic status. 5. How does technology impact healthcare today? A: Through electronic health records, prescription processing, and clinical decision support. 6. Who are primary healthcare providers? A: Physicians, nurse practitioners, and physician assistants who provide initial and ongoing care. 7. What is the role of pharmacists in healthcare? A: To dispense medications, provide patient counseling, and manage medication therapy. 8. Define preventive care in healthcare. A: Services like vaccinations and screenings aimed at preventing diseases. 9. What is the function of emergency/urgent care? A: To provide immediate treatment for acute conditions and injuries. 10. What is an integrated care system? A: A coordinated approach to healthcare delivery, often involving networks like Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs). 11. How do federal agencies regulate healthcare? A: Agencies like CMS and FDA oversee health standards, insurance programs, and drug/device safety. 12. What does CMS stand for? A: Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. 13. What is the purpose of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)? A: To regulate pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and food safety. 14. Name a quality accreditation organization in healthcare. A: The Joint Commission (JCAHO). 15. What protection does the "No Surprises Act" provide? A: It protects consumers from unexpected medical bills for emergency and out-of-network care. 16. What was a key finding of "To Err is Human"? A: Preventable medical errors result in 44,000-98,000 deaths annually in the US. 17. What is the mission of the CDC? A: To promote public health and prevent diseases. 18. Define health equity. A: The attainment of the highest level of health for all people. 19. What is the Affordable Care Act (ACA)? A: A 2010 law aimed at expanding access to affordable health insurance. 20. How does Medicare differ from Medicaid? A: Medicare is for seniors and some younger individuals with disabilities; Medicaid is for low- income individuals and families. 21. What are health insurance premiums? A: Regular payments made to an insurance company to maintain health coverage. 22. Explain "cost-sharing" in health insurance. A: It includes deductibles, copayments, and coinsurance, where patients pay part of healthcare costs. 23. What is CHIP? A: Children’s Health Insurance Program, providing coverage for children in low-income families. 24. Define out-of-pocket payments in healthcare. A: Costs paid directly by individuals for services not covered by insurance. 25. What is HEDIS? A: Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set, a tool for measuring healthcare quality. 26. What is evidence-based practice? A: Healthcare decisions based on scientific research and patient preferences. 27. What role does the NIH play in healthcare? A: Funding medical research and supporting health initiatives. 28. Describe an Accountable Care Organization (ACO). A: A network of healthcare providers working together to improve patient outcomes. 29. What is the purpose of the Pharmacy Benefit Manager (PBM)? A: To manage prescription drug plans, negotiate prices, and determine covered services. 30. Name one major goal of the ACA. A: To make health insurance more affordable and accessible. 31. Who is eligible for Medicare? A: People 65 and older and individuals with certain disabilities. 32. What does the Institute of Medicine (IOM) advocate for? A: Safer, more effective, and patient-centered healthcare. 33. What is the primary role of the American Pharmacists Association (APhA)? A: To represent and advocate for pharmacists in the US. 34. Name a prominent pharmacy accrediting organization. A: National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA). 35. What was the purpose of the Hill-Burton Act? A: To fund hospital and healthcare facility construction in underserved areas. 36. Describe managed care in pharmacy. A: Coordinated healthcare delivery to manage costs and improve patient outcomes. 37. What is the importance of the Durham-Humphrey Amendment? A: It created the distinction between prescription and over-the-counter drugs. 38. Who was Hippocrates? A: An ancient Greek physician who promoted health through diet and lifestyle. 39. How did the Renaissance impact pharmacy? A: It led to the development of pharmacopeias and advancements in medical knowledge. 40. What is the US Pharmacopoeia (USP)? A: A publication establishing drug standards for purity and quality. 41. What was the role of apothecaries in colonial America? A: They manufactured and wholesaled medicines, with physicians often dispensing drugs themselves. 42. Who proposed separating pharmacy and medicine? A: John Morgan, advocating for distinct roles for pharmacists and physicians. 43. What led to the establishment of the American Pharmaceutical Association (APhA)? A: A need for standardized practices and representation for pharmacists. 44. What was the significance of the American Journal of Pharmacy? A: It was the first pharmacy journal, promoting knowledge exchange. 45. Define "counter prescribing." A: When pharmacists recommend over-the-counter medications for minor ailments. 46. How did the Civil War impact American pharmacy? A: It accelerated the growth of large-scale drug manufacturing. 47. What is a soda fountain’s significance in pharmacy history? A: It symbolized the merging of retail and pharmacy, common in early drugstores. 48. What are the five domains of HEDIS? A: Effectiveness, access, experience, utilization, and health plan information. 49. Why was the Hill-Burton Act important? A: It provided funding for healthcare facilities in underserved areas. 50. What was the role of early "druggists"? A: Pharmacists who also ran retail stores, selling medicines and general goods. 51. How did pharmacy schools influence the profession by the early 20th century? A: They raised education standards, leading to professionalization of pharmacists. 52. What was Abraham Flexner's view on pharmacy? A: He argued that pharmacy was not a true profession due to limited responsibilities. 53. What impact did the Flexner Report have on pharmacy education? A: It encouraged reforms that emphasized a scientific approach in pharmacy training. 54. What change did the Pharmaceutical Survey advocate for in 1949? A: Development of a six-year PharmD degree to elevate the profession. 55. What was the purpose of the 1951 Durham-Humphrey Amendment? A: To legally separate prescription and over-the-counter drugs. 56. How did the "Drugstore Era" shape pharmacy? A: It established pharmacists as both healthcare providers and retailers. 57. Describe the 1975 Millis Commission report's influence on pharmacy. A: It recommended expanding clinical education in pharmacy schools. 58. What was the role of the "apothecary" in early pharmacy? A: They prepared and sold medications, often working as early pharmacists. 59. When was the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy (AACP) founded? A: In 1900, to advance pharmacy education and research. 60. What organization represents independent pharmacies in the US? A: National Community Pharmacists Association (NCPA). 61. What does the National Institutes of Health (NIH) do? A: Conducts and funds medical research to improve public health. 62. Define "quality improvement" in healthcare. A: Efforts to systematically improve care and patient outcomes. 63. What was the main focus of pharmacy practice during the "Clinical Pharmacy Era"? A: Transition from dispensing to providing drug information and patient care. 64. What is the Medicare Part D program? A: A program providing prescription drug coverage for Medicare beneficiaries. 65. What impact did the Hill-Burton Act have on hospitals? A: It funded the construction of hospitals in underserved areas. 66. What are the three primary goals of the ACA? A: Expand insurance coverage, improve care quality, and reduce healthcare costs. 67. What is the role of pharmacists in Medication Therapy Management (MTM)? A: To optimize drug therapy and improve therapeutic outcomes for patients. 68. Who were William Proctor Jr. and Edward Parrish? A: Founders of the American Pharmaceutical Association (APhA). 69. Why was the 1938 Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act significant? A: It regulated drug safety and established standards for drug efficacy. 70. What did the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) regulate? A: The distribution and control of substances with abuse potential. 71. Define "therapeutic equivalence" in pharmacy. A: When two drugs have the same therapeutic effects and safety profile. 72. How did the pharmaceutical industry change after World War II? A: Growth in production and distribution, as well as regulatory oversight. 73. What is the significance of the Pharmacists’ Patient Care Process? A: It standardizes the approach to patient care, enhancing the pharmacist's role. 74. What was the "five-year" pharmacy program? A: An educational reform that lengthened pharmacy training to five years. 75. What does ASHP stand for? A: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. 76. How does value-based care differ from fee-for-service? A: Value-based care focuses on outcomes and efficiency rather than service volume. 77. What is the mission of the American College of Clinical Pharmacy (ACCP)? A: To advance clinical pharmacy and promote specialized certifications. 78. What historical period saw pharmacy separated from medicine? A: The Middle Ages, especially in Islamic regions and Europe. 79. Why was the APhA Code of Ethics in 1952 notable? A: It emphasized a limited role for pharmacists in discussing prescriptions with patients. 80. What was the purpose of the 1965 Medicare and Medicaid legislation? A: To provide healthcare coverage for elderly, low-income, and disabled individuals. 81. What are "formularies" in a hospital setting? A: Lists of approved medications used to streamline prescribing and costs. 82. Why is clinical education important in pharmacy? A: It prepares pharmacists for patient-centered care roles. 83. What does "pharmaceutical care" focus on? A: Patient outcomes and medication management to improve quality of life. 84. What is the primary purpose of HHS? A: To protect the health of all Americans and provide essential human services. 85. What are social determinants of health? A: Conditions affecting health, like socioeconomic status, education, and environment. 86. What was a key milestone for US healthcare in the 20th century? A: The implementation of Medicare and Medicaid programs. 87. What is the purpose of clinical decision support in healthcare? A: To assist providers with therapeutic decisions, improving patient outcomes. 88. What did the passage of the Hill-Burton Act signify? A: Federal commitment to expanding healthcare infrastructure. 89. What role do quality accreditation organizations play? A: They assess healthcare organizations to ensure quality and safety. 90. Who is eligible for CHIP? A: Children from families with incomes too high for Medicaid but too low for private insurance. 91. What is the FDA's role in public health? A: To ensure the safety and efficacy of food, drugs, and medical devices. 92. Describe the function of an Accountable Care Organization (ACO). A: It coordinates healthcare services to improve patient outcomes and reduce costs. 93. What did the Medicare Prescription Drug Improvement and Modernization Act introduce? A: Medicare Part D, providing drug coverage for Medicare beneficiaries. 94. How did the Clinical Pharmacy Era impact patient care? A: Pharmacists took on more active roles in patient counseling and drug therapy management. 95. What is the NCQA's role in healthcare? A: Accredits health plans and providers for quality assurance. 96. What does the term "pharmaceutical care" entail? A: A focus on optimizing patient health outcomes through medication management. 97. Why was the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations established? A: To ensure healthcare facilities meet established safety and quality standards. 98. What organization accredits pharmacy residency programs? A: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP). 99. Why are public health programs important in healthcare? A: They focus on disease prevention and health education. 100. What is the significance of the Pharmacy Benefit Manager (PBM) in healthcare? A: PBMs negotiate drug prices and manage pharmacy benefits within health insurance plans.