Philippine Politics & Governance PDF

Quarter 1 PHILIPPINE POLITICS & GOVERNANCE Prepared by: Marvin A. Villanueva, LPT The Government and its Purpose Government is the term generally used to describe the formal institutions through which group of people is ruled and governed. Government is created of the people governed it perform...

Quarter 1 PHILIPPINE POLITICS & GOVERNANCE Prepared by: Marvin A. Villanueva, LPT The Government and its Purpose Government is the term generally used to describe the formal institutions through which group of people is ruled and governed. Government is created of the people governed it performs services or functions that are beyond the capabilities of any individual or enterprise. The important purposes of government are... 1. The Maintenance of peace and order 2. The Protection of persons or property 3. Administration of Justice 4. Promotion of Education 5. Advancement of the physical, economic and social and cultural well-being of the people. Governance Commonly defined as the exercise of power or authority by political leaders for the well-being of their country’s citizen or inhabitants. It is the complex process whereby some sectors of the society exercise power and create public policies which directly affects the members of the society. Indicators of Governance 1. Participatory Good Governance essentially requires participation in different sectors of the society. Participation means active involvement in decision-making process. Indicators of Governance 2. Rule of Law Good Governance is fundamentally adherence to the rule of law. Rule of Law demands that the people and the civil society render habitual obedience to the law and the government acts within the limits of power and functions prescribed by the law Indicators of Governance 3. Effectiveness and Efficiency Good governance requires that the institutions, processes and actor could deliver and meet the necessities of the society in a way that available resources are utilized well. Indicators of Governance 4. Transparency Transparency means that people are open to information regarding decision-making process and implementation of decisions. Indicators of Governance 5. Responsiveness The institutions and processes serve all stakeholders in timely and appropriate manner. The interests of all citizens must be well protected in a prompt and appropriate manner so that each of them can appreciate and take part in the process of governance. Indicators of Governance 6. Equity and Inclusiveness All members of the society, especially the most vulnerable ones must taken into consideration. everyone has stake in the society and no one could feel alienated from it. It is giving preferential attentions to the conditions of the poor. Indicators of Governance 7. Consensus Oriented Governance is consensus oriented when decisions are made after taking into consideration the different viewpoints. Governance is the partnership of its actors in providing public services Indicators of Governance 7. Accountability It means answerability or responsibility for one’s actions. The actors have the obligation to explain and be answerable for the consequences of decisions and actions they have made. Indicators of Governance 8. Accountability It means answerability or responsibility for one’s actions. The actors have the obligation to explain and be answerable for the consequences of decisions and actions they have made. Indicators of Governance 9. Accountability It means answerability or responsibility for one’s actions. The actors have the obligation to explain and be answerable for the consequences of decisions and actions they have made. Political Ideologies Political Ideologies Refers to political statements that aim to call upon massive mass or government action to achieve a relatively better political and economic condition. ACTIVITY: TELL ME MY IDEOLOGY Identify the political ideologies present in the following countries.  ACTIVITY: TELL ME MY IDEOLOGY Identify the political ideologies present in the following countries.  ACTIVITY: TELL ME MY IDEOLOGY Identify the political ideologies present in the following countries. AUTHORITARIAN  ACTIVITY: TELL ME MY IDEOLOGY Identify the political ideologies present in the following countries.  ACTIVITY: TELL ME MY IDEOLOGY Identify the political ideologies present in the following countries. LIBERALISM & CONSERVATISM  ACTIVITY: TELL ME MY IDEOLOGY Identify the political ideologies present in the following countries.  ACTIVITY: TELL ME MY IDEOLOGY Identify the political ideologies present in the following countries. LENINISM/COMMUNISM  ACTIVITY: TELL ME MY IDEOLOGY Identify the political ideologies present in the following countries. LENINISM  ACTIVITY: TELL ME MY IDEOLOGY Identify the political ideologies present in the following countries. LIBERALISM and CONSERVATISM What is Political Ideology? Ideology according to Heywood (2007) refers to a system of beliefs about how society should function, behave, and operate. He further explains that from a social-scientific viewpoint, an ideology is a more or less coherent set of ideas that provides a basis for organized political action, whether this is intended to preserve, modify or overthrow the existing system of power relationships. Functions of Political Ideology Political ideologies are very important in a society. Heywood (2007) also described the following functions of political ideology: (1) It offers an account of the existing order by examining what works and what does not work, as well as other various issues and problems that the state and the broader society are confronted with. Functions of Political Ideology Political ideologies are very important in a society. Heywood (2007) also described the following functions of political ideology: (2) It provides a model of a desired social order, a vision of the Good Society. (3) It outlines how political change or the desired social order can be achieved CONSERVATISM Edmund Burke - The Father of Modern Conservatism He said that “Society is a complex web of relationships among the past, present and future” Conservatism emphasizes that change is not good, something that has worked, even if not very well is better than something untried and unknown. CONSERVATISM Tradition is important, no human reason can undo it, conservatives does not reject human reason but they trust more traditions as it is full of wisdoms from generations-to-generations. Conservatives do not conserved the past, they conserved what they believed the best in the past. Countries that practiced Conservatism are Iran, Pakistan, Chad and Yemen  Key Ideas of Conservatism Pragmatism It is the belief that action should be shaped by practical circumstances and practical goals, that is, by ‘what works’. Human imperfection In this view, human beings are limited, dependent, and security- seeking creatures, drawn to the familiar and the tried and tested. Human beings are needing to live in stable and orderly communities. The maintenance of order requires a strong state, the enforcement of strict laws, and stiff penalties.  Key Ideas of Conservatism Authority Conservatives hold that, to some degree, authority is always exercised ‘from above’, providing leadership, guidance and support for those who lack the knowledge, experience or education to act wisely in their own interests. Authority and leadership are seen as resulting from experience and training.  Key Ideas of Conservatism Property Conservatives see property ownership as being vital because it gives people security and a measure of independence from government, and it encourages them to respect the law and the property of others. LIBERALISM Modern political ideologies have their roots in the Enlightenment, it was started what we refer to as liberalism by rejecting established institutions, traditions, and customs to promote liberty and equality. John Locke is considered the founder of liberalism, basing his philosophy on the social contract (consent of the governed) in which government was intended to protect the natural rights of life, liberty, and property. LIBERALISM Liberals prefer individual freedom but are ambivalent to economic freedom. The role of the government must be limited as they must not invade rights and freedom. Its Key ideas are the following: Individualism: It is the core principle of liberal ideology. Individualism is further explained as: 1. belief in the supreme importance of the human 2. human beings are seen with equal moral worth; they possess separate and unique 3. Identities the liberal goal is to construct a society within which individuals can flourish and develop Its Key ideas are the following: Freedom: Individual freedom or liberty is the core value of liberalism. Under freedom are the following features: 1. desire to ensure that each person is able to act as he or she pleases or chooses 2. advocate ‘freedom under the law’, as they recognize that one person’s liberty may be a threat to the liberty of others Its Key ideas are the following: Reason: Liberals believe that the world has a rational structure, and that this can be uncovered through the exercise of human reason and by critical enquiry. Furthermore, the key idea of reason favors the following: 1. faith in the ability of individuals to make wise judgments; 2. individuals as the best judges of their own interests; 3. belief in progress and the capacity of human beings to resolve their differences through debate and argument, rather than bloodshed and war. Equality: This refers to the belief that individuals are ‘born equal’, at least in terms of moral worth. Liberalism has strong commitment to equal rights namely: 1. legal equality (‘equality before the law’); 2. political equality (‘one person, one vote; one vote, one value’). Toleration: It means willingness to allow others to think, speak and act in ways which they disapprove. This promotes debate and intellectual progress. Consent: It will advocate that authority and social relationships should always be based on consent or willing agreement. Under this idea, the government must therefore be based on the ‘consent of the governed’. Authority is always grounded in legitimacy Toleration: It means willingness to allow others to think, speak and act in ways which they disapprove. This promotes debate and intellectual progress. Consent: It will advocate that authority and social relationships should always be based on consent or willing agreement. Under this idea, the government must therefore be based on the ‘consent of the governed’. Authority is always grounded in legitimacy