Territorial Changes and Wars in Latin America (1820-1930) PDF

Territorial Changes and Wars in Latin America, 1820-1930 Images selected herein for unique classroom presentation and may be subject to copyright Spain sells FL to USA in 1819/21 in the “AdamsOnís Treaty”. U.S. forgives $5 million damage claim Viceroyalty of (from 1521/1535 to 1821, though took time...

Territorial Changes and Wars in Latin America, 1820-1930 Images selected herein for unique classroom presentation and may be subject to copyright Spain sells FL to USA in 1819/21 in the “AdamsOnís Treaty”. U.S. forgives $5 million damage claim Viceroyalty of (from 1521/1535 to 1821, though took time to expand) France sells Louisiana to USA In 1803 for $15 million Viceroyalty of New Granada (1717) Britain controlled parts of coasts in C.A. (Belize and coast of Nicaragua), shown in pink Map of New Spain (Colonial Mexico) 2 Mexico c. 1823-1836 Central American (former “intendencies” in New Spain) separate from Mexico between 1821 and 1823 Map of Independent Mexico (Note: Central America separated from Mexico) 3 Mexican Territory: Separation of Central America, a War of Aggression, and a Sale (Overview) Mexico: Loses Central America (no war), 1821/23 Loses Texas (war w/Texas), 1836 Loses “Mexican-American War” (war w/US), 1848 Agrees to “Gadsden Purchase” (no war, US), 1853 4 Central America Separates from Mexico in 1821/23 and becomes “United Provinces of Central America” Individual Provinces dissolve their union in 1839, and the countries of Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica (not Panama, not Belize) are created. (Panama was a province of Colombia and did not belong to the United Provinces of C.A. Separated from Colombia in 1903 with assistance from U.S.A. to build Panama Canal.) (Belize, formerly British Honduras, did not belong to the United Provinces of C.A. and separated from the UK, 1981) 5 Only area in green; not Belize (Great Britain) or Panama (still part of “Gran Colombia”) 6 Note that Panama is a new/separate country (as of 1903). Today, most people consider Panama part of Central America (though, historically, it was not part of the United Provinces of Central America). 7 Reasons Texas secede from Mexico Settlers were culturally American and not Mexican Mexico abolished slavery. Slaves in Texas considered indentured servants. Texans feared total abolition of slavery. Texans preferred the Mexican (federalist) Liberal constitution of 1824 and not the Mexican (centralist) Conservative constitution of 1835 Constant chaos in Mexico Desired unrestricted trade with USA Mexico did not accept secession of Texas. Considered it a rebel province. 8 Border dispute after Texas separated from Mexico: Nueces River or Rio Grande (Rio Bravo)? Texas defeats Mexico (1836) and becomes a separate country (“The Republic of Texas”) from 1836-1845 when it joins the U.S.A. 9 Mexican-American War Border dispute President Polk (1845-49) ran on expansionist (and one-term) platform Polk sends General Zachary Taylor to Fort Brown (in disputed border area) Polk’s speech before U.S. Congress in 1846: “"[Mexico] has invaded our territory and shed American blood upon American soil." U.S. paid Mexico $15 million (and forgave $3 million in debts) Manifest Destiny, western expansion (term explained in future lecture) 10 Mexico Loses 50% of Territory: MexicanAmerican War (1846-1848) The U.S. gets Texas (and lands Texas claimed in 1836) and the lands shown above in tan. Mexico in 1848. Note area in red. 11 Gadsden Purchase (1853/54) - James Gadsden: U.S. minister to Mexico During presidency of Franklin Pierce. - About 30,000 square miles for $10 million USD. - US wanted this land for a southern route for a transcontinental railroad. Helped to end Santa Anna’s political career. 12 Mexico: 1854-Present 13 Let’s turn our attention to South America 14 Map of S.A. in 1830. Any differences current st (21 c. ) map? Yes. There is one large country at the top and no separate countries of Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador Peru looks different Bolivia’s territory extends to the Pacific ocean Chile looks smaller—its most norther part on this map seems to start farther south than it does today The most southern area (in white) is largely uninhabited and disputed between Chile and Argentina. 15 Gran Colombia (Great Colombia) overview The country of “Gran [Great] Colombia” is born, 1819 But… in 1830 Gran Colombia splits into Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador 16 South America, 1780 (prior to Independence) Area of Viceroyalty of New Granada At first, Spain created 2 large viceroyalties: (1) New Spain and (2) Peru. 1717 The Viceroyalty of Peru was diminished in size (in 1717) with the creation of a new viceroyalty: The Viceroyalty of New Granada. 1776 Notice, that in 1780, Panama was originally part of the Viceroyalty of New Granada. Panama, naturally, became a part of the new country named Gran Colombia (1819-1830). 17 “Panama” was part of the Viceroyalty of Peru, then became part of the Viceroyalty of New Granada, then became part of the country of Gran Colombia, then became part of the country of Colombia, and then became independent in 1903. Gran Colombia 18 We now turn our attention to 3 wars (overview—each examined on subsequent slides) War #1: 1865-1870: The War of the Triple Alliance (a.k.a. The Paraguayan War): Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay against Paraguay War #2: 1879-1884: The War of the Pacific (sometimes called The Nitrate War): Chile against Peru and Bolivia War #3: 1932-1935: The Chaco War: Paraguay against Bolivia 19 War #1: The Triple Alliance (aka The Paraguayan War), 1865-1870 The Background: This Guaraní Indian area (prior to the Conquest) has terrific waterways, notably the La Plata and Paraná river systems. After independence from Spain, Argentina, Uruguay, and Paraguay claimed areas around these rivers, and borders were disputed. After independence from Portugal, Brazil relied on the Paraná to connect with its western territories. Surprisingly from our 21st c. perspective, Paraguay was a powerful country from 1820 to 1865, and, because it was (and remains) landlocked, needed access to these waterways for commerce. Its leader, Francisco Solano López, miscalculated by attempting to attack Brazil by marching troops through Argentina. Solano López killed in battle in 1870. 20 The Triple Alliance (aka The Paraguayan War), 1865-1870 (cont’d) War of “Triple Alliance” Brazil, Argentina, & Uruguay against Paraguay Brazil and Argentina gain territory Uruguay's right to exist acknowledged Paraguay suffers tragic loss of life and territory Deadliest inter-state war in Latin American history. Military casualties and deaths from diseases, etc. (much debated): 300,000 Paraguayans 60,000 Brazilians 30,000 Argentinians 3,000+ Uruguayans Secondary consequences for Brazil: Brazil’s lackluster military performance and many deaths hurt Pedro II’s reputation Brazil needed to give promises of freedom to enslaved Africans who fought in the war, thus undermining the institution of slavery 21 Size of Paraguay after Independence from Spain (orange, yellow, and tan) Paraguay was a success story postindependence: militarily and economically strong Paraguay’s goal: Access to rivers and Atlantic, mostly at expense of Uruguay. (The yellow area on this map represents Paraguay’s intention to capture area with an “X” during the war. Paraguay was, in fact, a landlocked country and remained so after the war. 22 The result of the Paraguay War? 1) Paraguay loses territory to Argentina and Brazil 2) Uruguay’s right to exist guaranteed 3) Paraguay (apparently) keeps most of northern “Gran Chaco” 23 Photos of the Paraguayan War (a.k.a. War of the Triple Alliance) 24 More photos of The Paraguayan War 25 War #2: War of the Pacific (1879-1884) Map c. 1875. Note: (1) Bolivia has western territory that extends to the Pacific; and (2) Peru has a longer, southern-Pacific coastline. 26 Why did the War of the Pacific Begin? Why did Chile Wage war Against (and defeat) Peru and Bolivia? This area is rich in nitrates, which were important components in fertilizers and explosives. Chilean companies owned nitrate mines in Bolivia Bolivia raised taxes on Chilean mining and threatened to confiscate Chilean properties. Chile had a better, well-disciplined and trained army than both Bolivia and Peru Peru and Chile had been rivals on the Pacific coast (over nitrate deposits) and Peru had a secret “mutual defense” treaty with Bolivia 27 Result of War of Pacific Chile defeats Bolivia and Peru in the “War of the Pacific” and gains valuable coastal lands and mineral resources (especially sodium nitrate—fertilizer) from both countries. Bolivia loses its 250 miles of Pacific coastline and access to the sea. Today, is the largest exporter of copper in the world—a product mined in the part of the Atacama Desert formerly owned by Boliv1a and Peru 28 Photos of the War of the Pacific 29 More photos of the War of the Pacific 30 Bolivian children dress as sailors to demand access to the sea (“Day of the Sea” March 23rd) 31 War #3: Chaco War (1932-1935): Paraguay vs. Bolivia Long-standing border disputes (Erroneously) thought to be rich in oil Each also wanted control over Paraguay River Bolivians defeated in all major battles 60,000 Bolivian casualties and 40,000 Paraguayan casualties. 32 War of the Chaco (cont’d) Paraguay beats Bolivia in “Chaco War” and doubles its size “Ceded…” 33 Photo of the War of the Chaco 34 Another photo of the Chaco War 35 36