Philippine Politics and Governance PDF

Philippine Politics and Governance Political ideology refers to a set of beliefs, values, and ideas that outline how a society should work and the ideal role of government, individuals, and institutions. It provides a framework for interpreting political events, making decisions, and guiding poli...

Philippine Politics and Governance Political ideology refers to a set of beliefs, values, and ideas that outline how a society should work and the ideal role of government, individuals, and institutions. It provides a framework for interpreting political events, making decisions, and guiding policies. Political ideologies typically focus on issues such as the distribution of power and resources, the rights and responsibilities of citizens, and the role of government in economic and social matters. A monarchy is a form of government that has a single person known as a monarch at its head. Monarchs use such titles as king, queen, emperor, or empress  A class of persons holding exceptional rank and privileges, especially the hereditary nobility. Ruled by an aristocracy, elite, or privileged upper class Government by the few, especially despotic power exercised by a small and privileged group for corrupt or selfish purposes. Oligarchies in which members of the ruling group are wealthy or exercise their power through their wealth are known as plutocracies. Democracy is a system of government where power is vested in the people. In a democracy, citizens have the right to participate in decision-making processes, typically through voting in elections. The core principle of democracy is that all eligible individuals have an equal say in the laws and policies that govern them. One person or a small group possesses absolute power without effective constitutional limitations. The leader of a dictatorship is called a dictator.  Dictators usually gain and maintain power by force, fraud, intimidation, terror, and the suppression of basic civil liberties Form of government in which religious leaders or religious institutions hold political power and govern based on religious laws and principles. In a theocracy, the state's legal and political systems are closely aligned with religious doctrine. REVOLUTIONARY GOVERNMENT  REVOLUTIONARY GOVERNMENT A revolutionary government is a type of government established after a political revolution, often replacing an existing regime through non-traditional or unconstitutional means, such as uprisings, coups, or mass movements. It aims to implement radical changes in political, social, or economic systems to align with the revolutionary ideals. DIFFERENT SYSTEMS OF GOVERNMENT A parliamentary government is a system where the executive derives its authority from the legislature and is accountable to it; which the party (or a coalition of parties) with the greatest representation in the parliament (legislature) forms the government  The parties in the minority serve in opposition to the majority and have the duty to challenge it regularly A system of government where the president serves as both the head of state and the head of government, separate and independent from the legislature. The president holds significant executive powers and is directly elected by the people for a fixed term. Unlike in parliamentary systems, the president doesn’t rely on the legislature's confidence to stay in power. The president has significant authority, including enforcing laws, directing the military, conducting foreign policy, and, in many cases, vetoing legislation.  A system where all governing power is concentrated in a single central authority. Local governments, if they exist, have limited powers and act mainly to enforce policies made by the central government.  A system of government where power is shared between a central government and regional governments (states or provinces). Each level of government has its own responsibilities and can make laws independently in certain areas.  The power is divided between a central (national) government and regional or local governments. Each level of government has its own jurisdiction and authority, and one cannot overrule the other in certain areas  It is the process of transferring powers, responsibilities, and decision- making authority from a central government to local or regional governments. It aims to bring the government closer to the people and make the delivery of public services more efficient and responsive to local needs. 2 TYPES OF GOVERNMENT LEGITIMACY / LEGAL CLASSIFICATIONOF THE GOVERNMENT  Refers to something that is legally recognized or established by law. In government, it signifies a government that has legitimate authority according to legal frameworks, even if it lacks actual control.  Refers to a situation that exists in practice, regardless of legal recognition. A de facto government exercises actual control over a territory, often arising during political turmoil or unrest. Such governments may function without a legal basis, implementing policies and maintaining order despite challenges to their authority. Examples include regimes that gain power through non- constitutional means, operating with actual authority even while facing significant questions regarding their legality or legitimacy.  OTHER SIGNIFICANT GOVERNMENT-RELATED TERMS ANARCHY A condition or state where there is no recognized government or authority, and society operates without a formal governing structure. It signifies a lack of centralized control, laws, and enforcement mechanisms, often resulting in self-rule or decentralized organization by individuals or communities.  A system of governance or social organization in which individuals are selected and advanced based on their abilities, talents, and achievements rather than on factors such as wealth, social class, or personal connections.  Capitalism refers to a political-economic system where the means of production are owned privately, and economic activity is driven by profit motives within a competitive The government’s role is typically limited to protecting property rights, enforcing contracts, and ensuring a stable economic framework. Key Feature of Capitalism: Private Property Market Economy Competition Limited Government Role  The means of production are owned or regulated collectively by the community or the state. The aim is to achieve greater social and economic equality by distributing wealth more evenly among the population. The government often plays a significant role in economic planning and providing social welfare services, with an emphasis on meeting the needs of all citizens rather than maximizing profits. Key Features of Socialism: Collective Ownership Economic Planning Social Welfare Reduced Income Inequality  seeks to create a classless society in which all property and means of production are communally owned. In this system, there is no private ownership; instead, resources are distributed based on need.  The government typically controls the economy, aiming to eliminate social classes and ensure equal access to goods and services.  Communism advocates for the abolition of capitalism, with the ultimate goal of establishing a society where wealth and power are shared equally among all individuals. CAPITALISM SOCIALISM COMMUNISM TYPES OF POLITICAL / SOCIAL CHANGE  Type of change that does not advocate the overthrow of basic institutions. Instead, reformers want to change some of the methods that political and economic leaders use to reach goals that the society generally accepts.  Refers to a significant and often rapid transformation in the political, social, or economic structures of a society. It typically involves the overthrow of an existing government or authority, leading to a fundamental shift in power dynamics and societal norms. Driven by widespread dissatisfaction, ideological movements, and the desire for change. They are characterized by intense conflict and the mobilization of large segments of the population, leading to significant impacts on history. ATTITUDE TOWARDS SOCIAL CHANGE  It emphasizes individual rights, freedom, and equality. It advocates for limited government intervention in personal lives and markets, promoting democratic governance, the rule of law, and protection of civil liberties. Liberals generally do not think that the political and/or economic systems are permanently broken, but they do believe that they need to be repaired or improved.  Advocates for profound and systemic changes to the existing structures of society, often through revolutionary means. It seeks to address perceived injustices and inequalities, promoting fundamental transformations in political, economic, and social systems. This prioritizes tradition, stability, and the preservation of established institutions and practices; advocating for a strong moral framework, family values, and respect for cultural heritage.  Conservatives typically support free-market economics but may favor government intervention in social policies to preserve societal norms. They aim to maintain the status quo and are generally skeptical of rapid social or political change.  Beliefs go further to protect against change than do conservative beliefs. Reactionaries are similar to conservatives in that they oppose both revolution and reform, but they differ in that reactionaries also find the status quo unacceptable. Instead, they want to turn back the clock to an earlier era, and reinstate political, social, and economic institutions that once existed