PPG-Handout 3.pdf

Leadership is provided to guide and support those PPG-HANDOUT3 who lack knowledge and education and those Topic: Politi...

Leadership is provided to guide and support those PPG-HANDOUT3 who lack knowledge and education and those Topic: Political Ideology who have little capacity to act for their own interest. I. Introduction Conservatives look at property as significant An ideology is more or less a coherent set of ideas that because it is the individual’s source of security direct or organize a specific political action. It consists of and independence from the government. belief and value systems, a discussion of existing power 3. FACISM relationships, an exploration of how political change is Ultranationalist ideology. As such, it subscribes to achieved in line with these power relations and an the idea of a supreme race, whose members illustration of a desired future (Heywood 2013). should enjoy the natural resources. It is by nature exclusive as it excludes II. MAJOR POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES AND THEIR KEY nonmembers of the race. TENETS (Heywood 2013) Manifested during Mussolini’s facist dictatorship 1. ANARCHISM in Italy and Hitler’s dictatorship in Germany. Political authority in all its forms, and especially in Common values upheld are struggle, leadership, the form of the state, is both evil and unnecessary power, heroism, and war. (anarchy literally means ‘without rule’). The “new man” or a hero who is motivated by The sovereign, compulsory, and coercive duty, honor, and self-sacrifice; and gives authority of the state is seen as nothing less than unrelenting obedience to the supreme leader is a legalized oppression operating in the interests of fascist ideal. the powerful, propertied, and privileged. Fascists believe in a unified national community Anarchists prefer a stateless society. Individuals of strength through unity. As such, individual can best manage their own affairs through identity is not as important as that of the social voluntary agreement and cooperation. group or community. 2. CONSERVATISM 4. FEMINISM Tradition must be conserved. These traditions A diverse but unifying theme is the desire to include established customs, institutions, and enhance the social role of women. ways of doing things that have endured through Society is characterized by sexual or gender time. equality. The belief in pragmatism highlights the limits of The structure of male power must be overturned, human reason. As a belief, pragmatism hence the belief in gender equality. emphasizes that the action should be shaped by Its strands include liberal feminism, socialist practical circumstances and goals. feminism and radical feminism. Human imperfection presents the pessimistic 5. LIBERALISM view of conservatives on the individual. Belief in individualism underscores the Accordingly, individuals are morally corrupt and importance of the human individual compared to are therefore the sources of crime and disorder. any other group. Order could thus be achieved through a strong Liberty of the individual must be protected. An state. individual has freedom when he or she is able to Conservatives believe that society is an organic act as he or she pleases. whole and is a living entity, more than being an Reason can lead individuals to make wise artifact of human ingenuity. This belief is known judgments, which could solve issues or as organicism. differences. Conservatives also believe that social position and status are only natural. With this, hierarchy is thought to be inevitable. Authority must be exercised from above.  Equality implies that individuals are born equal, at least in moral terms. Equal rights and entitlements are at its core. It must be noted, however, that liberals do not endorse social equality or equality of outcome. Tolerance is the willingness of individuals to allow others to think and behave in ways they do not approve. It is a guarantee of individual liberty. Authority and social relationships must also be based on agreement and consent. 6. SOCIALISM Belief in the community highlights the degree to which the individual is connected with others. Identity is therefore a product of social interaction more than innate qualities. Brotherhood or fraternity speaks of a shared common humanity Socialist thus prefer cooperation rather than competition and collectivity rather than individualism. Socialists look at society in terms of differences in the distribution of income or wealth. Social class is believed to be an important social cleavage, which divides societies. The interests of the working class and the oppressed should be upheld. With this, eradicating economic and social inequalities is deemed as the primary goal of socialism. Common ownership is also central to socialist thought. Unlike private property, common ownership is a means to harness material resources for the common good. REFERENCES: Pawilen, R.A. & Pawilen, Reidan M. (2017). Philippine Politics and Governance. Manila, Philippines: Rex Bookstore Inc. Villanueva, Prince Aian G. (2017 ). Philippine Politics and Governance. Makati City, Philippines: Diwa Learning System Inc. Heywood, A. (2017). Political Ideologies: An Introduction. In Political Ideologies an Introduction (6th ed.).London, UK: Palgrave Macmillan. Heywood, A.( 2013) Political Ideologies an introduction. New York, USA: Palgrave Macmillan