PPT No. 1 - Organic Chemistry in Pharmacy PDF

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY IN PHARMACY – PPT NO. 1 (DR. GUPTA) 1. What are the two primary categories of drug molecules? A: Inorganic and organic compounds. 2. What is the significance of organic chemistry in pharmacy? A: It helps understand the molecular structure, properties, and interactions of drug mo...

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY IN PHARMACY – PPT NO. 1 (DR. GUPTA) 1. What are the two primary categories of drug molecules? A: Inorganic and organic compounds. 2. What is the significance of organic chemistry in pharmacy? A: It helps understand the molecular structure, properties, and interactions of drug molecules. 3. Give an example of a drug with an inorganic active component. A: Cisplatin (Platinol®), a chemotherapy drug. 4. What therapeutic class does Cisplatin belong to? A: Anticancer agent. 5. What is the mechanism of action of Cisplatin? A: DNA alkylating agent that forms cross-links in DNA. 6. Why is Carboplatin preferred over Cisplatin in some cases? A: It is less nephrotoxic than Cisplatin. 7. What are fluoride salts used for in dentistry? A: They enhance tooth enamel strength. 8. Give an example of a fluoride-containing dental product. A: Sodium fluoride (Prevident®). 9. What therapeutic class does silver sulfadiazine (SSD®) belong to? A: Topical antibacterial. 10. How does silver sulfadiazine work? A: It disrupts bacterial cell walls and membranes. 11. What is the main use of bismuth subsalicylate? A: Anti-diarrheal, antacid, and antiulcer agent. 12. How does bismuth subsalicylate help with ulcers? A: It has antibacterial effects against H. pylori. 13. What condition is treated with lithium carbonate (Eskalith®)? A: Bipolar disorder. 14. Name an anti-anemic iron salt. A: Ferrous sulfate (Feosol®). 15. Define glycosides. A: Compounds with a carbohydrate moiety attached to a non-carbohydrate moiety. 16. What class of antibiotics do tobramycin and amikacin belong to? A: Aminoglycosides. 17. What is the primary action of aminoglycosides? A: Inhibit bacterial protein synthesis. 18. What is a common use for heparin derivatives? A: Antithrombotic agents. 19. What type of drug is digoxin (Lanoxin®)? A: A cardiac glycoside. 20. What therapeutic class does fludarabine phosphate belong to? A: Immunosuppressant and anticancer agent. 21. What is the action of fludarabine phosphate in cancer therapy? A: It inhibits ribonucleotide reductase, terminating DNA synthesis. 22. Which drug is used to inhibit dietary fat absorption? A: Orlistat (Xenical®). 23. What is Orlistat’s mechanism of action? A: Lipase inhibitor. 24. Give an example of an omega-3 fatty acid supplement. A: Lovaza® (formerly Omacor®). 25. Why are peptides and proteins challenging to administer orally? A: Poor absorption due to polarity and degradation by enzymes. 26. How does PEGylation help in drug delivery? A: Increases half-life and decreases dosing frequency. 27. Give an example of a PEGylated drug. A: Peginterferon alfa-2b (PEG-Intron®). 28. What is the primary function of insulin in the body? A: To lower blood glucose by promoting glycogen synthesis. 29. What does recombinant human insulin (Humulin®) treat? A: Diabetes. 30. What enzyme therapy is used for cystic fibrosis? A: Dornase alfa (Pulmozyme®). 31. What condition is treated with asparaginase (Elspar®)? A: Certain types of cancer. 32. What is a peptidomimetic? A: A small molecule that mimics a peptide’s structure and function. 33. How do monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) work? A: They target a specific antigen or epitope. 34. What was the first FDA-approved monoclonal antibody? A: Muromonab (Orthoclone OKT3®). 35. What is the role of PEG in PEGylation? A: It enhances drug solubility and stability. 36. What are monoclonal antibodies used for in diagnostics? A: To detect specific proteins, e.g., pregnancy tests. 37. How are monoclonal antibodies named? A: Based on their target, source, and function. 38. What does “-mab” at the end of a drug name signify? A: It is a monoclonal antibody. 39. What does “-ximab” indicate in a monoclonal antibody drug name? A: It is a chimeric monoclonal antibody. 40. What therapeutic use does bevacizumab (Avastin®) have? A: It treats various cancers by inhibiting angiogenesis. 41. Name a monoclonal antibody used to treat autoimmune diseases. A: Infliximab (Remicade®). 42. What is targeted therapy? A: Treatment that targets specific molecules involved in disease. 43. How does pegylation affect immunogenicity? A: It reduces immunogenicity of therapeutic proteins. 44. What is the target of trastuzumab (Herceptin®)? A: HER2 receptor in breast cancer. 45. What are glycosides primarily used for in pharmaceuticals? A: As antibiotics, anticancer agents, and antidiabetics. 46. Which enzyme is used for SCID treatment? A: Pegademase bovine (Adagen®). 47. What is the therapeutic class of rituximab (Rituxan®)? A: Monoclonal antibody for cancer and autoimmune diseases. 48. How does fludarabine work in the immune system? A: It suppresses immune cell proliferation by inhibiting DNA synthesis. 49. What is the role of omega-3 fatty acids in therapy? A: They reduce blood lipid levels. 50. Which monoclonal antibody treats RSV in infants? A: Palivizumab (Synagis®). 51. What are steroids used for in pharmaceuticals? A: As anti-inflammatory agents and hormone replacements. 52. What type of drug is dornase alfa (Pulmozyme®)? A: Enzyme therapy for respiratory conditions. 53. How do enzymes like streptokinase help in cardiovascular diseases? A: They dissolve blood clots by activating plasminogen. 54. Why is protein PEGylation important in enzyme replacement therapy? A: It prolongs the enzyme's activity and reduces dosing frequency. 55. What does “-zumab” indicate in a drug’s name? A: It is a humanized monoclonal antibody. 56. Which drug is used for antithrombotic therapy? A: Heparin and its derivatives. 57. What is the function of lipase inhibitors like orlistat? A: To block fat absorption and promote weight loss. 58. What does the “-ci(r)-” prefix in monoclonal antibody names represent? A: Targeting the cardiovascular system. 59. What do platinum compounds treat in medicine? A: Various cancers by interfering with DNA. 60. What limits the oral bioavailability of proteins and peptides? A: Poor absorption and degradation by digestive enzymes. 61. Why is fludarabine classified as a purine analog? A: It mimics purine bases to interfere with DNA synthesis. 62. How does bismuth subsalicylate function as an antidiarrheal? A: It binds toxins and reduces gastric motility. 63. What is a primary use for carboplatin? A: Treatment of lung and ovarian cancers. 64. How do cardiac glycosides like digoxin work? A: They strengthen heart contractions by inhibiting Na+/K+ ATPase. 65. What is pegylation? A: Attaching polyethylene glycol to molecules to improve pharmacokinetics. 66. What condition is treated with monoclonal antibody abciximab (ReoPro®)? A: Prevention of blood clots during coronary procedures. 67. Which drug uses beta-lactone for anti-obesity? A: Orlistat. 68. What is the action of monoclonal antibodies against tumors? A: Targeting and inhibiting specific tumor antigens. 69. Which condition does Gemtuzumab ozogamicin (Mylotarg®) target? A: Leukemia, by linking to an antitumor antibiotic. 70. How does pegylation impact the solubility of drugs? A: Increases solubility, reducing immune response. 71. What is targeted by anti-infective MAbs like omalizumab (Xolair®)? A: Allergic conditions by binding to IgE. 72. What does “-lim” indicate in monoclonal antibody targeting? A: Immune system target. 73. How are monoclonal antibodies sourced in the body? A: Derived from B-lymphocytes. 74. What does daclizumab (Zenapax®) treat? A: Organ transplant rejection. 75. What class does alpha-glucosidase inhibitors like acarbose belong to? A: Antidiabetic agents. 76. Why is PEG safe in cosmetics and food? A: It has low toxicity and minimal immunogenicity. 77. What condition is managed by adenosine deaminase replacement therapy? A: Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID). 78. Why are glycosides used in cardiac medications? A: They affect cardiac muscle contraction strength. 79. What condition is pegfilgrastim (Neulasta®) used to treat? A: Neutropenia in cancer patients. 80. Which enzyme treats ADA deficiency? A: Pegademase bovine (Adagen®). 81. How do omega-3 fatty acids help in cardiovascular health? A: Lower triglycerides and improve heart function. 82. How do antifungal medications like amphotericin B function? A: They bind to ergosterol, disrupting fungal cell membranes. 83. What enzyme is used for thrombolytic therapy? A: Streptokinase. 84. How does the chemical structure of lipids affect drug formulation? A: Lipid solubility influences absorption and delivery. 85. Why are nucleosides used in antiviral medications? A: They inhibit viral replication by interfering with DNA/RNA. 86. Which condition is treated with monoclonal antibody bevacizumab? A: Cancer, by inhibiting blood vessel growth in tumors. 87. What is a therapeutic use of gold salts? A: Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. 88. How do prostanoid-based drugs like latanoprost work? A: Reduce intraocular pressure in glaucoma. 89. What effect does pegylation have on enzyme drugs? A: Prolongs the duration of action. 90. Which monoclonal antibody targets the immune system? A: Adalimumab (Humira®). 91. What are conjugated monoclonal antibodies used for? A: Targeted drug delivery, often for cancer therapy. 92. What is the effect of alpha-glucosidase inhibitors on blood sugar? A: They slow carbohydrate absorption, reducing blood glucose spikes. 93. Which therapeutic enzyme is derived from E. coli for cancer? A: Asparaginase. 94. Which class of molecules do amino acids, peptides, and proteins fall under? A: Organic compounds used as drugs. 95. What is the primary action of insulin analogs? A: Lowering blood glucose. 96. Why are synthetic gene networks significant in drug discovery? A: They enable targeted cellular responses in disease treatment. 97. What advantage do bioengineered peptides offer? A: Greater stability and targeted activity. 98. What is the benefit of using synthetic biology in pharmacy? A: Enables personalized and precise therapeutic approaches. 99. How do PEGs act as osmotic laxatives? A: They draw water into the intestines to relieve constipation. 100. What is the role of targeted therapies in modern medicine? A: They improve treatment efficacy by focusing on specific disease mechanisms.