General Biology 1 - Cell and Cell Organelles PDF

GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 P R E PA R E D B Y : A N A F I A S. J A P I TA N A CELL CHAPTER 1 LESSON 1: The Cell: Endomembrane System, Mitochondria, Chloroplasts, Cytoskeleton, and Extracellular Components INTRODUCTION TO CELLS What does it mean to be living? People, animals, trees are alive;...

GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 P R E PA R E D B Y : A N A F I A S. J A P I TA N A CELL CHAPTER 1 LESSON 1: The Cell: Endomembrane System, Mitochondria, Chloroplasts, Cytoskeleton, and Extracellular Components INTRODUCTION TO CELLS What does it mean to be living? People, animals, trees are alive; Stones, sand and summer breezes are not… What are the fundamental properties that characterize living things and distinguish them from nonliving matter? INTRODUCTION TO CELLS CELL THEORY:  All living things are made of cells  Small living unit of structure and function of all organisms  All cells arise from pre-existing cells MICROSCOPY: TYPES  Light Microscope (LM)  Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)  Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) LM SEM TEM CELL TYPES  Prokaryotic Cells  Archaeabacteria  Eubacteria  Eukaryotic Cells  Protist  Fungi  Plant  Animal PROKARYOTIC CELL AND EUKARYOTIC CELL PROKARYOTIC CELL AND EUKARYOTIC CELL PROKARYOTIC CELL Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Ribosome: Fimbriae: site of protein synthesis hairlike bristles that allow adhesion to the surfaces Inclusion body: Conjugation pilus: stored nutrients for elongated, hollow later use appendage used for Mesosome: DNA transfer to other plasma membrane bacterial cells that folds into the Nucleoid: cytoplasm and location of the bacterial increases surface area chromosome Plasma membrane: sheath around cytoplasm that regulates entrance and exit of molecules Cell wall: covering that supports, shapes, and protects cell Glycocalyx: gel-like coating outside cell wall; if compact, called a capsule; if diffuse, called a slime layer Flagellum: rotating filament present Escherichia coli in some bacteria that pushes the cell forward © Howard Sochurek/The Medical File/Peter Arnold, Inc. PROKARYOTIC CELL No membrane bound nucleus Nucleoid region Organelles not bound by membranes PROKARYOTIC CELL Coccus Bacillus Spirillum EUKARYOTIC CELL Nucleus bound by membrane Possess many organelles Much larger than prokaryotic cells EUKARYOTIC CELL CELL MAIN PARTS: Cell parts that can be found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells  Cell membrane  Cytoplasm  DNA  Protoplasm (Nucleoloid region and cytosol)  Ribosomes Attachment 1.pptx CELL MEMBRANE CELL MEMBRANE  Semipermeable membrane that allows passage of enough oxygen, nutrients, and wastes to serve the entire cell  Double phospholipid layer  Also contains proteins, cholesterol, and glycoproteins Attachment 2.pptx CELL MEMBRANE CYTOPLASM  Region between the nucleus and the cell membrane  Can be found the:  Cytosol  Organelles  Inclusions (Non-functioning units) CYTOSOL  semi-fluid, jelly-like substance that suspends other elements CELL ORGANELLES Eukaryotic cells are compartmentalized that contain small structures called ORGANELLES  “little organs”  Perform specific functions  Isolates reactions from others CELL ORGANELLES  Nucleus  Mitochondria  Ribosomes  Vacuoles  Smooth ER  Chloroplast  Rough ER  Golgi Apparatus  Lysosomes NUCLEUS NUCLEUS  Control Center of the Cell  Contains genetic material (DNA)  Three Regions:  Nuclear membrane  Nucleolus  Chromatin NUCLEAR MEMBRANE  Barrier of nucleus  Consists of a double phospholipid membrane  Contain NUCLEAR PORES that allow for exchange of material with the rest of the cell NUCLEOLI  Nucleus contains one or more nucleoli  Sites of ribosomes production  Ribosomes then migrate to the cytoplasm through nuclear pores CHROMATIN  Composed of DNA and protein  Scattered throughout the nucleus  Chromatin condenses to form chromosomes when the cell divides RIBOSOMES RIBOSOMES  Site of proteins synthesis  Kinds: – Free ribosomes – Bound ribosomes ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM  Endoplasmic means “within the cytoplasm”  Reticulum means “little net” ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM  Channels and saccules continuous with the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope  Fluid-filled tubules for carrying substances  Types: – Rough ER – Smooth ER ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM  Studded with ribosomes  It makes proteins  Modifies and processes proteins SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM  No ribosomes Functions:  Synthesis of lipids  Metabolism of carbohydrates  Detoxification of drugs and poisons  Storage of calcium ions GOLGI APPARATUS GOLGI APPARATUS  Looks like a stack of plates  Stores, modifies and packages proteins  Produces different types of packages  Molecules transported to and from the Golgi by means of vesicles LYSOSOME LYSOSOME  Garbage disposal of the cell  Contain enzymes that digest non-usable materials within cells  Digest food taken into the cell ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM MITOCHONDRIA MITOCHONDRIA  “Powerhouses” of the cell  Cellular respiration occurs here to release energy for the cell to use (ATP)  Has its own strand of DNA CHLOROPLAST CHLOROPLAST  Contain the green pigment, CHLOROPHYLL  Site of photosynthesis  Produce sugar PEROXISOMES  Roughly spherical and often have a granular or crystalline core  Contain enzymes that remove hydrogen atoms and transfer to oxygen (O2)  Cooperate with mitochondria and chloroplasts in certain metabolic functions VACUOLES VACUOLES Large vesicles derived from ER and Golgi Apparatus Kinds:  Food vacuoles  Contractile vacuoles  Central vacuole VACUOLES  Large central vacuoles usually in plant cells  Smaller vacuoles in animals  Storage container for water, food, enzymes, wastes, pigments, etc. CYTOSKELETON CYTOSKELETON CYTOSKELETON  Network of protein structures that extend throughout the cytoplasm  Provides the cell with an internal framework (shape and structure)  Acts as skeleton and muscle of cell CYTOSKELETON  Three different types: – Microfilaments – Intermediate filaments – Microtubules CENTROSOMES AND CENTRIOLES CENTROSOMES AND CENTRIOLES Centrosomes  Region that is often located near the nucleus Centrosome  Microtubules grow out from Centrioles  Within centrosomes  Composed of nine sets of triplet Centrioles microtubules CILIA AND FLAGELLA CILIA AND FLAGELLA  Microtubules-containing extensions that project  Act as locomotor appendages  Move fluid over the surface of the tissue CILIA AND FLAGELLA  Flagella  Whip-like extension  Has an undulating motion  Cilia  Short  Work more like oars CELL WALL CELL WALL  In plant and bacterial cells  Rigid, protective barrier  Located outside the cell membrane  Made of cellulose (fiber) PLASMODESMATA PLASMODESMATA  Desma means bond  Cytoplasmic channels through cell walls  Connect the cytoplasms of adjacent cells LESSON 2: Mitochondria and Chloroplasts